Non-coordinated Water Molecules Research Articles

Hydrogen Bonding between Metal-Ion Complexes and Noncoordinated Water: Electrostatic Potentials and Interaction Energies.

The hydrogen bonding of noncoordinated water molecules to each other and to water molecules that are coordinated to metal-ion complexes has been investigated by means of a search of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and through quantum chemical calculations. Tetrahedral and octahedral complexes that were both charged and neutral were studied. A general conclusion is that hydrogen bonds between noncoordinated water and coordinated water are much stronger than those between noncoordinated waters, whereas hydrogen bonds of water molecule in tetrahedral complexes are stronger than in octahedral complexes. We examined the possibility of correlating the computed interaction energies with the most positive electrostatic potentials on the interacting hydrogen atoms prior to interaction and obtained very good correlation. This study illustrates the fact that electrostatic potentials computed for ground-state molecules, prior to interaction, can provide considerable insight into the interactions.

µ2-O,O′,Oʺ,Oʺ′-Bis(1,2-dithiooxalato-S,S′)nickel(II)]bis[-O,O′-bis(1,2-dithiooxalato-S,S′)-nickel(II)pentaquaholmium(III)]hydrate, [Ho2Ni3(dto)6(H2O)10

Planar bis(1,2-dithiooxalato)nickelate(II), [Ni(dto)]2− reacts in aqueous solutions with lanthanide ions (Ln3+) to form pentanuclear, hetero-bimetallic complexes of the general composition [{Ln(H2O)n}2{Ni(dto)2}3]·xH2O. (n = 4 or 5; x = 9–12). The complex [{Ho(H2O)5}2{Ni(dto)2}3]·10H2O, Ho2Ni3, was synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray structure analysis and powder diffraction. The Ho2Ni3 complex crystallizes as monoclinic crystals in the space group P21/c. The channels and cavities, appearing in the crystal packing of the complex molecules, are occupied by a varying amount of non-coordinated water molecules.

Quantitative analysis of the hydration of lithium salts in water using multivariate curve resolution of near-infrared spectra

The hydration process of lithium iodide, lithium bromide, lithium chloride and lithium nitrate in water was analyzed quantitatively by applying multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) to their near infrared spectra recorded between 850 nm and 1100 nm. The experiments were carried out using solutions with a salt mass fraction between 0% and 72% for lithium bromide, between 0% and 67% for lithium nitrate and between 0% and 62% for lithium chloride and lithium iodide at 323.15 K, 333.15 K, 343.15 K and 353.15 K, respectively. Three factors were determined for lithium bromide and lithium iodide and two factors for the lithium chloride and lithium nitrate by singular value decomposition (SVD) of their spectral data matrices. These factors are associated with various chemical environments in which there are aqueous clusters containing the ions of the salts and non-coordinated water molecules. Spectra and concentration profiles of non-coordinated water and cluster aqueous were retrieved by MCR-ALS. The amount of water involved in the process of hydration of the various salts was quantified. The results show that the water absorption capacity increases in the following order LiI < LiBr < LiNO3 < LiCl. The salt concentration at which there is no free water in the medium was calculated at each one of the temperatures considered. The values ranged between 62.6 and 65.1% for LiBr, 45.5–48.3% for LiCl, 60.4–61.2% for LiI and 60.3–63.7% for LiNO3. These values are an initial approach to determining the concentration as from which crystal formation is favored.

Structure Refinement and Vibrational Spectroscopy of Vauxite From the Type Locality, Llallagua (Bolivia)

Abstract A crystal-chemical investigation of vauxite, ideally FeAl 2 (PO 4 ) 2 (OH) 2 ·6H 2 O, from Llallagua (Bolivia) has been performed using a multi-methodological approach based on WDS-electron microprobe, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and vibrational spectroscopies (Raman and FTIR). The structure was refined in the triclinic P space group, with the following unit-cell constants: a 9.1276(2), b 11.5836(3), c 6.15960(10) A, α 98.3152(10)°, β 92.0139(10)°, γ 108.1695(9)°, and V 610.05(2) A 3 . The vauxite structure is based on a building unit oriented parallel to the c axis and composed of a chain of Fe2 and Al2 edge-sharing octahedra and two chains of corner-sharing P2 tetrahedra and Al1 octahedra, interconnected via corners and P1 tetrahedra. Neighboring building units are interconnected by Al3 octahedra and via Fe1 octahedra. The framework is completed with two non-coordinated water molecules. The latter, together with the two hydroxyl groups and the other four coordinated water molecules, form a complex hydrogen bonding network whose interactions further compact the whole framework. Both FTIR and Raman spectra show, in the H 2 O stretching region, a broad absorption consisting of several overlapping components due to the six water molecules plus the OH groups. The band multiplicity observed in the low-wavenumber region ( −1 ) is compatible with the presence of two distorted PO 4 tetrahedra.

Crystal structure of an organic-inorganic hybrid compound based on morpholinium cations and a β-type Anderson polyanion.

A new organic-inorganic hybrid compound, penta-morpholinium hexa-hydrogen hexa-molybdoferrate(III) sulfate 3.5-hydrate, (C4H10NO)5[Fe(III)(OH)6Mo6O18](SO4)·3.5H2O, was obtained from an aqueous solution. The polyoxidomolybdate (POM) anion is of the Anderson β-type with a central Fe(III) ion. Three of five crystallographically independent morpholinium cations are disordered over two sets of sites. An intricate network of inter-molecular N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O inter-actions between cations, POMs, sulfate anions and non-coordinating water mol-ecules creates a three-dimensional network structure.

Crystal structures of {[Cu(Lpn)2][Fe(CN)5(NO)]·H2O} n and {[Cu(Lpn)2]3[Cr(CN)6]2·5H2O} n [where Lpn = (R)-propane-1,2-di-amine]: two heterometallic chiral cyanide-bridged coordination polymers.

The title compounds, catena-poly[[[bis-[(R)-propane-1,2-di-amine-κ(2) N,N']copper(II)]-μ-cyanido-κ(2) N:C-[tris-(cyanido-κC)(nitroso-κN)iron(III)]-μ-cyanido-κ(2) C:N] monohydrate], {[Cu(Lpn)2][Fe(CN)5(NO)]·H2O} n , (I), and poly[[hexa-μ-cyanido-κ(12) C:N-hexa-cyanido-κ(6) C-hexa-kis-[(R)-propane-1,2-di-amine-κ(2) N,N']dichromium(III)tricopper(II)] penta-hydrate], {[Cu(Lpn)2]3[Cr(CN)6]2·5H2O} n , (II) [where Lpn = (R)-propane-1,2-di-amine, C3H10N2], are new chiral cyanide-bridged bimetallic coordination polymers. The asymmetric unit of compound (I) is composed of two independent cation-anion units of {[Cu(Lpn)2][Fe(CN)5)(NO)]} and two water mol-ecules. The Fe(III) atoms have distorted octa-hedral geometries, while the Cu(II) atoms can be considered to be penta-coordinate. In the crystal, however, the units align to form zigzag cyanide-bridged chains propagating along [101]. Hence, the Cu(II) atoms have distorted octa-hedral coordination spheres with extremely long semicoordination Cu-N(cyanido) bridging bonds. The chains are linked by O-H⋯N and N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming two-dimensional networks parallel to (010), and the networks are linked via N-H⋯O and N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional framework. Compound (II) is a two-dimensional cyanide-bridged coordination polymer. The asymmetric unit is composed of two chiral {[Cu(Lpn)2][Cr(CN)6]}(-) anions bridged by a chiral [Cu(Lpn)2](2+) cation and five water mol-ecules of crystallization. Both the Cr(III) atoms and the central Cu(II) atom have distorted octa-hedral geometries. The coordination spheres of the outer Cu(II) atoms of the asymmetric unit can be considered to be penta-coordinate. In the crystal, these units are bridged by long semicoordination Cu-N(cyanide) bridging bonds forming a two-dimensional network, hence these Cu(II) atoms now have distorted octa-hedral geometries. The networks, which lie parallel to (10-1), are linked via O-H⋯O, O-H⋯N, N-H⋯O and N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds involving all five non-coordinating water mol-ecules, the cyanide N atoms and the NH2 groups of the Lpn ligands, forming a three-dimensional framework.

Two-step spin transition in a 1D Fe(II) 1,2,4-triazole chain compound.

A thermochromic 1D spin crossover coordination (SCO) polymer [Fe(βAlatrz)3](BF4)2⋅2 H2O (1⋅2 H2O), whose precursor βAlatrz, (1,2,4-triazol-4-yl-propionate) has been tailored from a β-amino acid ester is investigated in detail by a set of superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), (57)Fe Mössbauer, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared, and Raman measurements. An hysteretic abrupt two-step spin crossover (T1/2(↓) = 230 K and T1/2(↑) = 235 K, and T1/2(↓) = 172 K and T1/2(↑) = 188 K, respectively) is registered for the first time for a 1,2,4-triazole-based Fe(II) 1D coordination polymer. The two-step SCO configuration is observed in a 1:2 ratio of low-spin/high-spin in the intermediate phase for a 1D chain. The origin of the stepwise transition was attributed to a distribution of chains of different lengths in 1⋅2 H2O after First Order Reversal Curves (FORC) analyses. A detailed DFT analysis allowed us to propose the normal mode assignment of the Raman peaks in the low-spin and high-spin states of 1⋅2 H2O. Vibrational spectra of 1⋅2 H2O reveal that the BF4(-) anions and water molecules play no significant role on the vibrational properties of the [Fe(βAlatrz)3](2+) polymeric chains, although non-coordinated water molecules have a dramatic influence on the emergence of a step in the spin transition curve. The dehydrated material [Fe(βAlatrz)3](BF4)2 (1) reveals indeed a significantly different magnetic behavior with a one-step SCO which was also investigated.

Crystal structure of cis-aqua-chlorido-bis-(1,10-phenanthroline-κ(2) N,N')chromium(III) tetra-chlorido-zincate monohydrate from synchrotron data.

The structure of the title compound, [CrCl(C12H8N2)2(H2O)][ZnCl4]·H2O, has been determined from synchrotron data. The Cr(III) ion is bonded to four N atoms from two 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligands, one water mol-ecule and a Cl atom in a cis arrangement, displaying an overall distorted octa-hedral coordination environment. The Cr-N(phen) bond lengths are in the range of 2.0495 (18) to 2.0831 (18) Å, while the Cr-Cl and Cr-(OH2) bond lengths are 2.2734 (7) and 1.9986 (17) Å, respectively. The tetra-hedral [ZnCl4](2-) anion is slightly distorted owing to its involvement in O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonding with coordinating and non-coordinating water mol-ecules. The two types of water mol-ecules also inter-act through O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The observed hydrogen-bonding pattern leads to the formation of a three-dimensional network structure.

Tuning the spin-crossover temperature of polynuclear iron(II)–triazole complexes in solution by water and preparation of thermochromic fibers

The spin-crossover temperatures of alkyl-substituted Fe2+–triazole complexes with the counter ions 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS−) and 2-naphthalenesulfonate (2ns−) are strongly influenced by water in the dissolved state, whereby the low-spin state is stabilized by water. This effect was found to be more pronounced in complexes with the counter ion DBS− compared to 2ns−. It appears that non-coordinating water molecules interact with the counter ion and thus alter the ligand-field splitting. Notably, the spin-crossover temperature depends only on the Fe2+/H2O ratio and not on the concentration of the complex in solution. As a consequence, the spin-crossover temperature can be controlled by the Fe2+/H2O ratio (for DBS− complexes within a temperature range of 7–47 °C), and on the other hand small amounts of water (in the ppm range) can be detected in apolar solvents. Furthermore, fibers of blends of the complex [Fe(C18trz)3](DBS)2 with ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) could be prepared. In these fibers, spin-crossover is maintained leading to pronounced thermochromism as in the bulk material, indicating essentially no interaction between UHMWPE and Fe2+–triazole complex.

Evolution of water dynamics in the Prussian blue

Crystal water plays a crucial role towards the multifunctional properties of Prussian blue and its analogue (PBA) compounds. We have investigated the dynamics of crystal water in Prussian blue (PB), Fe(III)4(Fe(II)(CN)6)3 .1 4H2 Ou sing Quasielastic Neutron Scattering (QENS). In PB, water molecules exist in the spherical cavity, created due to the vacant sites of Fe(CN)6 units, and also at interstitial sites. QENS data showed that dynamics evolves with increase in temperature. The observed dynamics has been correlated quantitatively with the different water molecules that exist at different sites of the lattice. It is found that only the non-coordinated water molecules contribute to the dynamics at low temperature, and others start contributing progressively with increasing temperature. A detailed data analysis showed that the water molecules undergo a localized translational diffusion. The estimated spatial domain of dynamics is found to be compatible with the geometry of the structure.

Crystal structures of Sr(ClO4)2·3H2O, Sr(ClO4)2·4H2O and Sr(ClO4)2·9H2O.

The title compounds, strontium perchlorate trihydrate {di-μ-aqua-aquadi-μ-perchlorato-strontium, [Sr(ClO4)2(H2O)3] n }, strontium perchlorate tetra-hydrate {di-μ-aqua-bis-(tri-aqua-diperchloratostrontium), [Sr2(ClO4)4(H2O)8]} and strontium perchlorate nona-hydrate {hepta-aqua-diperchloratostrontium dihydrate, [Sr(ClO4)2(H2O)7]·2H2O}, were crystallized at low temperatures according to the solid-liquid phase diagram. The structures of the tri- and tetra-hydrate consist of Sr(2+) cations coordinated by five water mol-ecules and four O atoms of four perchlorate tetra-hedra in a distorted tricapped trigonal-prismatic coordination mode. The asymmetric unit of the trihydrate contains two formula units. Two [SrO9] polyhedra in the trihydrate are connected by sharing water mol-ecules and thus forming chains parallel to [100]. In the tetra-hydrate, dimers of two [SrO9] polyhedra connected by two sharing water mol-ecules are formed. The structure of the nona-hydrate contains one Sr(2+) cation coordinated by seven water mol-ecules and by two O atoms of two perchlorate tetra-hedra (point group symmetry ..m), forming a tricapped trigonal prism (point group symmetry m2m). The structure contains additional non-coordinating water mol-ecules, which are located on twofold rotation axes. O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the water mol-ecules as donor and ClO4 tetra-hedra and water mol-ecules as acceptor groups lead to the formation of a three-dimensional network in each of the three structures.

Crystal structure of iron(III) perchlorate nona-hydrate.

Since the discovery of perchlorate salts on Mars and the known occurrence of ferric salts in the regolith, there is a distinct possibility that the title compound could form on the surface of Mars. [Fe(H2O)6](ClO4)3·3H2O was crystallized from aqueous solutions at low temperatures according to the solid-liquid phase diagram. It consists of Fe(H2O)6 octa-hedra (point group symmetry -3.) and perchlorate anions (point group symmetry .2) as well as non-coordinating water mol-ecules, as part of a second hydrogen-bonded coordination sphere around the cation. The perchlorate appears to be slightly disordered, with major-minor component occupancies of 0.773 (9):0.227 (9).

Crystal structure of bis-(di-methyl-ammonium) hexa-aqua-nickel(II) bis-(sulfate) dihydrate.

In the title salt, (C2H8N)2[Ni(H2O)6)](SO4)2·2H2O, the Ni(II) cation is located on a centre of inversion and exhibits a slightly distorted octa-hedral arrangement of water mol-ecules. The Ni-O bond lengths in the complex [Ni(H2O)6](2+) cation show a distribution as in the related Tutton salt (NH4)2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2, but are longer in average [2.056 (13) versus 2.037 (12) Å]. The noncoordinating water mol-ecules and di-methyl-ammonium cations connect the sulfate and [Ni(H2O)6](2+) octa-hedra via O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds from weak up to medium strength into a three-dimensional framework whereby the complex metal cations and sulfate anions are arranged in sheets parallel (001).

Tetra- and polynuclear cadmium(II) complexes with 3,5-bis(pyrimidin-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine. Synthesis, polymorphism, lone pair–π interactions and luminescence

Cadmium(II) complexes, [CdLCl2]n (1), α-{[CdLCl2]·H2O}n (2), β-{[CdLCl2]·H2O}n (3), and [Cd4L2(H2O)2Cl8]·2H2O (4), with 3,5-bis(pyrimidin-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine (L), have been synthesized. They are the first examples of structurally characterized metal complexes with L. In these structures, the ligand L adopts either bidentate (N′pyrimidine,N1triazole) or bis-bidentate (N′pyrimidine,N1triazole,N2triazole,N″pyrimidine) coordination. The complexes 1–3 are linear coordination polymers, the compounds 2 and 3 are polymorphs. The linear chains are assembled into 2D supramolecular structure due to π–π stacking interactions between practically planar L molecules. The structure of 4 consists of [Cd4L2(H2O)2Cl8] complex molecules with μ2- and μ3-chlorido-bridged quasi-cubane tetracadmium core and non-coordinated water molecules. In the structure of 4, the intermolecular lone pair–π interactions were observed between Cl atom and π-deficient triazole ring. The photoluminescent properties of L, 3, and 4 were studied in the solid state. These compounds were found to display bright blue luminescence. The relative intensity of emission increases in the order L<[Cd4L2(OH2)2Cl8]·2H2O<β-{[CdLCl2]·H2O}n.

Dynamics of water in prussian blue analogues: Neutron scattering study

Dynamics of crystal water in Prussian blue (PB), Fe(III)4[Fe(II)(CN)6]3.14H2O and its analogue Prussian green (PG), ferriferricynaide, Fe(III)4[Fe(III)(CN)6]4.16H2O have been investigated using Quasielastic Neutron Scattering (QENS) technique. PB and its analogue compounds are important materials for their various interesting multifunctional properties. It is known that crystal water plays a crucial role towards the multifunctional properties of Prussian blue analogue compounds. Three structurally distinguishable water molecules: (i) coordinated water molecules at empty nitrogen sites, (ii) non-coordinated water molecules in the spherical cavities, and (iii) at interstitial sites exist in PB. Here spherical cavities are created due to the vacant sites of Fe(CN)6 units. However, PG does not have any such vacant N or Fe(CN)6 units, and only one kind of water molecules, exists only at interstitial sites. QENS experiments have been carried out on both the compounds in the temperature range of 260–360 K to elucidate the dynamical behavior of different kinds of water molecules. Dynamics is found to be much more pronounced in case of PB, compared to PG. A detailed data analysis showed that localized translational diffusion model could describe the observed data for both PB and PG systems. The average diffusion coefficient is found to be much larger in the PB than PG. The obtained domain of dynamics is found to be consistent with the geometry of the structure of the two systems. Combining the data of the two systems, a quantitative estimate of the dynamics, corresponding to the water molecules at different locations is made.

Synthesis, crystal structure and spectral properties of a supramolecular trinuclear nickel(II) complex with 5-methoxy-4′-bromo-2,2′-[ethylenedioxybis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenol

A novel trinuclear Ni(II) complex [{NiL(n-PrOH)(μ-OAc)}2Ni]·n-PrOH·H2O with an asymmetric Salamo-type ligand, 5-methoxy-4′-bromo-2,2′-[ethylenedioxybis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenol (H2L), has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectra and molar conductance measurement. The crystal structure of the Ni(II) complex has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Two acetate groups coordinating to three Ni(II) ions through NiOCONi bridges and four μ-phenoxo oxygen atoms from two [NiL(n-PrOH)] units also coordinating to Ni(II) ions. In the Ni(II) complex, two n-propanol molecules are coordinated to the two terminal Ni(II) ions having slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometries and form a trinuclear structure, There are also one non-coordinated n-propanol and one non-coordinated water molecule. In the crystal structure, the Ni(II) complex is linked by intermolecular hydrogen bonds into an infinite 1D supramolecular chain-like structure.

Closely-Related ZnII2LnIII2 Complexes (LnIII = Gd, Yb) with Either Magnetic Refrigerant or Luminescent Single-Molecule Magnet Properties

The reaction of the compartmental ligand N,N',N″-trimethyl-N,N″-bis(2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methylbenzyl)diethylenetriamine (H2L) with Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and subsequently with Ln(NO3)3·5H2O (Ln(III) = Gd and Yb) and triethylamine in MeOH using a 1:1:1:1 molar ratio leads to the formation of the tetranuclear complexes {(μ3-CO3)2[Zn(μ-L)Gd(NO3)]2}·4CH3OH (1) and{(μ3-CO3)2[Zn(μ-L)Yb(H2O)]2}(NO3)2·4CH3OH (2). When the reaction was performed in the absence of triethylamine, the dinuclear compound [Zn(μ-L)(μ-NO3)Yb(NO3)2] (3) is obtained. The structures of 1 and 2 consist of two diphenoxo-bridged Zn(II)-Ln(III) units connected by two carbonate bridging ligands. Within the dinuclear units, Zn(II) and Ln(III) ions occupy the N3O2 inner and the O4 outer sites of the compartmental ligand, respectively. The remaining positions on the Ln(III) ions are occupied by oxygen atoms belonging to the carbonate bridging groups, by a bidentate nitrate ion in 1, and by a coordinated water molecule in 2, leading to rather asymmetric GdO9 and trigonal dodecahedron YbO8 coordination spheres, respectively. Complex 3 is made of acetate-diphenoxo triply bridged Zn(II)Yb(III) dinuclear units, where the Yb(III) exhibits a YbO9 coordination environment. Variable-temperature magnetization measurements and heat capacity data demonstrate that 1 has a significant magneto-caloric effect, with a maximum value of -ΔSm = 18.5 J kg(-1) K(-1) at T = 1.9 K and B = 7 T. Complexes 2 and 3 show slow relaxation of the magnetization and single-molecule magnet (SMM) behavior under an applied direct-current field of 1000 Oe. The fit of the high-temperature data to the Arrhenius equation affords an effective energy barrier for the reversal of the magnetization of 19.4(7) K with τo = 3.1 × 10(-6) s and 27.0(9) K with τo = 8.8 × 10(-7) s for 2 and 3, respectively. However, the fit of the full range of temperature data indicates that the relaxation process could take place through a Raman-like process rather than through an activated Orbach process. The chromophoric L(2-) ligand is able to act as an "antenna" group, sensitizing the near-infrared (NIR) Yb(III)-based luminescence in complexes 2 and 3 through an intramolecular energy transfer to the excited states of the accepting Yb(III) ion. These complexes show several bands in the 945-1050 nm region, corresponding to (2)F5/2→(2)F7/2 transitions arising from the ligand field splitting of both multiplets. The observed luminescence lifetimes τobs are 0.515 and 10 μs for 2 and 3, respectively. The shorter lifetime for 2 is due to the presence of one coordinated water molecule on the Yb(III) center (and to a lesser extent noncoordinated water molecules), facilitating vibrational quenching via O-H oscillators. Therefore, complexes 2 and 3, combining field-induced SMM behavior and NIR luminescence, can be considered to be dual magneto-luminescent materials.

Poly[[diaquadeca-μ2-cyanido-κ20C:N-hexacyanido-κ6C-bis(μ2-5-methylpyrimidine-κ2N:N′)bis(5-methylpyrimidine-κN)tricopper(II)ditungstate(V)] dihydrate

In the title complex, {[Cu3[W(CN)8]2(C5H6N2)4(H2O)2]·2H2O}n, the coordination polyhedron of the eight-coordinated WV atom is a bicapped trigonal prism, in which five CN groups are bridged to CuII ions, and the other three CN groups are terminally bound. Two of the CuII ions lie on a centre of inversion and each of the three independent CuII cations is pseudo-octahedrally coordinated. In the crystal structure, cyanido-bridged-Cu—W—Cu layers are linked by pillars involving the third independent CuII ion, generating a three-dimensional network with non-coordinating water mol­ecules and 5-methyl­pyrimidine mol­ecules. O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds involve the coordinating and non-coordin­ating water mol­ecules, the CN groups and the 5-methyl­pyrimidine mol­ecules.

A neutron diffraction study of hydrogen bonding in isostructural potassium and ammonium lanthanoidates

Two isostructural series of compounds NH4[Ln(cdm)4(H2O)4]·18c6·3H2O (1Ln) and [K(18c6)(H2O)2][Ln(cdm)4(H2O)4]·H2O (2Ln) have been synthesised and structurally characterised (Ln = Gd, Dy, Er, cdm = C(CN)2(CONH2)−). These two classes of compounds are shown to be essentially isostructural to each other despite the change in counter-cation (ammonium vs. potassium) and the ensuing changes in coordination and hydrogen-bonding of water molecules in the structure. Structural data for 1Dy and 2Dy have been obtained using single crystal Laue neutron diffraction, allowing the precise location of all hydrogen atoms to be determined using fully anisotropic models. Both 1 and 2 contain the anionic complex [Ln(cdm)4(H2O)4]− in which the 8-coordinate lanthanoid is coordinated by a ring of four O-bound cdm ligands supported by inter-ligand N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The structures pack with complicated hydrogen-bonding networks in which both coordinated and non-coordinated water molecules are hydrogen-bond donors and all of the nitrile groups of the cdm ligands are hydrogen-bond acceptors. The change in cation between ammonium and potassium affects two water molecule sites which are both coordinated in 2Ln but not in 1Ln; in 1Ln one of these water molecules forms a hydrogen bond with NH4+ whilst the other has neither a coordination interaction nor a hydrogen bond to its oxygen atom.

Tetraaquabis(piperazin-1-ium)cobalt(II) bis(sulfate) dihydrate

In the centrosymmetric title compound, [Co(C4H11N2)2(H2O)4](SO4)2·2H2O, the CoII atom is coordinated in a distorted octa­hedral geometry by four water O atoms and two piperazinium N atoms. These four water O atoms define an equatorial plane with a maximum deviation of 0.0384 (1) Å while the two piperazinium N atoms complete the octa­hedron in the axial positions. Neighboring complex mol­ecules and sulfate anions are connected through an extensive network of N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which link the different chemical species into layers in the ab plane. Additional Owater—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the non-coordinating water mol­ecules and C—H⋯O inter­actions connect these layers into a three-dimensional supra­molecular structure.