Noncompliant Behavior Research Articles

Why Employees (Still) Click on Phishing Links: Investigation in Hospitals.

BackgroundHospitals have been one of the major targets for phishing attacks. Despite efforts to improve information security compliance, hospitals still significantly suffer from such attacks, impacting the quality of care and the safety of patients.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate why hospital employees decide to click on phishing emails by analyzing actual clicking data.MethodsWe first gauged the factors that influence clicking behavior using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and integrating trust theories. We then conducted a survey in hospitals and used structural equation modeling to investigate the components of compliance intention. We matched employees’ survey results with their actual clicking data from phishing campaigns.ResultsOur analysis (N=397) reveals that TPB factors (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), as well as collective felt trust and trust in information security technology, are positively related to compliance intention. However, compliance intention is not significantly related to compliance behavior. Only the level of employees’ workload is positively associated with the likelihood of employees clicking on a phishing link.ConclusionsThis is one of the few studies in information security and decision making that observed compliance behavior by analyzing clicking data rather than using self-reported data. We show that, in the context of phishing emails, intention and compliance might not be as strongly linked as previously assumed; hence, hospitals must remain vigilant with vulnerabilities that cannot be easily managed. Importantly, given the significant association between workload and noncompliance behavior (ie, clicking on phishing links), hospitals should better manage employees’ workload to increase information security. Our findings can help health care organizations augment employees’ compliance with their cybersecurity policies and reduce the likelihood of clicking on phishing links.

Noncompliance behavior against vehicle restriction policy: A case study of Langfang, China

Abstract To alleviate traffic congestion, vehicle restriction policies have been widely used globally. However, noncompliance behavior undermines the effectiveness and sustainability of such policies. This study focuses on investigating the characteristics of noncompliance behavior under two vehicle restriction policies, namely, one-day-per-week (ODPW) and odd-and-even (OAE) policies. On the basis of license plate recognition data that record the traffic condition under ODPW and OAE policies in Langfang, China, descriptive statistics are used to illustrate the characteristics of noncompliance with the policies. Furthermore, a zero-inflated model is used to determine the manner in which influencing factors (i.e., local versus external indicator, unrestricted travel rate, daily travel distance within the urban restriction area, and distance between the source intersection and central business district) affect noncompliance frequency. Results show that under the two policies, holding a nonlocal license plate, traveling a long distance daily in the urban restriction area, and departing from a location far from the city center increase the probability of noncompliance behavior of individuals. However, unrestricted travel rate, which represents the frequency of vehicle trips on unrestricted days, exhibits different influences on noncompliance behavior under the two policies. This study provides an in-depth interpretation to noncompliance behavior under vehicle restriction policies and aids improve the long-term effectiveness of the policies.

A study on passengers’ alighting and boarding process at metro platform by computer simulation

Abstract Passengers’ alighting and boarding process in metro stations has attracted increasing research attention since it has significant influence on the platform passenger distribution as well as the train dwell time. In this study, a field survey was firstly performed in a densely populated metro station at downtown area in Hong Kong to observe passengers’ alighting and boarding characteristics and collect sample data. One commonly existing phenomenon is found that boarding passengers start to get aboard even when there are alighting passengers still inside the metro carriage. This is defined as passengers’ non-compliance behaviors in this paper. In addition, time indicators are defined to measure the alighting and boarding efficiency. Then a microscopic pedestrian simulation model based on the Social Force Model is proposed to simulate the passengers’ alighting and boarding patterns at metro platform. The verification result shows the good applicability of the proposed model to simulate the actual situation. Finally, several simulation tests are conducted to explore the impacts that passengers’ non-compliance behaviors have on the alighting and boarding efficiency in different passenger volume conditions. The simulation result shows that higher level of passengers’ non-compliance behaviors leads to longer passenger’s alighting duration and boarding duration, but the influence on the overall transaction time is related to different passenger volume conditions. Thus, metro station facility could apply different alighting and boarding rules in different passenger volume conditions to increase alighting and boarding efficiency.

Verbal Aggression Among Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Teacher Perceptions of Harm, Levels of Concern, and Relationship With Certification Status

Students who exhibit emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) typically have high frequencies of disruptive and noncompliant behavior including physical and verbal aggression (VA). Physical aggression attracts great concern from school professionals yet VA is often overlooked, despite being a highly pervasive and harmful social act. We surveyed 279 first to 12th grade teachers of students with EBD to assess their perceptions about the harmfulness of VA, students’ intent to harm, their concern about the frequency and/or intensity of VA, and concern about types of verbally aggressive messages. We investigated if these perceptions differed when teachers considered students with EBD compared with typical peers and if special education certification related to responsiveness to VA. The majority of teachers reported that VA was either somewhat or very harmful and perceived students with EBD to be just kidding around and not intending to hurt others when perpetrating VA. Compared with noncertified colleagues, certified teachers reported more concern about VA, more intent to harm when students with EBD exhibit VA, and they were more likely than their noncertified counterparts to report the use of a structured intervention/curriculum to reduce VA. We discuss implications for special education teacher preparation and offer suggestions for further research.

The Perils of Common Ownership: Flooding Strategy

The increase in the overlapping institutional ownership of public corporations, known as common ownership, has coincided with a surge in corporate tax avoidance. Under the domination of large, diversified institutional shareholders, public companies are inundating the IRS with aggressive tax returns, avoiding taxes on billions of dollars in corporate income. This surge in aggressive returns—which this Article refers to as “flooding”—when coupled with the IRS’s limited audit capacity, reduces the probability that noncompliant behavior will be detected and penalized. As a result of flooding, tax avoidance becomes less risky, changing the way public firms approach legal risks and creating an escalating cycle of tax avoidance. This undesirable outcome is counter to the classic deterrence theory model, which assumes that the threat of enforcement deters noncompliance. This Article identifies the role that common institutional owners play in facilitating the flooding phenomenon and pinpoints causal links between common ownership and tax noncompliance. By revealing the tax avoidance consequences and enforcement challenges that follow in the wake of common ownership, this Article demonstrates how institutional investors distort the compliance incentives of public corporations. This distortion undermines the proper functioning of the tax system and exacerbates the inequality among taxpayers. To address these issues, this Article proposes a double sanctions regime whereby institutional investors would be penalized along with their portfolio companies for illegitimate tax avoidance behavior. Such a regime could help restore deterrence and thus alleviate one detrimental effect of common ownership that has been overlooked.

Safety and Operational Performance of Roundabouts

When there are two or more roads meet, there is higher tendency of conflicts among vehicles. Roundabout is not a new concept to manage conflict points at at-grade intersection. However, improper motorist behaviours especially during peak hour affect safety and operational performance of a roundabout. This paper compares the safety and operational performance evaluation of a conventional non-signalized roundabout and a conventional signalised roundabout and explores the potential of turbo roundabout to replace the conventional ones. Three characteristics used to evaluate safety performance of the roundabouts include entry lane selection, use of entry and exit indicators, and weaving activities. These behaviours create the possibility of conflict, hence, risk of fatalities. On the other hand, delay and total time travel are used as indicators of operational performance of the roundabouts. We used SIDRA INTERSECTION Software to determine the theoretical delays and Level of Services. High delay, a time factor, affects motorists’ emotion, might have contributed to the safety performance. Similarly, motorists’ non-compliance behaviours affected the operational performance.

Solving Dementia Mysteries

Solving Dementia Mysteries

The challenges facing resident hunting in western Tanzania: the case of the Ugalla ecosystem

The legal subsistence hunting scheme (resident hunting) in Tanzania was temporarily banned in 2015 because it was considered ineffective. So far, no attempt has been made to understand the challenges facing the scheme, especially from the hunters’ perspective. This study used 8 hunter focus groups (in total, 73 hunters) and 26 key informants in the Ugalla ecosystem of western Tanzania–from June to September, 2017–to determine the challenges faced by the resident hunting scheme before the ban, and the areas of the scheme that participants felt required improvement. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were digitally recorded. In general, study participants perceived that resident hunting regulations were poorly enforced, leading to a number of incidents such as the killing of unauthorized game, hunting outside specified areas, false reporting of animals killed, and overshooting of quotas. They noted that hunting areas were under pressure from poaching, and encroachment by pastoralists and subsistence farmers. Conflicts over hunting areas and hunting rights between resident and trophy hunters were common. Participants recommended capacity strengthening to effectively administer resident hunting, through ensuring availability of human and financial resources. They perceived active hunter engagement as the best way to deal with poaching and non-compliant behaviour by hunters. Measures to guarantee coexistence between resident and trophy hunters were recommended, for example, a thorough review of hunting area boundaries to minimize hunting area conflicts. Further study should consider the impact of hunting on wildlife in hunting areas in relation to the issues reported in this study.

Paper beats ping: On the effect of an increasing separation of notification and content due to digitization of government communication

Due to the massive uptake of online communication, people receive countless notifications on a given day. Governments also send more and more information via computer mediated communication instead of writing a paper letter to citizens. As a consequence, governments are increasingly exposed to the risk that citizens do not notice or act upon notifications that refer to governmental (sometimes legally binding) messages. This in turn may result in non-compliant behavior. Through a vignette study in three large scale surveys held in the Netherlands in 2015 and 2016, we have investigated how the channel (paper letter channel vs. e-mail channel that notifies that there is a digital letter available at a web portal) influences the speed with which people intend to read the actual content of a message while taking digital skills and expectations of the contents of a message into account. Results show that the channel has a significant and strong impact on the speed with which citizens read the contents of the message. This means that there is a risk that the efficiency gains that are won by communicating electronically are lost in effectiveness due to increased non-compliance because people do not actually see the government information that is sent to them. Therefore, it is important to think of new ways to effectively notifying people of new information in an online environment.

Investigating Environmental Transgressions at Corbett Tiger Reserve, India

Through a qualitative lens involving both in-depth interviews and focus groups, this research attempts to probe the issues of environmental transgressions caused by tourists and tourism providers in one of the oldest and largest national parks in India, the Corbett Tiger Reserve (CTR), Uttrakhand. It reveals that even though tourism stakeholders are conscious of environmental transgressions, concrete efforts towards environmentally sustainable practices in CTR do not seem to be a priority. Nevertheless, this research suggests that visitor’s noncompliant behavior may be altered by enhancing place attachment through repeat visitations, improving visitor experiences, and effective information dissemination. Also, future tourism operations may require a reduction in environmental transgressions through the creation of an agency that can assist community-based tourism operations.

KERJASAMA OTORITAS PAJAK DAN OTORITAS ANTI KORUPSI DALAM UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KEPATUHAN PAJAK

Tax crimes and corruption have caused huge losses in various countries. Therefore, one of the emphases of the Sustainable Development Goals is how to reduce corruption substantially in all its forms. Corruption and tax crimes can be interrelated. Hence, appropriate policies are needed from the tax authorities and anti-corruption authorities in handling them. This study aims to discover the collaboration design in dealing with tax crimes and corruption. The analysis results illustrate that systematic design can be carried out through collaboration between tax authorities and anti-corruption authorities by considering three aspects. The first aspect is identifying tax non-compliance behaviour, the second is identifying tax crime and corruption indicators, while the third aspect is determining the form of collaboration needed. This study also opens up opportunities for collaboration in the form of information exchange by the Directorate General of Taxes and the Corruption Eradication Commission through a tax monitoring and public complaints database and state administrators’ assets report.

Nurturing forest resources in the Vhavenda community, South Africa: factors influencing non-compliance behaviour of local people to state conservation rules

This comparative study analysed the compliance behaviour of local communities towards culturally protected areas and state-protected indigenous forests. Interviews were conducted with 135 households from four villages. Data analysis was done using non-parametric tests. All villages did not significantly differ in the proportion of compliance behaviour in cultural protected areas (χ2(3) = 5.21; p = 0.15) and state-protected indigenous forests (χ2(3) = 5.10; p = 0.16). The majority of local people (76%) were compliers to the cultural protected areas. In contrast, the majority (73%) were non-compliers to the state-protected indigenous forests. Villages did not significantly differ in the distribution of perceived local values (χ2 = 6.77; df = 3; p = 0.08). On average, an individual holds about four perceived local values (x̅ = 3.89, SD = 2.35) out of the seven perceived local values. The highest motive for conservation were the need to protect forest and trees of outstanding utility values (79%), watershed protection (73%), cultural values (61%), endangered species (n = 78(58%), and wildlife habitat (51%). About 50% of local people perceived the decline of state-protected indigenous forest cover. About 90% showed a willingness to take part in conservation. There was no consensus on the strength of enforcement of rules over the last 20 years (χ2(1) = 0.67; p = 0.796). The regression model (χ2 = 50.304; df = 7, p = 0.00, R 2 = 45.5%) revealed that individuals who held fewer perceived local values, perceived negative impact and weaker rules were mostly likely to be non-compliers. People’s experiential knowledge might have triggered intention for conservation, but did not influence compliance behaviour. We suggest that state-protected indigenous forests become more vulnerable to non-compliance when the necessity of resources for rural livelihood arise due to misalignment of the rules to local values, social norms and taboos. This can be addressed through inclusive policy reviews to reconcile diverse values and norms and through genuine co-management arrangement.

THE PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN NORTH KOREA: INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE

The proliferation issue of nuclear weapons in North Korea is becoming a more serious problem to the international community. North Korea has been manufacturing and developing nuclear weapons technology, which receives many critics by the international community expressing that North Korea is being non-compliance with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) 1968. The criticism emerged following the North Korea withdrawal from the NPT 1968. Its withdrawal reasoning seems very hard to be justified after series of non-compliance behavior conducted by North Korea and the legitimacy of its withdrawal is being debated. By using normative legal research, the research aims to determine the status of North Korea upon its withdrawal from the NPT 1968 based on the withdrawal procedure that is required in the Article X of the NPT 1968. The result shows that North Korea is still a member and it is bound by the obligations contained in the Treaty and to make progress on a complete nuclear disarmament regime.

Evolutionary effects of non-compliant behavior in public procurement

The main goal of the present work is to analyze the evolution of non-compliant firms in public procurement. The dynamic setting is formalized by an evolutionary adaptation process which describes whether honest or dishonest behavior prevails in society at any given time. Firms will either behave in an honest or dishonest way depending on the payoffs and the type of firms they meet, through a word-of-mouth process. The honesty propensity assumption is introduced. By making use of both analytical tools and numerical techniques, we show that monomorphic configurations may represent stable or unstable equilibria, while coexistence of both groups in the steady state is possible and its asymptotic stability is sensitive to parameter modifications. Moreover, a rich variety of integrated dynamic behavior can be observed due to different kinds of bifurcations, smooth or border collision. A social planner can evaluate social and/or fiscal policies to manipulate preferences for honest behavior.

Rising Trends in Medication Non-compliance and Associated Worsening Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Outcomes Among Hospitalized Adults Across the United States.

IntroductionSmall-scale studies have described concerning rates of non-compliance/nonadherence towards groups of medications for primary and secondary prevention. Trends in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (CCE) among hospitalized patients with a non-compliant behavior towards medication, on the whole, remains unexplored on a large scale.MethodsUsing the National Inpatient Sample databases (2007-2014), we sought to assess the prevalence and trends in all-cause mortality and CCE in adult patients hospitalized with medication non-compliance. We compared baseline characteristics and comorbidities in the non-compliant patients with and without concomitant in-hospital CCE.ResultsWe identified 7,453,831 adult hospitalizations with medication non-compliance from 2007 to 2014, of which 867,997 (11.6%) patients demonstrated in-hospital CCE. Non-compliant patients with CCE consisted of a higher number of older, white, male patients having greater comorbid risk factors. Non-compliant patients with CCE had higher all-cause in-hospital mortality (3% vs. 0.7%), frequent transfers [4.4% vs. 1.8% transfers to short-term hospitals, and 17.6% vs. 11.6% other transfers (skilled nursing or intermediate care facilities)], lower routine discharges (59.4% vs. 71.1%), and higher mean hospital charges ($52,740 vs. $30,748) compared to non-compliant patients without CCE. Remarkably, this study demonstrates the rising trend in medication non-compliance across all age, sex, and race groups, and related in-hospital mortality, CCE, transfers to other facilities, and the health care cost from 2007 to 2014.ConclusionsWe observed rising trends in the prevalence of medication non-compliance and subsequent in-hospital mortality in hospitalizations among adults from 2007 to 2014. Non-compliant patients with inpatient CCE demonstrated rising trends in all-cause mortality, complications, health care utilization, and cost from 2007 to 2014.

Evaluation of governmental safety regulatory functions in preventing major accidents in China

Governmental safety regulatory functions play an important role in preventing major accidents by incorporating lessons from both the investigation of major accidents and the theory of system accident causation. However, to date, these functions have not been evaluated. In China, a unique aspect of accident prevention is that the government engages in macro-safety regulation. In this paper, the analysis process of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is applied to the Chinese safety regulatory system to classify and evaluate governmental safety regulatory functions. The results show that there are nine main regulatory functions, and they are divided into four levels. The potential performance variability in the outputs of regulatory functions influences other functions through up-down coupling. The entire regulatory system could therefore undergo unexpected changes that could lead to major accidents. The two most important functions are F1, formulating a plan, and F2, enacting laws and regulations. This system reverses the past view of focusing only on the non-compliance behaviours of government regulators and companies. Some safety constraints are proposed in this paper, which mainly include monitoring and suppression, to reduce the unreasonable output of functions and unexpected changes. This paper provides a new perspective for other countries to further evaluate their governmental safety regulatory functions.

Pharmacist Compliance With Therapeutic Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment Provision

Misuse and overselling of over-the-counter pharmaceuticals poses a major burden on both private and public health expenditures. To seek evidence on whether over-the-counter medication dispensing behavior complies or conflicts with the protocols indicated in practice standards and guidelines of a national professional pharmacy organization. This quality improvement study was undertaken in 205 pharmacies in the wider Brisbane, Australia, area. Two standardized patient (SP) scenarios were developed to evaluate noncompliant behavior. Data collection for scenario 1 was conducted between November 23 and December 9, 2016. Data collection for scenario 2 was conducted between September 1 and 28, 2017. A 2-sample test of proportions and a probit regression model were used to evaluate the likelihood of noncompliant treatments and overtreatments in each case scenario. Statistical analysis was performed from January 30 to June 21, 2018, and revised in May 2019. Outcomes were the observed likelihood of noncompliant treatments and overtreatments. Noncompliance is defined as treatments not complying with practice standards and guidelines set by the professional pharmacy society. Noncompliant treatments include undertreatment (patient did not receive necessary treatment) and overtreatments (patient was supplied with more than sufficient treatments) in both scenarios. In scenario 1, 9 trained female SPs visited 89 pharmacies to request emergency hormonal contraception from pharmacy staff. In 45 cases, SPs reported having unprotected intercourse within the last 24 hours (case 1A), and in 44 cases, SPs reported having unprotected intercourse more than 72 hours ago (case 1B), which is past the efficacy threshold of over-the-counter emergency hormonal contraception. In scenario 2, 11 SPs (5 male and 6 female) visited 150 pharmacies (154 visits in total) to request treatment for family members or a partner with symptoms indicating bacterial conjunctivitis (case 2A; n = 73) or viral conjunctivitis (case 2B; n = 81). In scenario 1-dispensing emergency hormonal contraception when physician referral is recommended-21 of 44 pharmacists (47.7%) in case 1B violated the recommendation by selling the over-the-counter medication. With the inclusion of both no physician referral and emergency hormonal contraception sold, this rate increased to 79.5% (35 of 44 pharmacists). In scenario 2-1 case each of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis-overtreatment occurred in 55 of 154 cases (35.7%). In both scenarios, 140 of 243 pharmacies (57.6%) followed dispensing behavior compliant with the protocol, while 76 of 243 pharmacies (31.3%) involved some form of overtreatment or overselling of medication. Some evidence of an association between sex of SP and pharmacist was also found. Although the market for dispensing over-the-counter medication in Australia is regulated, relatively high rates of overtreatment and some cases of undertreatment were observed in this study. Given the unintended adverse effects, including overuse of antibiotics and corticosteroids, these observations suggest the advisability of regulatory intervention ensuring compliance with professional protocols.

Criminogenic Factors Associated with Noncompliance and Rearrest of Mental Health Court Participants

There is a considerable overrepresentation of individuals with mental health issues within the U.S. criminal justice system as compared with the general population. Mental health courts (MHCs) arose in response to this concern, with a primary aim of reducing recidivism. Thus far, MHC research has largely neglected the potential utility of criminogenic factors. A retrospective analysis of 163 MHC participants was conducted to examine the association between clinical and criminogenic factors and noncompliance, as well as for recidivism, using a series of Bayesian negative binomial regression models to compare predictors. Criminogenic factors, namely first offending prior to the age of 18, having a substance-related diagnosis, commission of a variety of crimes, historical probation or parole violation, and having less than a high school education were associated with an increased rate of engaging in noncompliant behavior and rearrest. None of the clinical factors were directly associated with noncompliance or rearrest outcomes.

Imagination and Reactance in a Psi Task Using the Imagery Cultivation Model and a Fuzzy Set Encoded Target Pool

A psi-conducive altered state of consciousness can be induced through a shamanic-like journeying protocol in accordance with the Imagery Cultivation (IC) model proposed by Storm and Rock (2009a). Storm and Rock (2009b) found that the protocol helped cultivate psi-related mental imagery (see also Rock et al., 2012). Alternatively, it is hypothesized that individuals who do not believe in psi or paranormal phenomena (i.e., non-believers = ‘goats’) are prone to so-called reactance (Brehm, 1966). Theoretically, a reactance treatment in the form of an opinionated communication (perceived as a threat to freedom) raises reactance, which remains high if no outlet is provided. Since there is a relationship between attitude and behaviour, it is hypothesized that higher noncompliant behaviour (e.g., psi-missing) can be induced in goats. Storm, Ertel, and Rock (2013), and Storm and Rock (2014), found support for the reactance hypothesis. IC and Reactance principles were used in the present study to manipulate psi in positive and negative directions, respectively. Four groups (total N = 240) were formed: (i) IC/Reactance, (ii) IC/No-Reactance; (iii) No-IC/Reactance, and (iv) No-IC/No-Reactance. The IC treatment produced a non-significant but slightly higher psi effect than the control condition. The reactance treatment had a stronger psychological effect on goats compared to sheep, indicated by a significantly greater discrepancy in goats over the opinionated communication. Significant reactance effects were not found, but specific effects were in the directions expected, with reversals of effects probably due to goats and ‘indecisives’ (mid-range scorers on paranormal belief) in the No-IC/Reactance group. A marginally significant sheep-goat effect was found. Replication attempts would be worthwhile that include refinements to the various IC conditions, and a less persuasive (more challenging) reactance communication.

Noncompliance with online mood manipulations using film clips: how to detect and control for it

The reliability of online mood manipulations is potentially undermined by participants’ noncompliance behavior, e.g., skipping a part of the experiment or switching between web pages during the mood manipulation. The goal of the current research is to investigate (1) whether and how mood manipulations are threatened by noncompliance behavior, (2) whether it is confounded with the induced mood state as predicted by Affect Regulation Theory, and (3) what measures can be taken to control for the noncompliance. In two online-experiments, noncompliance behavior was assessed during the mood manipulation with movie clips by tracking interruptions of watching and page switches. The results support the affect regulation hypothesis demonstrating that people confronted with negative emotional content interrupted watching the video and switched between pages more often than people with positive content. Methodologically, this causes a threat to the internal validity of internet-based mood manipulation studies. To decrease the risk of noncompliance, the current study recommends to block skipping a part of the mood manipulation, detect page focus events and measure the time people stay on a page.