Non-classical Groups Research Articles

CELIAC DISEASE

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy stimulatedby intake of gluten, rye and barley in genetically prone persons. In children, gastrointestinalsymptoms are usual if disease is diagnosed in first two years of life but as the age at onset of theillness advances to late years, extra-intestinal manifestations have been increasingly recognizedaffecting almost all organ systems. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of varied clinicalmanifestations of CD in children. To assess classical and non-classical features in patients withCD. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Nishtar Hospital Multan. Period: July 2016to July 2017. Material & Methods: Ninety-six patients with celiac disease were analyzed. Thediagnosis was confirmed by serological antibodies and positive biopsy wherever needed. Allthe cases were evaluated for different intestinal or extra-intestinal features. Also the cases werecategorized based on their primary clinical features into two groups. The classical group hadCD patients with usual symptoms. The non-classical group had atypical symptoms. Results:The mean age of CD patients at the time of diagnosis was 5.98 ± 3.19 years. Median valuefor duration of clinical symptoms was 24 months. The common typical clinical presentationsincluded failure to thrive 86 (89.6%), short stature 86 (89.6%), diarrhea 78 (81.3%), unexplainedanemia 78 (81.3%) and clubbing 41 (42.7%). The atypical features noted in our study wereconstipation 21 (21.9%), hypertransaminasemia 38 (39.6 %) and neurological symptoms likeirritability/ behavioral changes 41 (42.7%). Family history of gluten allergy or other autoimmunediseases was present in 29 (30.2%) of patients. Children presented with non-classical symptomswere older than 2 years of age and they showed high prevalence of associated immune andnon immune diseases compared to those in classical group. Conclusion: The knowledge ofvaried behavior of CD may prevent delay in diagnosis. CD must be particularly screened inpatients with unexpected anemia, rickets, clubbing, short stature and in cases with positivehistory in family.

Homomorphism of cuts of multigroups

The notion of multigroups via multisets is of interest in non-classical groups. In this paper, we propose the notion of homomorphism of cuts of multigroups and obtain some related results. Some homomorphic properties of upper cut of multigroups are also discussed.

Comparing the effects of afatinib with gefitinib or Erlotinib in patients with advanced-stage lung adenocarcinoma harboring non-classical epidermal growth factor receptor mutations

ObjectiveApproximately 10%–15% patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations harbor non-classical mutations. However, the effects of EGFR-tyrosine kinases (TKIs), particularly second-generation EGFR-TKI (afatinib) compared to first-generation EGFR-TKIs (gefitinib/erlotinib), in patients with non-classical EGFR mutations remain unknown. MethodsWe conducted this retrospective study at the China Medical University Hospital (Taichung, Taiwan) from June 2011 to July 2016. Specimens from 1632 patients were tested for EGFR mutations. We surveyed the effectiveness of afatinib and gefitinib/erlotinib in stage IIIb-IV lung adenocarcinoma patients with non-classical EGFR mutations. ResultsFifty-six patients with advanced-stage (stage IIIB-IV) lung adenocarcinoma with non-classical mutations and receiving EGFR-TKI treatment had completed follow-up and were further analyzed. Afatinib versus gefitinib/erlotinib showed that the objective response rates were 62.5% versus 50.0% (p=0.35). Median progression-free survival (PFS) of 11.0 versus 3.6 months (p=0.03), respectively, was observed for the 51 non-classical EGFR mutated (excluding 5 patients with exon 20 insertions) lung adenocarcinomas. Subset analysis showed that PFS curves of afatinib were more easily distinguished in non-classical EGFR mutations lacking a combination with a classical mutation (non-classical with classical complex mutations group: median PFS, 11.0 versus 8.2 months, p=0.19; non-classical mutation alone or in combination with other non-classical mutations group: median PFS, 18.3 versus 2.8 months, p=0.07). ConclusionsAfatinib may be a first-choice EGFR-TKI for patients with advanced-stage lung adenocarcinomas harboring non-classical mutations.

Finding a field in a Zariski-like structure

We show that if M is a Zariski-like structure (see [7]) and the canonical pregeometry obtained from the bounded closure operator (bcl) is non-locally modular, then M interprets either an algebraically closed field or a non-classical group.

Novel RP1L1 Variants and Genotype-Photoreceptor Microstructural Phenotype Associations in Cohort of Japanese Patients With Occult Macular Dystrophy.

To determine the clinical and genetic characteristics of Japanese patients with occult macular dystrophy (OMD) in a nationwide multicenter study. Twenty-three patients from 21 families with clinically diagnosed OMD were studied at 10 institutions throughout Japan. Ophthalmologic examinations including spectral-domain optic coherence tomography were performed. Patients were classified into two phenotype groups: a classical group having both blurred ellipsoid zone and absence of interdigitation zone of the photoreceptors, and a nonclassical group lacking at least one of these two features. Whole-exome sequencing, direct sequencing, and in silico molecular analysis were performed to detect the pathogenic RP1L1 variants. Statistical associations between the phenotype and genotypes based on the presence of pathogenic RP1L1 variants were investigated. There were 12 families with the classical findings and 9 families with the nonclassical findings. Nine pathogenic RP1L1 missense variants were identified in 12 families (57%) including three reported variants, namely, p.R45W, p.S1199C, and p.G1200A, and six novel variants, p.G221R, p.T1194M, p.T1196I, p.G1200D, p.G1200V, and p.V1201G. The pathogenic missense variants in seven families (33%) were located between amino acid numbers 1196 and 1201. A significant association was found between the photoreceptor microstructural phenotypes and molecular genotypes. The spectrum of the morphologic phenotypes and pathogenic RP1L1 variants was documented in a well-characterized Japanese cohort with OMD. A unique motif including six amino acids (1196-1201) downstream of the doublecortin domain could be a hot spot for RP1L1 pathogenic variants. The significant association of the morphologic phenotypes and genotypes indicates that there are two types of pathophysiology underlying the occult macular dysfunction syndrome: a hereditary OMD with the classical phenotype (Miyake's disease), and a nonhereditary OMD-like syndrome with progressive occult maculopathy.

Clinical utility of seropositive voltage-gated potassium channel-complex antibody.

Antibodies against voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC)-complex are implicated in the pathogenesis of acquired neuromyotonia, limbic encephalitis, faciobrachial dystonic seizure, and Morvan syndrome. Outside these entities, the clinical value of VGKC-complex antibodies remains unclear. We conducted a single-center review of patients positive for VGKC-complex antibodies over an 8-year period. Among 114 patients positive for VGKC-complex antibody, 11 (9.6%) carrying the diagnosis of limbic encephalitis (n = 9) or neuromyotonia (n = 2) constituted the classic group, and the remaining 103 cases of various neurologic and non-neurologic disorders comprised the nonclassic group. The median titer for the classic group was higher than the nonclassic group (p < 0.0001). A total of 90.9% of the patients in the classic and 21.4% in the nonclassic group possessed high (>0.25 nM) VGKC-complex antibody levels (p < 0.0001). A total of 75.0% of the patients in the high-level group had definite or probable autoimmune basis, while nonautoimmune disorders were seen in 75.6% of patients from the low-level group (p < 0.0001). A total of 26.3% of patients were found with active or remote solid organ or hematologic malignancy, but no antibody titer difference was observed among subgroups of absent, active, or remote malignancy. Compared to age-matched US national census, rates of active cancer in our cohort were higher in patients older than 45 years. High VGKC-complex antibody titers are more likely found in patients with classically associated syndromes and other autoimmune conditions. Low-level VGKC-complex antibodies can be detected in nonspecific and mostly nonautoimmune disorders. The presence of VGKC-complex antibody, rather than its level, may serve as a marker of malignancy.

Group analysis, exact solutions and conservation laws of a generalized fifth order KdV equation

We study the generalized fifth order KdV equation using group methods and conservation laws. All of the geometric vector fields of the special fifth order KdV equation are presented. By using the nonclassical Lie group method, it is show that this equation does not admit nonclassical type symmetries. Then, on the basis of the optimal system, the symmetry reductions and exact solutions to this equation are constructed. For some special cases, we obtain additional nontrivial conservation laws and scaling symmetries.

Nonclassical Symmetry Analysis of Heated Two-Dimensional Flow Problems

Abstract This article analyses the nonclassical symmetries and group invariant solution of boundary layer equations for two-dimensional heated flows. First, we derive the nonclassical symmetry determining equations with the aid of the computer package SADE. We solve these equations directly to obtain nonclassical symmetries. We follow standard procedure of computing nonclassical symmetries and consider two different scenarios, ξ 1≠0 and ξ 1=0, ξ 2≠0. Several nonclassical symmetries are reported for both scenarios. Furthermore, numerous group invariant solutions for nonclassical symmetries are derived. The similarity variables associated with each nonclassical symmetry are computed. The similarity variables reduce the system of partial differential equations (PDEs) to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in terms of similarity variables. The reduced system of ODEs are solved to obtain group invariant solution for governing boundary layer equations for two-dimensional heated flow problems. We successfully formulate a physical problem of heat transfer analysis for fluid flow over a linearly stretching porous plat and, with suitable boundary conditions, we solve this problem.

Increased Cardiovascular and Metabolic Morbidity in Patients With 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: A Swedish Population-Based National Cohort Study.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is lethal in its most severe forms if not treated with glucocorticoids. However, glucocorticoids may increase the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity. This study aimed to study cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity in CAH. Patients with CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (n = 588; >80% with known CYP21A2 mutations) were compared with controls matched for sex, year, and place of birth (n = 58 800). Data were obtained by linking national population-based registers. Subgroup analyses were performed regarding sex, clinical severity (salt wasting, simple virilizing, nonclassic), CYP21A2 genotype (null, I2 splice, I172N, P30L), and stratified by the introduction of neonatal screening, age groups, and nonobesity. To study cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity in CAH. In CAH, both any cardiovascular and metabolic disorders (OR [odds ratio], 3.9; 95% CI [confidence interval], 3.1-5.0), and cardiovascular disease (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.9-3.9) were increased. Separate analyses of the individual diseases showed higher frequencies in CAH of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, obesity, diabetes (mainly type 2), obstructive sleep disorder, thyrotoxicosis, and hypothyroidism. Similar results were seen in the stratified groups. On the subgroup level, females were generally more affected (especially I172N and the nonclassic group), as were males with the null genotype. CAH was associated with excess cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity but the mechanism is not certain as the glucocorticoids were not assessed. Hypothyroidism and obesity may be an effect of close observation. However, more severe conditions were presumably detected equally in patients and controls. Screening for diabetes and other metabolic disorders that increase cardiovascular risk is important.

A Kazal-Type Serine Protease Inhibitor from the Defense Gland Secretion of the Subterranean Termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki.

Coptotermes formosanus is an imported, subterranean termite species with the largest economic impact in the United States. The frontal glands of the soldier caste termites comprising one third of the body mass, contain a secretion expelled through a foramen in defense. The small molecule composition of the frontal gland secretion is well-characterized, but the proteins remain to be identified. Herein is reported the structure and function of one of several proteins found in the termite defense gland secretion. TFP4 is a 6.9 kDa, non-classical group 1 Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor with activity towards chymotrypsin and elastase, but not trypsin. The 3-dimensional solution structure of TFP4 was solved with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and represents the first structure from the taxonomic family, Rhinotermitidae. Based on the structure of TFP4, the protease inhibitor active loop (Cys8 to Cys16) was identified.

From Quantum Groups to Groups

AbstractIn this paper we use the recent developments in the representation theory of locally compact quantum groups, to assign to each locally compact quantum group 𝔾 a locally compact group 𝔾˜ that is the quantum version of point-masses and is an invariant for the latter. We show that “quantum point-masses” can be identified with several other locally compact groups that can be naturally assigned to the quantum group 𝔾. This assignment preserves compactness as well as discreteness (hence also finiteness), and for large classes of quantum groups, amenability. We calculate this invariant for some of the most well-known examples of non-classical quantum groups. Also, we show that several structural properties of 𝔾 are encoded by 𝔾˜; the latter, despite being a simpler object, can carry very important information about 𝔾.

Cardiomyopathy in young adults with classic mitral valve prolapse

In some inherited connective tissue diseases with involvement of the cardiovascular system, for example, Marfan syndrome, early impairment of left ventricular function, which have been described as Marfan-related cardiomyopathy has been reported. Our aim was to evaluate the left ventricular function in young adults with mitral valve prolapse without significant mitral regurgitation using two-dimensional strain imaging and to determine the possible role of the transforming growth factor-β pathway in its deterioration. We studied 78 young adults with mitral valve prolapse without mitral regurgitation in comparison with 80 sex-matched and age-matched healthy individuals. Longitudinal strain and strain rates were defined using spackle tracking. Concentrations of transforming growth factor-β₁ and β₂ in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In 29 patients, classic relapse was identified with a leaflet thickness of ≥ 5 mm; 49 patients had a non-classic mitral valve prolapse. Despite the similar global systolic function, a significant reduction in global strain was found in the classic group (-15.5 ± 2.9%) compared with the non-classic group (-18.7 ± 3.8; p = 0.0002) and the control group (-19.6 ± 3.4%; p < 0.0001). In young adults with non-classic prolapse, a reduction in longitudinal deformation was detected only in septal segments. Transforming growth factor-β₁ and β₂ serum levels were elevated in patients with classic prolapse as compared with the control group and the non-classic mitral valve prolapse group. These changes in the deformations may be the first signs of deterioration of the left ventricular function and the existence of primary cardiomyopathy in young adults with mitral valve prolapse, which may be caused by increased transforming growth factor-β signalling.

A cross-sectional single-centre study on the spectrum of Pompe disease, German patients: molecular analysis of the GAA gene, manifestation and genotype-phenotype correlations

BackgroundPompe disease (Glycogen storage disease type II, GSD II, acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency, acid maltase deficiency, OMIM # 232300) is an autosomal-recessive lysosomal storage disorder due to a deficiency of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA, acid maltase, EC 3.2.1.20, Swiss-Prot P10253). Clinical manifestations are dominated by progressive weakness of skeletal muscle throughout the clinical spectrum. In addition, the classic infantile form is characterised by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.MethodsIn a cross-sectional single-centre study we clinically assessed 3 patients with classic infantile Pompe disease and 39 patients with non-classic presentations, measured their acid alpha-glucosidase activities and analysed their GAA genes.ResultsClassic infantile patients had nearly absent residual enzyme activities and a typical clinical course with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy until the beginning of therapy. The disease manifestations in non-classic patients were heterogeneous. There was a broad variability in the decline of locomotive and respiratory function. The age of onset ranged from birth to late adulthood and correlated with enzyme activities. Molecular analysis revealed as many as 33 different mutations, 14 of which are novel. All classic infantile patients had two severe mutations. The most common mutation in the non-classic group was c.-32-13 T > G. It was associated with a milder course in this subgroup.ConclusionsDisease manifestation strongly correlates with the nature of the GAA mutations, while the variable progression in non-classic Pompe disease is likely to be explained by yet unknown modifying factors. This study provides the first comprehensive dataset on the clinical course and the mutational spectrum of Pompe disease in Germany.

Interpreting groups and fields in simple, finitary AECs

We prove a version of Hrushovski’s 1989 results on almost orthogonal regular types in the context of simple and superstable finitary abstract elementary classes: from a certain expression of ‘non-orthogonality’ we can conclude the existence of a group acting on the geometry obtained on the set of realizations of a regular Lascar strong type, and if we rule out the presence of a non-classical group we can classify the situation to be one of the classical cases of Hrushovski’s theorem.We give two examples of classes of structures in this framework, which clearly demonstrate the phenomena described in the main theorem.

Part 2: In vitro cytotoxicity studies of two ML2 complexes (M = Pd, Pt; L = 2-cyano-2-isonitroso-N-morpholylacetamide, HMCO

In recent years, many non-classical groups of Pt-compounds, including complexes with the trans-geometry, polynuclear complexes, and compounds with a variety of extended heterocyclic ligands, were obtained and studied. Part 1 of this work contains the results of our X-ray crystallographic and computational studies of a group of recently-discovered cytotoxic Pd and Pt complexes of the new cyanoxime ligands HPipCO and HMCO. Here we present the results of our in vitro investigations of two M(MCO)2 (M=Pd, Pt) compounds against two morphologically different human cancer cell lines – epithelial cervical cancer HeLa cells, and WiDr solid tumor colon carcinoma. The Trypan Blue exclusion method was used for the assessment of the complexes’ cytotoxicity. The data indicated a profound in vitro activity of new M(MCO)2 (M=Pd, Pt) complexes, comparable to that of cisplatin, which was used as a positive control. The palladium MCO− complex was found to be consistently slightly more active than its corresponding Pt-analog. Binding of the above compounds to a variety of the DNA was studied by UV–Vis spectroscopy, gel electrophoresis, fluorescent intercalator displacement (FID) assay, and the mitochondria metabolism assay. No evidence of an interaction of either Pd(MCO)2 or Pt(MCO)2 complex with different types of DNA was found, which infers a mechanism of cytotoxicity of these new metallo-cyanoximates different from one of the cisplatin family. This immediately suggests different active species involved in the cellular interactions, as well as different metabolites. Consequently, it implies the absence of the negative side effects so common to the cisplatin family of anticancer drugs.

Symmetries and Exact Solutions of the Breaking Soliton Equation

With the aid of the classical Lie group method and nonclassical Lie group method, we derive the classical Lie point symmetry and the nonclassical Lie point symmetry of (2+1)-dimensional breaking soliton (BS) equation. Using the symmetries, we find six classical similarity reductions and two nonclassical similarity reductions of the BS equation. Varieties of exact solutions of the BS equation are obtained by solving the reduced equations.

Surface links which are coverings over the standard torus

We introduce a new construction of a surface link in the 4-space. We construct a surface link as a branched covering over the standard torus, which we call a torus-covering link. We show that a certain torus-covering $T^2$-link is equivalent to the split union of spun $T^2$-links and turned spun $T^2$-links. We show that a certain torus-covering $T^2$-link has a non-classical link group. We give a certain class of ribbon torus-covering $T^2$-links. We present the quandle cocycle invariant of a certain torus-covering $T^2$-link obtained from a classical braid, by using the quandle cocycle invariants of the closure of the braid.

Insulin sensitivity and body composition in children with classical and nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Reduced insulin sensitivity and increased fat mass have been reported in children and adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). To understand the potential mechanisms underlying these differences, we assessed insulin sensitivity and body composition in children with classical or nonclassical (late-presenting) CAH compared with normal controls. Thirty-seven children with CAH (26 classical and 11 nonclassical) median (range) age 9.4 year (0.5-15.8) were compared with 41 healthy control children age 11.0 year (3.2-17.1). All children had an overnight fasting blood sample and body composition assessed by DEXA. Pubertal children (14 CAH and 19 controls) also had an oral glucose tolerance test. Classical and nonclassical CAH groups were each compared with controls, adjusting for age, gender and pubertal status. Results Classical CAH children had more fat mass than controls (P = 0.03), while nonclassical CAH children had more lean mass (P = 0.006) and higher systolic blood pressure (P = 0.003) than control children. Among pubertal children, nonclassical CAH children had higher mean insulin (0-120 min; P = 0.04), stimulated insulin (0-30 min; P = 0.02), 120 min insulin (P = 0.004) and 120 min glucose levels (P = 0.03) than controls, but no difference in disposition index. Greater body fat in classical (early-presenting) CAH children could reflect the effects of lifetime glucocorticoid therapy. In contrast, the greater lean mass and parameters of insulin resistance in nonclassical (late-presenting) CAH children likely indicate the adverse metabolic effects of prolonged postnatal androgen excess.

Kleinian groups of small Hausdorff dimension are classical Schottky groups. I

It has been conjectured that the Hausdorff dimensions of nonclassical Schottky groups are strictly bounded from below. In this first part of our work on this conjecture, we prove that there exists a universal positive number λ greater than 0 such that any 2–generated nonelementary Kleinian group with limit set of Hausdorff dimension less than λ is a classical Schottky group.

The structure of two-parabolic space: parabolic dust and iteration

A non-elementary Möbius group generated by two-parabolics is determined up to conjugation by one complex parameter and the parameter space, the parameter space for representations of groups generated by two parabolics into $${PSL(2, \mathbb{C})}$$ modulo conjugacy, has been extensively studied. In this paper, we use the results of Gilman and Waterman to obtain an additional structure for the parameter space, which we term the two-parabolic space. This structure allows us to identify groups that contain additional conjugacy classes of primitive parabolics, which we call parabolic dust groups, non-free groups off the real axis, and groups that are both parabolic dust and non-free; some of these contain $${\mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{Z}}$$ subgroups. The structure theorem also attaches additional geometric structure to discrete and non-discrete groups lying in given regions of the parameter space and allows a new explicit geometric construction of some non-classical T-Schottky groups.