Non-enzymatic Glucose Research Articles

One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of CuS/CoS composite for electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor

Herein, a CuS/CoS electrode material was synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal method as an efficient electrocatalyst for a non-enzymatic glucose sensor. The nanocomposites were characterized by Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The CuS/CoS composite loaded glassy carbon electrode was used to investigate electrochemical properties using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The results showed 314.85 μA mM−1 cm−2 sensitivity and 1.71 μM detection limit. Selectivity of the sensor was examined over potential interfering species that exhibits the distinct increased current response on addition of glucose before and after addition of interfering species evident the selectivity of CuS/CoS electrode material. Moreover, the CuS/CoS composite-based non-enzymatic glucose sensor revealed considerable stability, selectivity over interfering species, and viability for glucose determination in diluted human serum samples, which provide efficient and cost-effective strategy to develop non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing platform.

Synthesis of Quaternary (Ni, Co, Cu)Se2 Nanosheet Arrays on Carbon Cloth for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Determination

Unlike transition metal oxides and sulfides, transition metal-based selenides display higher electrical conductivity, more electroactive unsaturated edge sites, and better chemical stability, which have found extensive usage in electrocatalysis. In this work, simple hydrothermal and solvothermal procedures were employed to synthesize quaternary (Ni, Co, Cu)Se2 nanosheet arrays on carbon cloth (CC) to measure glucose. The conductivity of the material can be effectively elevated by adding Se element to form selenides, and the synergistic effect between the three selenides can improve the electrocatalytic performance. Consequently, in the ranges of 0.01–600 μM and 600–9000 μM, respectively, the current response of the synthesized material to glucose concentration exhibited linear relationships. The sensor demonstrated excellent sensitivity and a low detection limit of 5.82 nM. Furthermore, the practical applicability of the constructed biosensor was proved by using it to quantify the amount of glucose in human serum.

Recent Progress in the Application of Palladium Nanoparticles: A Review

Palladium (Pd), a noble metal, has unique properties for C-C bond formation in reactions such as the Suzuki and Heck reactions. Besides Pd-based complexes, Pd NPs have also attracted significant attention for applications such as fuel cells, hydrogen storage, and sensors for gases such as H2 and non-enzymatic glucose, including catalysis. Additionally, Pd NPs are catalysts in environmental treatment to abstract organic and heavy-metal pollutants such as Cr (VI) by converting them to Cr(III). In terms of biological activity, Pd NPs were found to be active against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, where 99.99% of bacteria were destroyed, while PVP-Pd NPs displayed anticancer activity against human breast cancer MCF7. Hence, in this review, we attempted to cover recent progress in the various applications of Pd NPs with emphasis on their application as sensors and catalysts for energy-related and other applications.

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Amaranthus caudatus leaf extract and its non-enzymatic glucose sensor application

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Amaranthus caudatus leaf extract and its non-enzymatic glucose sensor application

MOF-derived CuO/CNT for high sensitivity and fast response glucose sensing

The weak conductivity and sluggish electrochemical reaction kinetics lead to low sensitivity and slow response speed of CuO-based non-enzymatic glucose sensors (NEGSs). Therefore, developing CuO-based NEGSs with high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and fast response is vital for monitoring and analyzing the glucose concentration of humans and beverages. In this work, the MOF-derived porous CuO nanosheets were synthesized by the bottom-up and annealing methods, and CuO/CNT(7:3) NEGSs were prepared. The CuO/CNT(7:3) NEGSs exhibit good glucose sensing performance, including a high sensitivity of 4.34 mA mM−1 cm−2 (about 3 times higher than that of CuO NEGSs) in a linear range of 0.5 µM-1 mM, ultra-fast response time of 0.45 s (superior to most reports on NEGSs), and favorable selectivity. The superior glucose sensing properties of CuO/CNT(7:3) NEGSs are due to the synergistic effect of MOF-derived CuO and CNT. MOF-derived CuO nanosheets with porous structures provide more active sites resulting in good sensing properties, meanwhile, CNT improves the conductivity of composites, enhances the ion diffusion in the electrode, and accelerates the electron transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface, leading to higher sensitivity and faster response speed. Moreover, the CuO/CNT(7:3) NEGSs also show a good recovery for glucose detection in human urine and beverages. This work suggests that the CuO/CNT(7:3) composites are a prospective electrode material for high-performance NEGSs.

Engineering metalized surface of single hair via electroless Cu-plating strategy for self-supported nonenzymatic glucose sensor

Engineering metalized surface of single hair via electroless Cu-plating strategy for self-supported nonenzymatic glucose sensor

Fabrication of Ni–Mo–Nb metallic glass/micro-nano lattice composite for nonenzymatic glucose sensing

The rising global diabetic population has ignited significant interest in enzyme-free electrochemical glucose sensors. However, their widespread usage has been severely impeded by the lack of sensing probes with both high sensitivity and stability. In this work, we present a novel approach for conformally depositing a Ni–Mo–Nb metallic-glass film onto a three-dimensional printed polymer skeleton for glucose detection. The printing template is designed based on a six-membered tricapped trigonal prism (6M-TTP) structure, which is derived from a medium-range order structure motif observed in amorphous alloys. The fabricated composite combines the high electrochemical activity of Ni–Mo–Nb amorphous alloy with the stability afforded by the micro-nano lattice structure, resulting in a high sensitivity (482 ​μA mM−1cm−2), a wide linear range (0–1 ​mM and 1–5 ​mM), a low detection limit (2.94 ​μM), and good long-term stability and selectivity in alkaline solution. Our work has proposed a new avenue to fabricate complex micro-nano electrodes, potentially offering significant versatility and great promise for widespread applications in the field of electrochemistry.

Two-Dimensional Copper/Nickel Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Detection.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have broad potential applications in electrochemical glucose detection. Herein, a green ultrasonic synthesis process is presented for preparing two-dimensional (2D) copper-nickel metal-organic framework nanosheets (CuNi-MOFNs) for glucose detection. The synthesized CuNi-MOFNs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The CuNi-MOFN nanocomposites were used to cover the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and the CuNi-MOFNs-modified electrode was studied in alkaline media. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric i-t curves indicated that the CuNi-MOFNs-modified electrode revealed great electrochemical performances towards glucose oxidation. Due to the ease of access to active metal sites in large specific surface of nanosheets, the CuNi-MOFNs-modified electrode can effectively improve the electronic transfer rate and enhance electrocatalytic activity of the CuNi-MOFNs-modified electrode. The CuNi-MOFNs-modified electrode showed electrochemical performances for glucose detection with a linear range from 0.01 mM to 4 mM, sensitivity of 702 μAmM-1cm-2, and detection limit of 3.33 μΜ (S/N = 3). The CuNi-MOFNs-modified electrode exhibited excellent anti-interference ability and high selectivity in glucose measurements. Hence, the CuNi-MOFNs-modified electrode has good, promising prospects in non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose detection.

FeCo2S4@Carbyne as a newer electrode material for High-Performance supercapacitors and Non-Enzymatic glucose sensors

Designing electrodes made of multicomponent with multiscale nanostructures serves as a footpath to accelerate the growth and practical applicability of supercapacitors and non-enzymatic glucose sensors. FeCo2S4@Carbyne is prepared by a deposition followed by a solvothermal process onto the nickel foam (substrate). The substrate acts as a conductive bridge providing more active sites, enhancing the charge transport and structural stability of FeCo2S4@Carbyne nanohybrid. Accounting for the above said advantages, the prepared nanohybrid results in an output of 2403.3 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. In addition, the assembled device generates 51.5 Wh kg−1 (energy density) at 0.84 KW kg−1 (power density). Furthermore, the fabricated FeCo2S4@Carbyne non-enzymatic sensor exhibits a limit of detection of about 0.057 mM with a sensitivity of about 157 µA mM−1cm−2. As a result, this work provides insight to develop metal sulphide complexes for multifunctional applications .

Incorporation of nickel particles into a polyaniline thin film for non-enzymatic glucose sensing in alkaline medium

Incorporation of nickel particles into a polyaniline thin film for non-enzymatic glucose sensing in alkaline medium

Exploring Copper Oxide and Copper Sulfide for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors: Current Progress and Future Directions.

Millions of people worldwide are affected by diabetes, a chronic disease that continuously grows due to abnormal glucose concentration levels present in the blood. Monitoring blood glucose concentrations is therefore an essential diabetes indicator to aid in the management of the disease. Enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors presently account for the bulk of glucose sensors on the market. However, their disadvantages are that they are expensive and dependent on environmental conditions, hence affecting their performance and sensitivity. To meet the increasing demand, non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on chemically modified electrodes for the direct electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose are a good alternative to the costly enzymatic-based sensors currently on the market, and the research thereof continues to grow. Nanotechnology-based biosensors have been explored for their electronic and mechanical properties, resulting in enhanced biological signaling through the direct oxidation of glucose. Copper oxide and copper sulfide exhibit attractive attributes for sensor applications, due to their non-toxic nature, abundance, and unique properties. Thus, in this review, copper oxide and copper sulfide-based materials are evaluated based on their chemical structure, morphology, and fast electron mobility as suitable electrode materials for non-enzymatic glucose sensors. The review highlights the present challenges of non-enzymatic glucose sensors that have limited their deployment into the market.

Ultrafast Response in Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensing with Ni(II)-MOFs by Dimensional Manipulation.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as promising candidates for electrochemical glucose sensing owing to their ordered channels, tunable chemistry, and atom-precision metal sites. Herein, the efficient nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing is achieved by taking advantage of Ni(II)-based metal-organic frameworks (Ni(II)-MOFs) and acquiring the ever-reported fastest response time. Three Ni(II)-MOFs ({[Ni6L2(H2O)26]4H2O}n (CTGU-33), {Ni(bib)1/2(H2L)1/2(H2O)3}n (CTGU-34), {Ni(phen)(H2L)1/2(H2O)2}n (CTGU-35)) have been synthesized for the first time, which use benzene-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexacarboxylic acid (H6L) as an organic ligand and introduce 1,4-bis(1-imidazoly)benzene (bib) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as spatially auxiliary ligands. Bib and phen convert the coordination mode of CTGU-33, affording structural dimensions from 2D of CTGU-33 to 3D of CTGU-34 or 1D of CTGU-35. By tuning the dimension of the skeleton, CTGU-34 with 3D interconnected channels exhibits an ultrafast response of less than 0.4 s, which is superior to the existing nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors. Additionally, a low detection limit of 0.12 μM (S/N = 3) and a high sensitivity of 1705 μA mM-1 cm-2 are simultaneously achieved. CTGU-34 further showcases desirable anti-interference and cycling stability, which demonstrates a promising application prospect in the real-time detection of glucose.

A sensitive non-enzymatic dual-conductive biosensor for continuous glucose monitoring

BackgroundDiabetes and diabetic wound management have always been urgent issues for global healthcare. In the demand for blood glucose monitoring and wound management, phenylboronic acid (PBA)-based glucose biosensors are effective assistance due to their excellent glucose specificity, high sensitivity, and response stability. Nevertheless, PBA-based glucose biosensors still have challenges in terms of wide linearity and large deformation requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to develop PBA-based glucose biosensors with satisfactory mechanical properties, high response sensitivity, excellent stability, and wide linearity. ResultsIn this work, a glucose-responsive PBA-based biosensor was successfully synthesized for the first time. The sensor materials exhibited excellent mechanical properties with an elongation at break reached up to 1000%, and the healing efficiency was over 90% within 30 min at 45 °C. Furthermore, the biosensor exhibited exceptional electromechanical responsiveness, stability, high sensitivity, and wide linearity due to the specificity of phenylboronic acid to glucose and the construction of a special HCNT/PEDOT:PSS dual conductive structure. In addition, the assembled biosensor displayed remarkable glucose, pH and temperature responses, exhibiting a linear response to glucose concentration range from 0.20 mM to 2.0 mM, with a sensitivity coefficient of 47.11 mA mM−1 and regression coefficient of 0.942. Moreover, the sensor materials showed satisfactory cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. SignificanceFor the first time, a dual conductive structural glucose biosensor based on PBA-based copolymer was synthesized. In addition to excellent glucose sensitivity and response stability, the biosensor has a wide linearity range, excellent self-healing property, and satisfactory mechanical performance. As a promising substitute for non-enzymatic glucose biosensors, this new material with special structure and characteristics would also be beneficial to wound management in diabetic patients.

Fabrications of the Flexible Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors Using Au-CuO-rGO and Au-CuO-rGO-MWCNTs Nanocomposites as Carriers.

A flexible, non-enzymatic glucose sensor was developed and tested on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. The sensor's design involved printing Ag (silver) as the electrode and utilizing mixtures of either gold-copper oxide-modified reduced graphene oxide (Au-CuO-rGO) or gold-copper oxide-modified reduced graphene oxide-multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Au-CuO-rGO-MWCNTs) as the carrier materials. A one-pot synthesis method was employed to create a nanocomposite material, consisting of Au-CuO-rGO mixtures, which was then printed onto pre-prepared flexible electrodes. The impact of different weight ratios of MWCNTs (0~75 wt%) as a substitute for rGO was also investigated on the sensing characteristics of Au-CuO-rGO-MWCNTs glucose sensors. The fabricated electrodes underwent various material analyses, and their sensing properties for glucose in a glucose solution were measured using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The LSV measurement results showed that increasing the proportion of MWCNTs improved the sensor's sensitivity for detecting low concentrations of glucose. However, it also led to a significant decrease in the upper detection limit for high-glucose concentrations. Remarkably, the research findings revealed that the electrode containing 60 wt% MWCNTs demonstrated excellent sensitivity and stability in detecting low concentrations of glucose. At the lowest concentration of 0.1 μM glucose, the nanocomposites with 75 wt% MWCNTs showed the highest oxidation peak current, approximately 5.9 μA. On the other hand, the electrode without addition of MWCNTs displayed the highest detection limit (approximately 1 mM) and an oxidation peak current of about 8.1 μA at 1 mM of glucose concentration.

Diabetes Management by Fourth-Generation Glucose Sensors Based on Lemon-Extract-Supported CuO Nanoporous Materials.

Diabetes is a major worldwide health issue, impacting millions of people around the globe and putting pressure on healthcare systems. Accurate detection of glucose is critical for efficient diabetes care, because it allows for prompt action to control blood sugar levels and avoid problems. Reliable glucose-sensing devices provide individuals with real-time information, allowing them to make more educated food, medicine, and lifestyle decisions. The progress of glucose sensing holds the key to increasing the quality of life for diabetics and lowering the burden of this prevalent condition. The present investigation addresses the synthesis of a CuO@lemon-extract nanoporous material using the sol-gel process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the morphological properties of the composite, which revealed a homogeneous integration of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of the matrix. The existence of primarily oxidized copper species, especially CuO, was confirmed by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) investigation in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The CuO@lemon-extract-modified glassy carbon electrode (CuO@lemon-extract GCE) performed well in non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing applications such as differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and amperometric glucose detection. The electrode achieved a notable sensitivity of 3293 µA mM-1 cm-2 after careful adjustment, with a noticeable detection limit of 0.01 µM (signal-to-noise ratio of 3). The operational range of the electrode was 0.01 µM to 0.2 µM, with potential applied of 0.53 V vs. Ag/AgCl. These findings underscore the CuO@lemon-extract GCE's promise as a robust and reliable platform for electrochemical glucose sensing, promising advances in non-enzymatic glucose sensing (NEGS) techniques.

Development of TiO2-Based nanocomposite film for colorimetric detection of glucose

This study proposes the development of a colorimetric non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on TiO2/I2/CMC (TIC) nanocomposite film. A solution-cast approach was employed for the synthesis of nanocomposite film. The structural and morphological study of the nanocomposite film was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and dynamic light scattering. The XRD graph and Raman spectra indicate the synthesized nanocrystalline anatase form of TiO2 nanoparticles. The characteristic peak of Ti-O-Ti bonds is observed between 600 and 850 cm−1 in the FTIR spectrum. Additionally, TIC film exhibited antibacterial properties against E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. The colorimetric method was utilized to determine the glucose concentration. The TIC film reveals that the minimum detectable concentration is 0.4 mM. This easy-to-develop TIC nanocomposite film shows good stability. Therefore, it can be a promising candidate for glucose-sensing applications.

Synthesis of unique three-dimensional CoMn2O4@Ni(OH)2 nanocages via Kirkendall effect for non-enzymatic glucose sensing

Transition metal oxides / hydroxides, which have the advantages of wide distribution, low price, low toxicity, and stable chemical properties, have attracted much attention from researchers. Therefore, this work reports the construction of the unique CoMn2O4 nanocages assisted by the Kirkendall effect, and worm-like Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles were grown on the surface via hydrothermal method, the final product CoMn2O4@Ni(OH)2 nanocages were applied to construct efficient and sensitive non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensing. The stable three-dimensional hollow CoMn2O4 nanocages structure, not only can provide a wider specific surface area and more abundant active sites, its porous structure also can effectively inhibit the aggregation of nanoparticles, increase the ion diffusion path, shorten the electron transport distance, and improve the electrical conductivity. Loading Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles on the CoMn2O4 nanocages can increase catalytic sites, and further strengthen the electrocatalytic performance. Due to the good synergistic effect between CoMn2O4 and Ni(OH)2, CoMn2O4@Ni(OH)2 nanocages electrochemical sensor can achieve sensitive and rapid detection of trace glucose, with excellent linear range (8.5–1830.5 μM), low limit of detection (0.264 μM), high sensitivity of 0.00646 μA mM−1 cm−2, and outstanding repeatability. More importantly, the sensor has been successfully applied to the determination of blood glucose in human serum with good recoveries (95.64–104.3 %). This work provides a novel scheme for blood glucose detection and expands the application of transition metal oxides / hydroxides in the field of electrochemical sensing.

Copper oxide nanocolumns for high-sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensing

This paper presents a facile method to fabricate nanostructured copper-oxide (Cu2O/CuO) electrodes with columnar morphology for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. The electrodes were fabricated using a two-step method; first by producing Cu nanostructures through glancing angle deposition (GLAD), followed by a thermal annealing process at various temperatures. The nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate their structural and morphological properties. The optical properties of the electrodes were also investigated by VIS/NIR spectroscopy. Electrochemical characterization revealed that Cu2O outperformed other copper-based nanostructures, with the best sensitivity of 1394 μAcm-2 mM-1 and the lowest limit of detection (LOD) of 0.052 μM. The superior sensor also exhibits two broad linear ranges of 0.01–2 mM and 2–5 mM at the optimized potential of 0.6 V. The Cu2O electrodes demonstrate the merits of reproducibility, selectivity, fast response time, and high accuracy in measuring glucose levels in real blood serum samples.

Exploring Cu0–Cu+ sites for enhancing non-enzymatic photoelectrochemical glucose sensing performance

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing platforms demonstrate outstanding performances towards enzyme-free glucose detection, and exploring glucose reactive electrodes with efficient active sites and enhanced carrier transport/separation behavior would be beneficial for PEC glucose detection. Herein, we fabricated two-dimensional Cu3(PO4)2 nanosheets as the photoactive material for glucose detection. The morphology and structural characterizations prove the existence of balanced Cu0–Cu+ active sites which has been regarded as the key factor on improving PEC performance for fast glucose detection. The photocurrent of Cu3(PO4)2 nanosheets is three times that of Cu3(PO4)2 bulk in the absence of glucose, and the response performance is increased by about 9 times compared to Cu3(PO4)2 bulk at 50 µM glucose. Under light conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) as low as 17.68 µM at low concentration of 20–100 µM, and LOD of 131.69 µM at high concentration of 100–1000 µM can be achieved. This work might provide the basic understanding and new opportunities in applying two-dimensional Cu3(PO4)2 nanosheets for glucose detection.

A silver nanowire aerogel for non-enzymatic glucose detection

Glucose redox is the indispensable method for biological energy supply, and its concentration in the organism is one of the most vital determinants of its health status. Nevertheless, nearly 10,000 organic substances that coexist with glucose in the blood hinder the glucose detection. As a result, developing a detection method that can feature high sensitivity and selectivity is extremely indispensable. In this work, a silver nanowire aerogel (AgNW-gel) was prepared for non-enzymatic glucose detection. The unique porous structure of aerogel and the high electrical conductivity of silver guarantee rapid electron transport and transfer. Furthermore, the presence of massive mesopores in AgNW-gel imparts high specific surface area which provides a large number of active sites. Compared to enzymatic glucose methods, the AgNW-gel, which is a non-enzymatic assay, has a lower environmental dependence. With the help of these characteristics, the glucose non-enzymatic sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 1940 μA·mM−1· cm−2, a wide linear range from 1.0 to 3.5 mM, and a detection limit of 0.8 mM· cm2. In addition, the largest interference signal was only 4.4% of the glucose signal in the interference test for the five common interferents in blood.