Non-economic Perspectives Research Articles

Value of Care: An Exploratory Qualitative Study with Doctors and Patients.

The concept of value in healthcare is mainly based on economic and financial aspects. However, the literature has emphasised the need to investigate value from other perspectives. The present study aimed to explore the views of physicians and patients on the value of healthcare, and to examine in depth the psychosocial and organisational elements that have emerged but that need to be investigated more. Therefore, two qualitative studies were performed, in which 69 physicians and 111 patients participated. The data were analysed using content analysis and text mining using t-lab software. The results revealed common elements between the two healthcare actors that constitute value in healthcare, including competence, professionalism, and soft skills like communication and empathy. Furthermore, the importance of functioning health services and effective organisational culture in local healthcare and investment emerged. These findings can guide healthcare organisations to consider the potential psychosocial factors related to value in healthcare, which affect organisation in terms of costs and healthcare relationships. In addition, these findings are a first step in filling the gap found in the literature regarding the consideration of value from a non-economic perspective and the difficulty of defining and measuring it.

Impact and implications for practice

Impact and implications for practice

STRATEGI BERTAHAN HIDUP RUMAH TANGGA PETANI BUNGA POTONG PADA SAAT PANDEMI COVID-19 (Studi Kasus di Desa Pasirlangu, Kecamatan Cisarua, Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat)

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact both from an economic and non-economic perspective. Agriculture is one of the sectors affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in horticultural commodities. Cut-flowers are horticultural commodities affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in addition to vegetables. Pasirlangu Village is one of the villages in Cisarua District that has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic because the majority of the population works as farmers with cut flower farming. This study aims to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cut flower farming in Pasirlangu Village and to find out the form of survival strategies carried out by cut flower farming households during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research method used is a qualitative method with a case study technique. The study reveals that the survival strategy carried out by cut-flower farming households during the COVID-19 pandemic to meet their household needs are by doing side jobs, increasing the work intensity, implementing a double income pattern, selling assets, reducing household expenses, borrowing money from financial institutions, and take advantage of the social network owned by the household.

The values of wildlife revisited

Wild animals are important worldwide because of the multiple values they represent for human societies. Different frameworks have been proposed to understand the values of wildlife from economic and noneconomic perspectives. Despite efforts from different disciplines to provide a holistic framework for the analysis of wildlife values, the focus is still based on the monetary value derived from market prices. Community-oriented approaches to wildlife conservation have an especially strong economic rationale because they depend on the economic costs and benefits that wildlife represents to local communities. However, purely economic approaches ignore that values are subjective and as such are perceived differently among stakeholders according to their social, economic, cultural, and ecological context. The lack of a holistic framework hinders the possibility to provide a clear and practical tool for the resolution of wildlife conservation conflicts and the identification of management options that maximize values. Based on a wide literature review, we propose a comprehensive wildlife value framework (WVF) incorporating the values of wildlife identified in the academic literature into the total economic value (TEV) framework. Costs associated with human-wildlife conflicts are also incorporated as well as subjective perceptions of values based on multidimensional well-being criteria. This work aims to provide a common structure within which different perspectives related to wildlife can be captured to inform multi-actor, multi-objective decision making related to wildlife management.

Extending Privacy Harms Toward a Non-Economic Perspective

Addressing data breach harms has become a great challenge in the administration of privacy law in the United States. Several data breach cases have been dismissed by US courts because the victims cannot prove cognizable harm. The current US legal system emphasizes that data breach victims must prove that they have suffered an “injury in fact,” which means that the injury suffered must be concrete and particularized. Data breach harms are futuristic and hard-to-quantify, reasons for which they may not fit in the “injury in fact” requirement. Furthermore, victims of data violations have attempted to plead economic loss to prove the harm suffered, but with no success. This article suggests a new approach that aims at addressing privacy harms without necessarily proving economically quantifiable harm.

Analisis disparitas pembangunan antar Kabupaten/Kotadi Provinsi Jambi (segi ekonomi dan non ekonomi)

This study aims to: (1) analyze the level of development inequality in districts/cities in Jambi Province. (2) analyze the factors that influence the level of development inequality from an economic and non-economic perspective between regencies/cities in Jambi Province. (3) Analyze the government's policies to overcome the inequality problem in Jambi Province. Based on the research results, (1) The average level of development inequality between districts/cities in Jambi Province is 0.18, lower than the rate of inequality in Indonesia. The province that is almost close to a high level of inequality is Kota Sungai Penuh, which is 0.49 points. At the same time, the smallest is Sarolangun Regency, which is 0.01. (2) From an economic perspective, the variables that significantly affect development inequality are balancing funds and investment, while the variable economic growth has no significant effect. From a non-economic perspective, only the human development index significantly affects development inequality, while labor and poverty have no significant effect.

Return on Investment in Physical Therapy: Professional Tension.

Student debt in physical therapy has received increasing attention since 2016 when the House of Delegates unanimously passed RC 11-16 that charged the APTA Board of Directors to evaluate student debt in physical therapy and develop a plan to address it. Recently published studies of student loan debt in physical therapy have provided evidence supporting the concerns about increasing student debt. Return-on-investment (ROI) is defined as a ratio between net profit over a period of time and cost of an investment at a point in time. In higher education, however, ROI has traditionally consisted of a more complicated formulation of economic and non-economic factors benefitting both the individual and the public. The consideration of all factors (economic and non-economic, individual and social) in the evaluation of ROI becomes particularly important in the professions, given the autonomy society affords the professions and the responsibility the professions have to provide a greater social good. Understanding ROI from economic and non-economic perspectives at the individual level is critically important if the profession is to meet its responsibility to society and fulfill its vision. The profession also must investigate ROI from a systems-level that includes how physical therapy education is financed, what the actual costs are for that education, and what the economic and non-economic returns are for those investments.

Review and Prospect of Research on Floating Population Entrepreneurship in Strange Land in China

With the development of urbanization in China, the floating population has become an important driving force for urban economic development and entrepreneurial activity, and its entrepreneurial activity even exceeds that of local residents. This paper focuses on the main theoretical results of the research on floating population entrepreneurship in strange land, systematically combs and reviews the research on floating population entrepreneurship in strange land from three aspects: the definition and measurement of floating population entrepreneurship in strange land, the determinants of floating population entrepreneurship in strange land, and the results of floating population entrepreneurship in strange land. Floating population entrepreneurship in strange land refers to the behavior of floating population to identify, create and utilize economic opportunities, carry out entrepreneurial activities and achieve enterprise development in their inflow areas. In addition to focusing on the entrepreneurial behavior of the general floating population, the research on floating population entrepreneurship in strange land also focuses on the urban entrepreneurial behavior of the rural floating population. The research on the determinants of floating population entrepreneurship in strange land mainly focuses on the single factor analysis at the micro, meso and macro levels. The research on the results of floating population entrepreneurship in strange land explores the multiple impacts of floating population entrepreneurship on entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial regions from an economic and non-economic perspective. Finally, based on the existing analysis conclusions and deficiencies, this paper expands the future research direction. This paper considers that the subdivision of types of floating population entrepreneurship in strange land, the interaction of determinants of floating population entrepreneurship in strange land, the process research of floating population entrepreneurship in strange land, and the entrepreneurial performance of floating population in strange land need to be further deepened.

How does corporate social responsibility transform brand reputation into brand equity? Economic and noneconomic perspectives of CSR

The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been embedded across psychological and physical frontiers of organizations building up on philanthropy, ethics, regulation, and economy. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence that how CSR gears up various aspects of an organization. The major objective of the present study is to explain the multidimensional catalytic role of CSR in transforming brand equity from brand reputation in the fast-food industry. The study has been designed to get responses through a structured questionnaire to analyze the data through descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Sample size of 420 consumers and employees of international fast-food chains, located in Pakistan, with diverse demographical profiles have been involved for the survey. Three models were developed to understand the aforementioned phenomenon; the first model examines the impact of brand reputation on brand equity, and the second model reassesses the same relationship with moderating role of CSR, while the third model evaluates the associations with each dimension of CSR. The results indicate that brand reputation is a significant predictor of brand equity, and its predictive power boosts up in the presence of CSR activities. It was also ascertained that CSR initiatives related to ethics, economy, and philanthropy expedite the process of conversion from brand reputation to brand equity. The legal aspect of CSR in developing economies could not prove to be fruitful in this particular context. The research would provide great insight to the managers of fast-food retail chains to evaluate investments for CSR activities in raising equity of their organizations.

Socioemotional wealth, entrepreneurial orientation and international performance of family firms

This paper analyses the relationships between the socioemotional wealth, entrepreneurial orientation and international performance of family firms. This research is pioneering in that it seeks to explain the international performance of family firms from the non-economic perspective of entrepreneurial orientation determined by socioemotional wealth. Second generation structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.2.8 software was applied to data from 106 Spanish family firms. The study shows that considering socioemotional wealth substantially improves the capacity of entrepreneurial orientation to explain variation in the international performance of family firms. When only entrepreneurial orientation is included in the model, the explained variance of international performance is 34.2%. However, when socioemotional wealth is included in the model as an antecedent of international performance, the explained variance increases to 42.6%.

Legitimation Strategies as Valuable Signals in Nonfinancial Reporting? Effects on Investor Decision-Making

Companies disclosing negative aspects in sustainability reports often employ legitimation strategies to present mishaps in a favorable light. In incentivized experiments, we find that nonprofessional investors divest from companies with a negative sustainability-related incident, and that symbolic legitimation (which only evasively explains a negative incident) is not a strong enough signal to counter this divestment behavior. Even substantial legitimation (which reports on measures and behavioral change) mitigates the divestment decisions only if the company reports on concrete remediation actions in morally charged situations, such as social or environmental incidents. We elaborate these results in light of signaling and screening theory, and suggest the conceptual extension of “costly signals” to what we call “valuable signals.” We argue that valuable signals need be not only costly for the sender from an economic perspective but also perceived as appropriate by the receiver from a noneconomic perspective.

Urban Food Movements and Their Transformative Capacities

The paper explores how the transformative capacity of the urban food movement can be judged. To this end, it firstly presents what the founders of German initiatives and their members and customers tell about their motives and strategies. Subsequently, the various projects are discussed as part of a broader transformative social movement whose transformative capacity is considered from a non-economic perspective along the lines of transformative social innovation. A discussion of the urban food movement as a place of sustainability innovations compared to sustainability innovations within the established system follows before the findings on the transformative capacity are summarized.

Rural wind farm development: Social, environmental and economic features important to local residents

The research problem was to examine residents' perceptions of personal costs and benefits in terms of social, environmental or economic features that influence support of or resistance to wind farm development in four rural communities in eastern Michigan. Data were collected from residents using a mail questionnaire, which included twenty-one Likert-style questions inquiring about perceived impact statements of wind farm development in the community. The analysis indicated that there were both differences and similarities in the perception of wind farm impacts on the rural communities. More specifically, the results of the Akaike information criterion test indicated that there was substantial support for nine of the twenty-one variables in support of wind farm development. The contribution of this study recognizes the importance of noneconomic perspectives of wind farm development where turbine construction had not yet been fully exploited. In particular, the data lend support for the use of Social Exchange Theory and further exploration of its applicability in renewable energy investigations.

Multi-attribute non-expected utility

In management applications of risk theory, planning and decision making are typically concerned with complex multi-dimensional attributes of risk and utility trade-offs between them. This paper presents a novel approach to multi-attribute non-expected utility which is especially designed to serve application and risk management purposes. It is based on a recently developed non-expected utility model that accommodates systematic violations of expected utility of various kinds observed in risky choice experiments. In the model, the possible outcomes of risky decisions are assumed to be multi-dimensional, that is, classified, measured, compared and assessed from different economic and non-economic perspectives simultaneously. Of the risk attributes to be jointly evaluated in a decision problem, each is supposed to be utility independent of the complementary set of all the other attributes also considered. Mutual utility independence and additive independence are particularly pronounced forms of utility independence. An order-preserving preference functional exists if the agent’s risk preferences satisfy familiar rationality requirements. The functional provides a consistently scaled, multi-linear representation in terms of single-attribute probability-dependent utility functions. Finally, the formalism is applied to explain observed trade-offs between monetary benefits obtained, and fatalities incurred, in the operation of large-scale industrial systems.

Residents' Attitudes Toward Tourism and Perceived Personal Benefits in a Rural Community

This research focuses on residents' perceptions of personal benefits from tourism, identifying not only the relationships between personal benefits from tourism and residents' attitudes toward tourism but also the nature of benefits associated with tourism. The study was conducted in a small rural community where tourism is still at its emerging stage. It was found that residents' perceptions of personal benefits from tourism were closely associated with their attitudes toward tourism in a positive direction. The significant contribution of this study falls on the recognition of noneconomic perspective of tourism benefits for residents in a community where tourism has not yet explicitly emerged. In particular, the data lend support for social exchange theory and improve its understanding in tourism investigations.

Two Economic Theories of Enforcing Promises

This paper describes the modern economic analysis of contract law, emphasizing its (often unappreciated) similarities with various non-economic perspectives. The economic analysis began with theories that equated the efficiency of enforcing promises with the efficiency of carrying out the promised actions, a view that was starkly at odds with many non-economic perspectives. By contrast, though, modern economic analyses recognize that legal enforceability triggers a much more complex set of effects. For example, enforceability may influence not only whether the promise is carried out, but also whether the promise gets made at all, or how carefully the promisor thinks about the promise before making it, or how much the promisor spends on precautions to guard against accidents that might leave her unable to perform in the future (to list just a few of the possibilities). This paper first describes the more modern economic approach, and distinguishes it from the older view that the efficiency of enforcement depends only on the efficiency of the promised actions. It then discusses the implications of that distinction for several issues of philosophical interest. For example, questions of paternalism - should courts try to decide whether enforcement of a promise would be efficient, or should they leave that to the parties to decide? - become more difficult once it is recognized how many effects must be considered in any assessment of efficiency. The argument that promises should be enforced only if and when they have been relied upon, and the related argument that damage remedies should be limited to reliance damages, also become more doubtful once the effect on reliance is seen as only one of the possible effects of legal enforceability. The paper also discusses the similarities between modern economic analysis and the views of (a) "relational contract" theorists, who emphasize that many contracts govern an ongoing, multi-faceted relationship; (b) "private regulation" theorists, who analogize contracts to regulatory schemes that are enacted by private parties; and (c) "property theorists," who see contracts as instantaneously transferring an entire bundle of property rights and duties.

Reconciling Economic and Non-Economic Perspectives on Media Policy: Transcending the “Marketplace of Ideas”

A long-standing division in positions on media policy reflects differences in faith regarding the efficacy of market versus government processes for achieving important communications policy objectives. The debate over content diversity between the advocates of market solutions and those who are critical of them reveals that the standard arguments of both camps rest on differences in assumptions that have not been subjected to careful analysis. Furthermore, analysts in each camp have failed to acknowledge or incorporate into their own analyses the other camp's legitimate insights. The result is a flawed policy dialogue that shows no signs of iterating toward a consensus or of making much progress toward an improved understanding of the requirements for effective communications policy. This failure reflects, in part, limitations in the constructs implied by the “marketplace of ideas” metaphor that has guided much of the thinking by both camps and the ways these constructs have been employed. New metaphors are needed to guide an expanded research agenda designed to assist in the development of more effective communications policy.