Non-cultivated Plants Research Articles

Wild-grown medicinal plants used by the Asháninka people from the Tambo River, Peruvian Amazonia

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe Asháninka people are the largest Peruvian Amazonian group, yet the knowledge of their medicinal plants is scarce. This study on Asháninka herbal medicine offers an insight into the Asháninka aetiological system, resting within the wider ontological framework of animism, and cultural expressions of the biomedical understanding of illnesses. Aim of the studyTo document wild-grown (non-cultivated) plant species in current use by the Asháninka people and look closer at their herbal practices during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study examines whether the knowledge and use of medicinal plants is gendered in this society. It also compares the findings with available literature concerning the Arawakan groups from Peruvian Amazonia. Material and methodsThe fieldwork was conducted in 13 native communities of the Asháninka people along the Tambo River (Selva Central), Peru, between 2016 and 2018 and in 2022. The main field technique were guided walks in the forest with 27 female and 28 male participants, during which voucher specimens were collected and relevant information was recorded. Semi-structured interviews were performed with specialists in Asháninka traditional medicine and with lay Asháninka people to better understand Asháninka illness aetiologies. The analysis of medicinal plants included medicinal categories and uses, modes of preparations, the frequency of use and the knowledge about the plants between the genders. It also presents and discusses detailed testimonies of herbal remedies during the Covid-19 pandemic. The list of recorded plants was compared with ethnobotanical studies of other Arawakan groups from Peruvian Amazonia. ResultsAltogether, 169 wild-grown medicinal plant species were documented. Our findings highlight the importance of the Piperaceae and Acanthaceae botanical families in the Asháninka pharmacopoeia. The plants were used for 23 medicinal categories, of which dermatological disorders, digestive problems and venomous bites were the most prevalent. Over 70% of recorded plants were commonly and moderately known by the study participants. More exclusive species were found among the men than women; however, 64 % of all recorded plants were known to both genders. Sixty-one percent of recorded plants were not mentioned by any other study of medicinal plants among other Arawakan groups in Peruvian Amazonia. During the Covid-19 pandemic, nobody in the native communities at the Tambo River died directly due to the virus, which was attributed, amongst others, to effective and culturally-appropriate prophylaxis and treatments with medicinal plants. ConclusionTo this day, the Asháninka people at the Tambo River conserve the knowledge and practices related to medicinal plants which meet the daily needs of dwelling in subtropical forest; these are deeply rooted in animistic ontology, with the emphasis on spirit predation and retaliation. And yet, numerous applications of plants are compatible with the biomedical notion of illness and symptoms. Plant knowledge is shared between the genders, although specific plants exist for men and women, which are related to their gendered social and family roles. Some overlap and consensus exists with other studies regarding medicinal uses, which reflects the rich and diverse knowledge of medicinal plants among the Arawakan groups in Peruvian Amazonia, and this deserves further study.

Life table study of Rachiplusia nu (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different food sources and artificial diet.

Rachiplusia nu Guenée is a polyphagous species able to develop on several cultivated and non-cultivated host plants. However, basic life history information about this pest on hosts is scarce. In this study, R. nu larvae did not survive on leaves of non-Bt corn, wheat, Bt cotton that expresses proteins Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab2 or on Intacta2 Xtend soybean that expresses the Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1Ac proteins. Rachiplusia nu showed a viable egg-to-adult biological cycle (54%-66.3%) on non-Bt soybean, sunflower, canola, vetch, Persian clover, alfalfa, bean, and forage turnip hosts, similar to larvae raised on the artificial diet. In addition, R. nu was unable to complete larval development on non-Bt cotton, and only 45.2% of R. nu larvae reached the pupal stage when fed leaves of intacta RR2 PRO soybean that expresses the Cry1Ac protein. Larval and pupal mass of surviving insects on Cry1Ac soybean leaves were also lower (larval: 0.104g; pupal: 0.099g) in relation to other food sources (larval: 0.165-0.189g; pupal: 0.173-0.192g). The total fecundity of R. nu on Cry1Ac soybean leaves was ≈65% lower in relation to other food sources. This fact caused ≈60% the net reproductive rate (Ro) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) when compared to other food sources. Our findings indicate that the Cry1Ac soybean negatively affects the biological parameters of R. nu. Non-Bt soybean, sunflower, canola, vetch, Persian clover, alfalfa, bean, and forage turnip are viable food sources for the survival and development of R. nu.

First report of Tomato interveinal chlorosis virus infecting Rhynchosia minima plants in Brazil.

Tomato interveinal chlorosis virus (ToICV; Begomovirus solanumintervenae, genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) has been described infecting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Macroptilium lathyroides in Northeastern (NE) Brazil for more than a decade (Albuquerque et al., 2012; Silva et al., 2012). During a survey in 2020, plants of the leguminous weed Rhynchosia minima exhibiting virus-like symptoms such as mosaic and interveinal chlorosis were observed in the state of Alagoas, NE Brazil. Symptomatic leaf samples of R. minima were randomly collected (n=15; supplementary figure 1). Total DNA from each sample was used as a template for PCR amplification of partial begomoviral DNA-A sequences using the degenerate primer pair PAL1v1978 and PAR1c496, universal for geminiviruses (Rojas et al., 1993). Amplicons of ~1.2 kbp were observed from 12 samples, although this should not be considered as incidence since only symptomatic plants were collected. To identify the begomovirus associated with R. minima, viral genomes were amplified from PCR-positive samples using rolling circle amplification (RCA) (Inoue-Nagata et al., 2004). The RCA products were digested with HindIII, cloned into the pBluescript II KS+ plasmid vector and bidirectionally Sanger-sequenced (Macrogen Inc., Seoul). BLASTn searches indicated that the clones (n=4) reported here corresponded to a begomovirus DNA-A component, and pairwise comparisons showed that they shared the highest identity with ToICV, at 92.4-94.7% nucleotide sequence identity. Based on the species demarcation criteria of ≥91% nucleotide identity for the genus Begomovirus (Brown et al., 2015), the begomoviruses obtained from R. minima are new isolates of ToICV. The new DNA-A sequences of 2,619-2,623 nt in length were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers PP639092 to PP639095. Multiple nucleotide sequence alignments were prepared using the MUSCLE algorithm implemented in MEGA v.11 (Kumar et al., 2018), and a maximum likelihood (ML) tree was reconstructed in RaxML-NG (Kozlov et al., 2019), assuming a general time reversible (GTR) nucleotide substitution model with a gamma (G) model of rate heterogeneity and 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The DNA-A-based tree showed that the ToICV sequences clustered into a monophyletic group, additionally supporting these isolates as members of the species Begomovirus solanumintervenae. At least two independent interspecies recombination events were predicted among the ToICV isolates, with breakpoints located in the Rep-encoding region and ToICV (GenBank Accession JF803253), tomato mottle leaf curl virus (JF803248) and soybean blistering mosaic virus (MN486865) detected as putative parents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of ToICV infecting R. minima worldwide, expanding the host range of this begomovirus. Non-cultivated plants such as R. minima play a crucial role as reservoirs and sources of inoculum for begomoviruses (Paz-Carrasco et al., 2014), reinforcing their relevance to socioeconomically important crops.

Prospecting toxicity of the avobenzone sunscreen in plants.

Avobenzone (AVO) is a sunscreen with high global production and is constantly released into the environment. Incorporating sewage biosolids for fertilization purposes, the leaching from cultivated soils, and the use of wastewater for irrigation explain its presence in the soil. There is a lack of information about the impact of this sunscreen on plants. In the present study, the ecotoxicity of AVO was tested at concentrations 1, 10, 100, and 1,000ng/L. All concentrations caused a reduction in root growth of Allium cepa, Cucumis sativus, and Lycopersicum esculentum seeds, as well as a mitodepressive effect, changes in the mitotic spindle and a reduction in root growth of A. cepa bulbs. The cell cycle was disturbed because AVO disarmed the enzymatic defense system of root meristems, leading to an accumulation of hydroxyl radicals and superoxides, besides lipid peroxidation in cells. Therefore, AVO shows a high potential to cause damage to plants and can negatively affect agricultural production and the growth of non-cultivated plants.

Valorization of Wild Edible Plants as a Potential Source of Alternative Nutrition among the Tribal Communities of West Bengal, India

Being very close to nature, tribal people extensively use non-cultivated naturally found plants for their alternative source of nutrition. The present study conducted for documenting the available wild edible plants used by tribal people located in the districts of Purulia, West Midnapur and Bankura. Using wild edible plant is economical, nutrient rich and promotes sustainable utilization. The ethnobotanical study surveyed the knowledgeable informants of the tribal population and found 27 plants that are majorly used for alternative source of nutrition. Different parts like leaves, stem, flower, fruit, tuber etc. are used as food sources. Apart from food source, the tribal people also earn their livelihood by selling these plants in the local market. However, the present generation of the tribal population is not very interested in acquiring the knowledge of these non-cultivated plants therefore documentation of the use of these plants becoming very important for future.

Quelites—Agrobiodiversity beyond our crops

The monoculture of a handful of energy-dense crops that dominates contemporary agriculture has resulted in an erosion of agrobiodiversity, environmental issues, agroecosystem dependency on off-farm inputs, and diets with poor diversity in nutrients and flavors. However, diversified agriculture persists in communities characterized by subsistence farming, many of them Indigenous. Although movements across Latin America aim to rescue agrobiodiversity, they are widely limited to cropping system diversification, including practices such as crop rotations, intercropping, and cover crops. The agrobiodiversity of plants associated with crops, often labeled as weeds, is commonly not considered in this context. Yet edible weeds are the essential components of traditional food systems where they increase the functional diversity of agroecosystems and contribute to human nutrition. In Mexico, the term “quelite” describes noncultivated but edible plants growing on a crop field. Across the American continent, there are nutritious quelites that are commonly perceived as “weeds.” In this article, we discuss the concept of quelites, their origin in traditional Mexican agriculture, their significance for agroecosystem diversification, and their potential for the future. We demonstrate, with 12 examples, that quelites have always been part of agroecosystems across the Americas. We aim to spread the concept of quelites beyond traditional farming in Mexico to promote the use of these promising plants. We conclude the article with suggestions for strategies to achieve this goal. Please refer to Supplementary Materials, Full text Spanish version of this article, for a full text Spanish version of this article.

The Bioactivity and Phytochemicals of Muscari comosum (Leopoldia comosa), a Plant of Multiple Pharmacological Activities.

Leopoldia comosa (LC), popularly known as Muscari comosum, spontaneously grows in the Mediterranean region and its bulbs are used as a vegetable. Traditionally, they are also used to treat various diseases and conditions, which has inspired the study of the pharmacological activities of different parts of LC. These studies revealed the numerous biological properties of LC including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-Alzheimer's disease, antibacterial, and immune stimulant. High antioxidant activity compared to other non-cultivated plants, and the potential role of antioxidant activity in other reported activities make LC an excellent candidate to be developed as an antioxidant plant against important associated diseases. The presence of a diverse class of phytochemicals (n = 85), especially flavonoids and homoisoflavones, in LC, also imparts significance to the nutraceutical candidature of the plant. However, limited animal studies and the lack of a directional approach have limited the further design of effective clinical studies for the development of LC. The current study is the first attempt to comprehensively compile information regarding the phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of LC, emphasize the targets/markers targeted by LC, important in other activities, and also highlight the current gaps and propose possible bridges for the development of LC as a therapeutic and/or supplement against important diseases.

First Records of Anthomyiidae (Diptera) from Nagorno-karabakh, Armenia

The root maggot flies are important pests of cultivated and non-cultivated plant species. This study on the invertebrate fauna of Nagorno-Karabakh was focused on the new leaf miners belonging to the Anthomyiidae. Pegomya bicolor (Wiedemann, 1817) and P. betae (Curtis, 1847) are documented for the first time in Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia; P. bicolor was found on the leaves of Rumex confertus (Willd.), while P. betae infested the leaves of Beta vulgaris L., and Chenopodium album (L.). Thus, two species of the genus Pegomya cause serious damage to fodder and agricultural crops, causing 55 to 90% damage. Details of species description, ecology of larva and pupa, as well as the damage are included.

The taste for health: the role of taste receptors and their ligands in the complex food/health relationship.

Taste, food, and health are terms that have since always accompanied the act of eating, but the association was simple: taste serves to classify a food as good or bad and therefore influences food choices, which determine the nutritional status and therefore health. The identification of taste receptors, particularly, the G protein-coupled receptors that mediate sweet, umami, and bitter tastes, in the gastrointestinal tract has assigned them much more relevant tasks, from nutrient sensing and hormone release to microbiota composition and immune response and finally to a rationale for the gut-brain axis. Particularly interesting are bitter taste receptors since most of the times they do not mediate macronutrients (energy). The relevant roles of bitter taste receptors in the gut indicate that they could become new drug targets and their ligands new medications or components in nutraceutical formulations. Traditional knowledge from different cultures reported that bitterness intensity was an indicator for distinguishing plants used as food from those used as medicine, and many non-cultivated plants were used to control glucose level and treat diabetes, modulate hunger, and heal gastrointestinal disorders caused by pathogens and parasites. This concept represents a means for the scientific integration of ancient wisdom with advanced medicine, constituting a possible boost for more sustainable food and functional food innovation and design.

Biology, ecology, and management of redbanded stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Abstract The redbanded stink bug (RBSB), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive stink bug species and a polyphagous pest of cultivated crops and non-cultivated wild plants. The increase in soybean cultivation during the 1960s–1970s led to the spread of RBSB as an economic pest of soybean throughout South America, especially in Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. In the early 2000s, RBSB became an economic concern to US agriculture and is currently a key species in a stink bug complex that damages soybean in many mid-southern states. RBSB causes extensive damage to soybeans and other economically important leguminous crops by feeding on sap from stems, flowers, and foliage with a preference for pods and seeds, which causes flat pods, reduced seed weight, and germination. Infestation by RBSB may lead to more crop loss per capita than other stink bug species. RBSBs are less susceptible to commonly used agrochemicals than other stink bug species and have developed resistance to many commonly used insecticides. Several alternative control strategies based on a wide variety of methods have been reported in recent years. This review will discuss the distribution, biology, ecology, and various control strategies for integrated management of RBSB in the last 2 decades.

From Metagenomics to Ecogenomics: NGS-Based Approaches for Discovery of New Circular DNA Single-Stranded Viral Species.

Viruses comprise the most abundant genetic material in the biosphere; however, global viral genomic population (virome) has been largely underestimated. Recently, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) has provided a powerful tool for the detection of known viruses and the discovery of novel viral species from environmental and individual samples using metagenomics and ecogenomics approaches, respectively. Viruses with circular DNA single-stranded (ssDNA) genomes belonging to the begomovirus genera (family Geminiviridae) constitute the largest group of emerging plant viruses worldwide. The knowledge of begomoviruses viromes is mostly restricted to crop plant systems; nevertheless, it has been described that noncultivated plants specifically at the interface between wild and cultivated plants are important reservoirs leading to viral evolution and the emergence of new diseases. Here we present a protocol that allows the identification and isolation of known and novel begomoviruses species infecting cultivated and noncultivated plant species. The method consists of circular viral molecules enrichment by rolling circle amplification (RCA) from begomovirus-positive total plant DNA, followed by NGS-based metagenomic sequencing. Subsequently, metagenomic reads are processed for taxonomic classification using Viromescan software and a customized Geminiviridae family database, and begomovirus-related reads are used for contigs assembly and annotation using Spades software and Blastn algorithm, respectively. Then, the obtained begomovirus-related signatures are used as templates for specific primers design and implemented for PCR-based ecogenomic identification of individual samples harboring the corresponding viral species. Lastly, full-length begomovirus genomes are obtained by RCA-based amplification from total plant DNA of selected individual samples, cloning, and viral molecular identity corroborated by Sanger sequencing. Conclusively, the identification and isolation of a novel monopartite begomovirus species native to the New World (NW) named Gallium leaf deformation virus (GLDV) is shown.

Molecular characterization and evolutionary history analysis of a novel Kudzu mosaic virus (KMV) infecting the Kudzu (Pueraria montana)

ObjectivesPlant viruses are a significant contributor to the economic losses experienced in numerous plant species. Begomoviruses exhibit a wide range of host species, encompassing both cultivated and non-cultivated plants. The kudzu plant, scientifically known as Pueraria montana, is indigenous to the Southeast Asian region. Moreover, it exhibits varied attributes with regards to its utilization in the fields of medicine, food, cosmetics, and the herbal industry. MethodsDuring a routine survey, some P. montana plants having typical symptoms of yellowing, mosaic, and mottle were observed in areas including Fort-Minro (FM) and Anari of district Dera Ghazi Khan and Maari (MA) of district Rajanpur. The genomic DNA was extracted from the collected samples. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rolling circular amplification (RCA) was carried out to isolate the DNA and DNA- β from the collected plant specimens. An evolutionary research was conducted to assess the lineage of this virus inside a novel geographical region. ResultsA 500-bp amplicon size was obtained from the samples of the FM and MA, while the approximately 2.7-kb amplicon size of its full genome was obtained from the samples of both locations. The results of the sequence analysis demonstrated conclusively that the plants in question are infected with Kudzu mosaic virus (KMV). The evolutionary history analysis has confirmed the virus's lineage in a new region, and the nucleotide frequencies of obtained sequences were variable. ConclusionThe presence of a novel bipartite begomovirus in the tropical region has been substantiated using a phylogenetic and evolutionary investigation. The observation of a white fly population on infected plants has also suggested that the transmission of this virus through the migration of this insect vector can be a viable mechanism.

Irony of Urban Food Basket and Rural Wild Edible Resources- A Case from India

This article sheds light on the current system of urban food gamut, future vulnerabilities, and interventions. Wild edible plants for urban consumers a prospects and encounters for sustainable innovation which creates a win-win situation. The term “Wild Food Plants” refers to non-cultivated wild edible plants gathered from natural forests and agricultural land. It is food for thought as the urban poor population increasing exponentially. It is also a very good alternative and chief source of nutritive food which has been practiced by indigenous people since immemorial. It could be a local substitute for global high-carbon food available in urban markets. Moreover, wild food plants have many ailments aiding in getting nutritive elements locally instead of globally produced food that is alien to our gut system.

Geographical distribution and detection of two potyviruses occurring in Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) in Puerto Rico

Transmission dynamics of viruses within and among cultivated plant species are often well known. Much less studied, especially in the tropics, is the dynamic of virus exchange between cultivated and nearby wild or weedy species, even though such exchanges are known to occur. To develop the best strategies for crop protection and general disease control, spatial distribution of viruses in non-cultivated plants needs to be understood. This research focuses on the potyviruses that infect Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae), an alien naturalized invasive vine in Puerto Rico. A total of 390 symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were sampled throughout Puerto Rico, including adjacent islands of Culebra and Vieques. Samples were subjected to an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for general potyvirus screening, and to ELISAs specific for Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). The species distribution model algorithm MaxEnt was used to predict suitable environments for the potential presence of potyvirus symptoms, potyvirus, PRSV or ZYMV in M. charantia. Almost half of the samples of M. charantia tested positive for ZYMV, PRSV or both viruses. Twice as many samples were positive for PRSV (39%) than for ZYMV (21%). About 14% of samples were positive for both potyviruses. Plants that tested positive for PRSV were three times more likely to be positive for ZYMV than were plants that were negative for PRSV. Plants that tested positive using the general potyvirus ELISA were much more likely to exhibit symptoms than plants testing negative for potyvirus. In comparison, PRSV and ZYMV samples testing positive or negative were equally likely to exhibit virus-like symptoms. When we classified samples according to habitat (agricultural, rural-nonagricultural, or urban), the presence/absence of symptoms and test results for potyvirus, PRSV and ZYMV were not dependent on habitat classification. By contrast, a MaxEnt model using 20 environmental variables was able to predict areas of Puerto Rico where environmental conditions are favorable for the potential presence of virus symptoms, potyvirus, PRSV or ZYMV in M. charantia. Conditions predicted by our model to be moderately to strongly suitable for the presence of PRSV in M. charantia covered a much larger area of Puerto Rico than they did for ZYMV. The vegetable growing region in the central to eastern south coast was predicted to have highly suitable environmental conditions for the presence of both potyviruses in M. charantia.

Sida chlorotic leaf virus: a new recombinant begomovirus found in non-cultivated plants and Cucumis sativus L.

Begomoviruses are circular single-stranded DNA plant viruses that cause economic losses worldwide. Weeds have been pointed out as reservoirs for many begomoviruses species, especially from members of the Sida and Malvastrum genera. These weeds have the ability to host multiple begomoviruses species simultaneously, which can lead to the emergence of new viral species that can spread to commercial crops. Additionally, begomoviruses have a natural tendency to recombine, resulting in the emergence of new variants and species. To explore the begomoviruses biodiversity in weeds from genera Sida and Malvastrum in Colima, México, we collected symptomatic plants from these genera throughout the state. To identify BGVs infecting weeds, we performed circular DNA genomics (circomics) using the Illumina platform. Contig annotation was conducted with the BLASTn tool using the GenBank nucleotide "nr" database. We corroborated by PCR the presence of begomoviruses in weeds samples and isolated and sequenced the complete genome of a probable new species of begomovirus using the Sanger method. The demarcation process for new species determination followed the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses criteria. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses were implemented to infer the evolutionary relationship of the new virus. We identified a new begomovirus species from sida and malvastrum plants that has the ability to infect Cucumis sativus L. According to our findings, the novel species Sida chlorotic leaf virus is the result of a recombination event between one member of the group known as the Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) clade and another from the Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) clade. Additionally, we isolated three previously identified begomoviruses species, two of which infected commercial crops: okra (Okra yellow mosaic Mexico virus) and cucumber (Cucumber chlorotic leaf virus). These findings support the idea that weeds act as begomovirus reservoirs and play essential roles in begomovirus biodiversity. Therefore, controlling their populations near commercial crops must be considered in order to avoid the harmful effects of these phytopathogens and thus increase agricultural efficiency, ensuring food and nutritional security.

Genome assemblies and comparison of two Neotropical spiral gingers: Costus pulverulentus and C. lasius.

The spiral gingers (Costus L.) are a pantropical genus of herbaceous perennial monocots; the Neotropical clade of Costus radiated rapidly in the past few million years into over 60 species. The Neotropical spiral gingers have a rich history of evolutionary and ecological research that can motivate and inform modern genetic investigations. Here, we present the first 2 chromosome-level genome assemblies in the genus, for C. pulverulentus and C. lasius, and briefly compare their synteny. We assembled the C. pulverulentus genome from a combination of short-read data, Chicago and Dovetail Hi-C chromatin-proximity sequencing, and alignment with a linkage map. We annotated the genome by mapping a C. pulverulentus transcriptome and querying mapped transcripts against a protein database. We assembled the C. lasius genome with Pacific Biosciences HiFi long reads and alignment to the C. pulverulentus genome. These 2 assemblies are the first published genomes for non-cultivated tropical plants. These genomes solidify the spiral gingers as a model system and will facilitate research on the poorly understood genetic basis of tropical plant diversification.

Potential Rhizospheric Bacteria of Local Rice Rice “Cempo Laut” in Merauke

Non-cultivated local rice is known to have high resistance to various environmental stresses. This resistance is inseparable from the role of symbiotic and non-symbiotic rhizosphere bacteria that live in the root rhizosphere. This study aims to isolate and study the potential of rhizobacteria that live around the roots of non-cultivated local rice plants. This research is exploratory research to obtain rhizobacterial isolates that can stimulate plant growth and development and can be applied to cultivated rice plants. Soil samples were taken from Mimi Baru Village, Jagebob District. Sampling was carried out aseptically. Isolation was carried out using the multilevel dilution method. Isolates grown in NA media were then subcultured to obtain pure isolates. The isolates obtained were then characterized morphologically according to Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology and characterized microscopically. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that there were 12 bacterial isolates in the local rice "Cempo Laut" which were suspected to be Bacillus and Pseudomonas. The results of this study need to be tested further to determine the effect on plant growth and development.
 

Population dynamics of herbivorous insects in polluted landscapes.

Environmental pollution is one cause of insect decline in the Anthropocene, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure due to a paucity of pollution-impact studies on insects that address density-dependent processes. Long data series (19-26 years) are available only for a few species monitored around two industrial polluters in north-western Russia. A particularly exciting current finding is that industrial pollution determines the relative strength of rapid (stabilising) and delayed (destabilising) density dependence operating on a herbivore population. Most studies address acute effects of traditional pollutants (e.g. sulphur dioxide and trace elements) and nitrogen deposition on agricultural pests, whereas the effects of realistic concentrations of ozone, particulate matter and emerging pollutants on insects feeding on noncultivated plants are unknown. The accumulated evidence remains insufficient to predict the effects of pollutants of global concern on the population dynamics of herbivorous insects.

Expanding known viral diversity in plants: virome of 161 species alongside an ancient canal

BackgroundSince viral metagenomic approach was applied to discover plant viruses for the first time in 2006, many plant viruses had been identified from cultivated and non-cultivated plants. These previous researches exposed that the viral communities (virome) of plants have still largely uncharacterized. Here, we investigated the virome in 161 species belonging to 38 plant orders found in a riverside ecosystem.ResultsWe identified 245 distinct plant-associated virus genomes (88 DNA and 157 RNA viruses) belonging to 27 known viral families, orders, or unclassified virus groups. Some viral genomes were sufficiently divergent to comprise new species, genera, families, or even orders. Some groups of viruses were detected that currently are only known to infect organisms other than plants. It indicates a wider host range for members of these clades than previously recognized theoretically. We cannot rule out that some viruses could be from plant contaminating organisms, although some methods were taken to get rid of them as much as possible. The same viral species could be found in different plants and co-infections were common.ConclusionsOur data describe a complex viral community within a single plant ecosystem and expand our understanding of plant-associated viral diversity and their possible host ranges.

Exploring Wild Edibles of Male Mahadeshwara Betta (MM Hills) and their potential for socio economic development of local people: A scientific and technological interventions approach

Wild edibles refer to non-cultivated edible plants found in the natural forests, fallow lands, agricultural lands etc. A variety of wild edible plants used by indigenous and tribal communities contributes significantly towards the livelihoods and socio-ecology of a landscape. Our paper examines the wild edible plants available in Male Mahadeshwara (MM Hills) Chamrajnagra, Karnataka, their uses, and scope of value addition to increase economic benefit and ensure sustainable forest management. The Majority of the tribal people in the area, is dependent on collection of forest products followed by agriculture and allied activities in and around the Sanctuary. Detailed documentation has been carried out for wild edibles on their uses, price, availability, seasonality, quantities sold and communities involved in marketing them. A total of 80 wild edible plant species were documented from the study area on parameters like taxonomic family, local name, habit, feasibility and scale of use by the tribal communities. The main tribal people here are Soligas who have inhabited these areas for generations and have traditional hereditary knowledge of use of wild plants and their parts viz., shoots, leaves, rhizomes, bark, etc. as a source of food and medicine. Analysis of the field data has shown that the wild edible plants are an essential source of income as a subsidiary livelihood option for local farm families. It is suggested that value addition to these plants is not only a better livelihood option but can also be used as a tool to reduce overexploitation of other forest resources leading to sustainable use. It is suggested that policies need to be formulated to conserve these plants in the wild habitats within the study area.