Non-alcoholic Beer Research Articles

Dealcoholization of Unfiltered and Filtered Lager Beer by Hollow Fiber Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Nanofiltration Membranes-The Effect of Ion Rejection.

Membrane-based beverage dealcoholization is a successful process for producing low- and non-alcoholic beer and represents a fast-growing industry. Polyamide NF and RO membranes are commonly applied for this process. Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) NF membranes are emerging as industrially relevant species, and their unique properties (usually hollow fiber geometry, high and tunable selectivity, low fouling) underlines the importance of testing them in the food industry as well. To test PEM NF membranes for beer dealcoholization at a small pilot scale, we dealcoholized filtered and unfiltered lager beer with the tightest available commercial polyelectrolyte multilayer NF membrane (NX Filtration dNF40), which has a MWCO = 400 Da, which is quite high for these purposes. Dealcoholization is possible with a reasonable flux (10 L/m2h) at low pressures (5-8.6 bar) with a real extract loss of 15-18% and an alcohol passage of ~100%. Inorganic salt passage is high (which is typical for PEM NF membranes), which greatly affected beer flavor. During the dealcoholization process, the membrane underwent changes which substantially increased its salt rejection values (MgSO4 passage decreased fourfold) while permeance loss was minimal (less than 10%). According to our sensory evaluation, the process yielded an acceptable tasting beer which could be greatly enhanced by the addition of the lost salts and glycerol.

Novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae × Saccharomyces mikatae Hybrids for Non-alcoholic Beer Production

The popularity of non-alcoholic beers has been increasing over the past few years. Maltose-negative strains of different genera are frequently used to obtain beers of low alcohol content. S. cerevisiae hybrids with other Saccharomyces species offer interesting inherited flavour characteristics; however, their use in non-alcoholic beer production is rare. In this work, we constructed six hybrids of maltose-negative S. cerevisiae parental strains (modified to produce higher amounts of organic acids) and S. mikatae (wild-type). Growth behaviour, osmotolerance and fermentation features of the offspring were compared with parental strains. One hybrid with mitochondrial DNA inherited from both parents was used to produce non-alcoholic beer in which organic metabolites were evaluated by HPLC and HS-SPME-GC-MS. This hybrid produced non-alcoholic beer (≤0.05% (v/v)) with an increased organic acid content, just as its parent S. cerevisiae, but without producing increased amounts of acetic acid. The beer had a neutral aromatic profile with no negative off-flavours, similar to the beer produced by the parent S. mikatae, which was used for the first time to produce non-alcoholic beer. Overall, both parents and hybrid yeast produced non-alcoholic beers with increased amounts of higher alcohols compared with esters.

Brewing potential of strains of the boreal wild yeast Mrakia gelida.

Demand for low- or non-alcoholic beers has been growing in recent years. Thus, research is increasingly focusing on non-Saccharomyces species that typically are only able to consume the simple sugars in wort, and therefore have a limited production of alcohol. In this project, new species and strains of non-conventional yeasts were sampled and identified from Finnish forest environments. From this wild yeast collection, a number of Mrakia gelida strains were selected for small-scale fermentation tests and compared with a reference strain, the low-alcohol brewing yeast Saccharomycodes ludwigii. All the M. gelida strains were able to produce beer with an average of 0.7% alcohol, similar to the control strain. One M. gelida strain showing the most promising combination of good fermentation profile and production of desirable flavor active compounds was selected for pilot-scale (40 L) fermentation. The beers produced were matured, filtered, carbonated, and bottled. The bottled beers were then directed for in-house evaluation, and further analyzed for sensory profiles. The beers produced contained 0.6% Alcohol by volume (ABV). According to the sensory analysis, the beers were comparable to those produced by S. ludwigii, and contained detectable fruit notes (banana and plum). No distinct off-flavors were noted. A comprehensive analysis of M. gelida's resistance to temperature extremes, disinfectant, common preservatives, and antifungal agents would suggest that the strains pose little risk to either process hygiene or occupational safety.

Exploiting Non-Conventional Yeasts for Low-Alcohol Beer Production

Non-Saccharomyces yeasts represent a very appealing alternative to producing beers with zero or low ethanol content. The current study explores the potential of seven non-Saccharomyces yeasts to produce low-alcohol or non-alcoholic beer, in addition to engineered/selected Saccharomyces yeasts for low-alcohol production. The yeasts were first screened for their sugar consumption and ethanol production profiles, leading to the selection of strains with absent or inefficient maltose consumption and consequently with low-to-null ethanol production. The selected yeasts were then used in larger-scale fermentations for volatile and sensory evaluation. Overall, the yeasts produced beers with ethanol concentrations below 1.2% in which fusel alcohols and esters were also detected, making them eligible to produce low-alcohol beers. Among the lager beers produced in this study, beers produced using Saccharomyces yeast demonstrated a higher acceptance by taster panelists. This study demonstrates the suitability of non-conventional yeasts for producing low-alcohol or non-alcoholic beers and opens perspectives for the development of non-conventional beers.

Особенности рекламы отдельных видов контрагентов на территории спортивного комплекса

The article discusses advertising features of betting services and non-alcoholic beer on the sports complex territory. Special attention is paid to practical aspects. Law enforce-ment activities are analysed.

Membrane-based system helps breweries produce non-alcoholic beer more sustainably

GEA Group Aktiengesellschaft has developed a system to reduce the amount of fresh water consumed by production processes. The German company says it can be used by breweries to help them produce non-alcoholic beer in a way that is more sustainable. As this article reveals, the membrane-based system, which is an enhancement of existing technology, significantly reduces water consumption for diafiltration during dealcoholisation, whilst enabling the permeate leaving the system to be reused as a valuable by-product.

Features of Non-Alcoholic Beer on Cardiovascular Biomarkers. Can It Be a Substitute for Conventional Beer?

Numerous studies have revealed the beneficial effects of moderate beer consumption on cardiovascular diseases. However, the presence of alcohol in beer can represent a matter of concern, since alcohol intake poses a risk to some individuals. Additionally, adults who are life-long abstainers should not be encouraged to consume alcohol for health purposes. Consequently, the benefits of beer consumption remain a controversial issue. In this scenario, the present review gathers the reported information concerning the cardiovascular effects of non-alcoholic beer, and makes a comparison between these effects and those of conventional beer. Despite the scarcity of published results to date describing the effects of non-alcoholic beer consumption, the available literature indicates that it is more effective than conventional beer in preventing oxidative stress (lower lipid and protein oxidation), preserving the endothelial function (lower endothelial dysfunction) and inhibiting thrombogenic activity (lowered oxidized LDL). By contrast, conventional beer has shown to induce greater increases in HDL-cholesterol levels (known as a cardiovascular protective factor) compared to non-alcoholic beer. This effect cannot be solely attributed to alcohol content, since the polyphenol content in conventional beer tends to be higher than that found in non-alcoholic beer.

Development of the domestic cider market

In the process of studying the development of the domestic cider market, an analysis was made of the market for alcoholic and non-alcoholic cider, a shift in demand for non-alcoholic products was revealed, statistics on the consumption of alcoholic beverages were given, in which a decrease in alcohol consumption by 43% was noted. As part of the work, the demand from 2018 to 2021 for non-alcoholic beer was analyzed, which shows an increase in the consumption of non-alcoholic beer by 7 times, the share of cider consumption relative to beer was calculated, which increased by 5% over 4 years and cider consumption was recorded from 2018 to 2022 g, which has increased by 7 times in 5 years. The market of non-alcoholic cider, as well as its analogues, is analyzed. According to the results of the analysis of the non-alcoholic cider market, it was noted that this product is in short supply, and manufacturers resort to the frequent use of various flavoring additives in order to enhance the organoleptic indicators. The price segment of this product is noted as above average compared to both alcoholic and non-alcoholic counterparts. Based on the revealed data, it should be assumed that the expansion of the production of non-alcoholic cider is a promising direction in the food industry, since the demand for non-alcoholic products has been recorded, and this drink is practically not represented on the Russian market or is presented in a high price category.

Co-fermentation of non-Saccharomyces yeasts with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FST 1.7 for the production of non-alcoholic beer.

The non-alcoholic beer (NAB) sector has experienced steady growth in recent years, with breweries continuously seeking new ways to fulfil consumer demands. NAB can be produced by limited fermentation of non-Saccharomyces yeasts; however, beer produced in this manner is often critiqued for its sweet taste and wort-like off-flavours due to high levels of residual sugars and lack of flavour metabolites. The use of Lactobacillus in limited co-fermentation with non-Saccharomyces yeasts is a novel approach to produce NABs with varying flavour and aroma characteristics. In this study, lab-scale fermentations of Lachancea fermentati KBI 12.1 and Cyberlindnera subsufficiens C6.1 with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FST 1.7 were performed and compared to a brewer's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae WLP001. Fermentations were monitored for pH, TTA, extract reduction, alcohol production, and microbial cell count. The final beers were analysed for sugar and organic acid concentration, free amino nitrogen content (FAN), glycerol, and levels of volatile metabolites. The inability of the non-Saccharomyces yeasts to utilise maltotriose as an energy source resulted in extended fermentation times compared to S. cerevisiae WLP001. Co-fermentation of yeasts with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) resulted in a decreased pH, higher TTA and increased levels of lactic acid in the final beers. The overall acceptability of the NABs produced by co-fermentation was higher than or similar to that of the beers fermented with the yeasts alone, indicating that LAB fermentation did not negatively impact the sensory attributes of the beer. C. subsufficiens C6.1 and L. plantarum FST 1.7 NAB was characterised as fruity tasting with the significantly higher ester concentrations masking the wort-like flavours resulting from limited fermentation. NAB produced with L. fermentati KBI12.1 and L. plantarum FST1.7 had decreased levels of the undesirable volatile compound diacetyl and was described as 'fruity' and 'acidic', with the increased sourness masking the sweet, wort-like characteristics of the NAB. Moreover, this NAB was ranked as the most highly acceptable in the sensory evaluation. In conclusion, the limited co-fermentation of non-Saccharomyces yeasts with LAB is a promising strategy for the production of NAB.

Effect of Hop Varieties and Forms in the Hopping Process on Non-Alcoholic Beer Quality.

The aim of this study was to determine how the hopping technique affects the quality of non-alcoholic beer (NAB). A series of NABs were brewed and tested for basic physicochemical characteristics, profiles of selected volatile compounds, and microbial contamination. The brewing process yielded 13 experimental groups of beers, all of which had an ethanol content of <0.5%v/v. Among the batches brewed with ‘Marynka’ hops, the pellet form was found to provide the highest concentrations of hop-derived volatile compounds, whereas in the ‘Magnum’ groups, the extracts and whole hops proved superior. Humulene and caryophyllene were the primary volatiles in terms of quantity. All the brews were contamination-free—no microbes other than yeast cells were detected. Their microbiological purity was also supported by an assay of beer-defect indicators (volatile compounds), which only showed low levels of acetaldehyde, 1-propanol, 2-methylbutanol, and 3-methylbutanol. The hopping technique deployed was found not to affect the physicochemical parameters of NABs, but did have a significant impact on their volatile compound profile.

Glycemic indices and effect of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) flavored non-alcoholic wheat beer (NAWB) on key carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in high fat diet fed (HFD)/STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats.

In a bid to make the use of functional food easier in the management and prevention of diseases, product development and fortification from/with functional foods have become the recent focus of research. This study, therefore, sought to exploit the recent trend in the brewing industry on the production of non-alcoholic beers by investigating the possibility of having a non-alcoholic beer flavored with bitter leaf, a known plant widely reported to have a strong hypoglycemic effect, as against the traditional use of hops, and the effect of the produced beer on the glycemic indices and various diabetic biochemical parameters that serve as biomarkers for type-2 diabetes (T2D). The glycemic indices, as well as the inhibitory potentials of bitter leaf-flavored Non-alcoholic wheat beer (NAWB) in ratios of 100%HP, 100%BL, 75:25BL, 50:50BL, and 25:75BL, on enzymes linked to a high-fat diet/streptozocin (HFD/STZ)-induced T2D albino Wistar rats were investigated. There were no significant difference (p > .05) between the starch (1.72-1.77 mg/100 mL), amylose (0.22-0.24 mg/100 mL), and amylopectin (1.49-1.53 mg/100 mL) contents of the various samples. The Glycemic Index (GI) of the samples ranged from 36 to 73 with 75:25Bl and 50:50BL have the lowest (36) values. The samples reduced blood glucose levels and inhibited pancreatic α-amylase, lipase, and intestinal α-glucosidase activity. The inhibitory potentials of these beer samples on α-amylase and α-glucosidase as well as their ability to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic rats thus making the bitter leaf flavored NAWB a suitable healthy beverage for better glycemic control in diabetics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study revealed the potential of producing non-alcoholic wheat beer flavored with bitter leaves as a possible substitute for hops. The potential inherent in bitter leaf in the management of type 2 diabetes can thus be made available through a far-reaching beverage medium such as non-alcoholic beer to help in the treatment/management of T2D. The results of this research could be an eye-opener to the possible utilization of bitter leaf and by extension other plants that have been reported in the management of T2D. The use of the bitter leaf as a substitute for hops in the production of non-alcoholic beer in the brewing industry could help in a health-oriented campaign for safe drinks that could be helpful in the control of blood glucose levels of diabetic patients.

Flavor Defects of Fresh and Aged NABLABs: New Challenges Against Oxidation

At present, non-alcoholic (NAB) and low-alcoholic beers (LAB) exhibit major staling defects even when fresh, partly due to absence of ethanol as an antioxidant. In the present work, the aroma stability of eleven commercial NABLABs available on the Belgian market, issued from different technological processes, was assessed. NABLABs were investigated, both when fresh and after one year of storage at 20 °C in the dark. Six stale-odorant compounds were found above their perception threshold in aged NABLABs: sotolon, abhexon, methional, phenylacetaldehyde, dimethyltrisulfide and β-damascenone. Based on the chemical structure of the first four, it can be concluded that oxidation is the main issue for NABLABs aging. Yet, five of these usual staling defects of a six-month lager beer were already key-odorants in fresh NABLABs: dimethyltrisulfide, methional, and β-damascenone were above the thresholds in all samples, phenylacetaldehyde in 10 out of 11, and sotolon in 7. In conclusion, development of efficient antioxidants is needed to improve NABLABs acceptability.

The impact of grain sorghum on the carbohydrate composition of wort for non-alcoholic beer

The production of non-alcoholic beer requires brewing wort with a low degree of digestion. That is possible with the use of non-traditional raw materials in production. The research object presented below is grain sorghum varieties Kazakhstan-16 and Kazakhstan-20. Nowadays, the production of non-alcoholic beer with technological methods is not studied enough. Therefore, plants with small capacities cannot produce it. This study justifies the use of grain sorghum to produce low-digestion wort. In addition, we justify that Kazakhstan-16 had the best indicators for producing non-alcoholic beer. The following ratio of malt for wort preparation to sorghum 60:40 and hydro module 1:6 are proposed. The prepared wort had an extractivity of 6.62 % and digestible carbohydrates of 25.89 % of the total. The ratio of digestible sugars to non-fermentable substances in the wort was 1:1.79, so 79 % constituted mainly non-fermentable sugars. Mathematical experiment planning has been used to study the effect of malt and sorghum filling ratio and hydro module on the brewing wort's extractive matter yield. Based on the results of this study, the brewing wort has a low digestion rate. However, the carbohydrate composition of the wort is due to the presence of mono- and disaccharides. This wort will produce a beer with an ethanol content of up to 0.5 % of alcohol and the organoleptic characteristics set. High extractivity in the raw materials and their high gelling temperature account for these results. These factors made it possible to select a jumping mashing regime, which resulted in deep hydrolysis of the sugars into dextrins. This study will allow using non-traditional grain raw materials and producing non-alcoholic beer in breweries of any capacity. These methods are cost-effective and do not require expensive equipment

How to target millennials as beer consumers through social responsibility? The case of Plzenský Prazdroj

The paper evaluates the consumer attitude of millennials as beer consumers through social responsibility. Various CSR activities are applied by beer producer companies that target different age groups, gender, etc., through different communication channels. The main subject of the paper is the beer producer company, Plzenský Prazdroj (PP), which has an ambitious strategy related to the environment, waste management, underage alcohol drinking, and other aspects. Even though the company has a promising vision relating to CSR, the effect on consumer awareness can be different than expected. Therefore, a general hypothesis was set on whether there is or is not a difference between millennials in their attitudes towards CSR activities of PP. The characteristics of the research sample are displayed on the set of general factors, such as gender, age, monthly income, and more; beer factors like beer preferences, place of drinking, disposal of plastics, etc.; and attitudes of the monitored millennials towards the selected CSR activities of PP, such as recyclable packaging, Promile app, support of communities and more. The results of the paper assist in understanding the consumer attitude of this age group, and their perception of the CSR activities of PP, and can contribute to a successful marketing strategy creation of Plzenský Prazdroj oriented toward targeted cohort. Concerning the results, we created suggestions and recommendations for PP such as diversification of product portfolio and/or even business activities, diversification of non-alcoholic beer products, strengthening the CSR activities relating to the environment and waste management, and creating CSR activities that enable the engagement of millennials via their smartphones. The outcomes can also benefit other brewing companies in terms of CSR activities and marketing strategy creation.

Why Oxidation Should Be Still More Feared in NABLABs: Fate of Polyphenols and Bitter Compounds

Nowadays, non-alcoholic (NAB) and low-alcoholic beers (LAB) still significantly suffer from staling defects when fresh, partially due to absence of ethanol as antioxidant. In the current work, the fate of flavan-3-ols (monomers, dimers, and trimers) and bitter compounds (isohumulones, humulinones, etc.) of 11 commercial NABLABs available on the Belgian market was monitored through one year of aging at 20 °C in the dark. Fresh NABLABs contained variable flavan-3-ols and bitter compounds levels (between 3.0–10.0 mg/L and 8.0–39.0 mg/L, respectively), depending on different technological processes used. Chill haze and color were also investigated as potential oxidation markers of fresh and aged beers. Surprisingly, contrary to conventional beers, the oligomers’ concentration (dimer and trimer procyanidins) exhibited a strong correlation (R2 = 0.95) with chill haze before aging, suggesting prematured oxidation of the samples. After a year of storage, significant degradation occurred as for regular dry hopped beers (process very sensitive to oxidation), only 27% remaining for flavan-3-ol dimers and an average 16% for trans-isohumulones. Oxidation risk appears here as the main weakness of NABLABs, which could be probably improved by spiking very efficient antioxidants.

Purge and trap in-tube colorimetric detection method for the determination of ethanol in alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages

• Purge and trape coupled with smartphone-based detection were for the first time introduced for ethanol analysis. • Improvements in mass transfer efficiency were achieved with low reagent consumption. • The methodology showed good reproducibility with low operational costs. • The workflow is easily performed and it is suitable for low-source countries. • A low limit of detection (0.05 %v/v) was achieved. A simple and cost-effective analytical approach based on the combination of purge and trap technique coupling with smartphone-based image analysis was developed for the sensitive detection of ethanol. Herein, the dichromate solution was used as the detection reagent to determine the ethanol concentration in alcoholic beverages. The ethanol from the sample solution was purged by the airstream and then trapped into a 1-mL Eppendorf tube containing the detection reagent. During the process, ethanol is oxidized by dichromate reagent to form ethanoic acid, and the orange color of the dichromate ion is started to become darker after one minute. The color image of the Eppendorf tube was taken by smartphone in a controlled-light box and then analyzed by the laptop ImageJ software. Experimental parameters affecting the method sensitivity, such as extraction time, stirring rate, and dichromate concentration, were studied. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curve was linear for the ethanol concentrations ranging from 0.15 and 3.0 %v/v (R 2 >0.993). The limit of detection of 0.05 %v/v was obtained. The intra- and inter-assay results (RSD%) were less than 1.0% and 2.0%, respectively. The developed approach has been successfully applied to determine ethanol percentage in beverage samples (alcoholic beer, brandy, and non-alcoholic beer), with relative recoveries ranging from 86-112%. Finally, the accuracy was assessed by comparison of the results obtained by our method and the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method, which agreed at the 95% confidence level.

Investigations into metabolic properties and selected nutritional metabolic byproducts of different non-Saccharomyces yeast strains when producing nonalcoholic beer.

Nonalcoholic beers are becoming increasingly popular, in part due to consumers' awareness of a healthier lifestyle. Additionally, consumers are demanding diversification in the product range, which can be offered by producing nonalcoholic beers using non-Saccharomyces yeasts for fermentation to create a wide variety of flavors. So far, little is known about the nutritionally relevant byproducts that these yeasts release during wort fermentation and whether these yeasts can be considered safe for food fermentations. To gain insights into this, the B vitamins of four different nonalcoholic beers fermented with the yeast species Saccharomycodes ludwigii, Cyberlindnera saturnus (two strains), and Kluyveromyces marxianus were analyzed. Furthermore, a total of 16 beers fermented with different non-Saccharomyces yeast strains were analyzed for biogenic amines. Additionally, stress tolerance tests were performed at 37°C and in synthetic human gastric juice in vitro. B vitamins were found in the four nonalcoholic beers in nutritionally relevant amounts so they could serve as a supplement for a balanced diet. Biogenic amines remained below the limit of determination in all 16 beers, and thus likely had no influence, while the stress tolerance tests gave a first indication that seven yeast strains could possibly tolerate the human gastric juice milieu.

Potential of non-Saccharomyces yeast to produce non-alcoholic beer.

Recently, non-Saccharomyces yeast have become very popular in wine and beer fermentation. Their interesting abilities introduce novel aromatic profiles to the fermented product. In this study, screening of eight non-Saccharomyces yeast (Starmerella bombicola, Lindnera saturnus, Lindnera jadinii, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Pichia kluyveri, Candida pulcherrima, and Saccharomycodes ludwigii) revealed their potential in non-alcoholic beer production. Conditions for non-alcoholic beer production were optimised for all strains tested (except T. delbrueckii) with the best results obtained at temperature 10 to 15°C for maximum of 10 days. Starmerella bombicola, an important industrial producer of biosurfactants, was used for beer production for the first time and was able to produce non-alcoholic beer even at 20°C after 10 days of fermentation. Aromatic profile of the beer fermented with S. bombicola was neutral with no negative impact on organoleptic properties of the beer. The most interesting organoleptic properties were evaluated in beers fermented with L. jadinii and L. saturnus, which produced banana-flavoured beers with low alcohol content. This work confirmed the suitability of mentioned yeast to produce non-alcoholic beers and could serve as a steppingstone for further investigation.

Effects of Botanical Ingredients Addition on the Bioactive Compounds and Quality of Non-Alcoholic and Craft Beer.

Special beers, known as artisanal, are progressively gaining consumer preference, opening up competition, and acquiring more space in the market. Considering that, exploration for new formulations is justified and plants represent a source of novel compounds with promising antioxidant activity for this beer segment. This paper aims to evaluate the current knowledge on the role of botanical ingredients on the final yield of bioactive compounds in special beer, and how these molecules generally affect the sensory profile. Furthermore, the estimated difficulties of implementation, taking into account the new processes and the relative cost, are discussed. The addition of plants to beer could serve the interests of both the industry and consumers, on one hand, by improving the functional properties and offering a unique flavor, and on the other hand by adding variety to the craft beer landscape. This paper provides guidance and future directions for the development of new products to boost the brewing industry. Brewing processes might affect the valuable compounds, especially the phenolic content. Consequently, future studies need to identify new methods for protecting the level of bioactive compounds in special beer and increasing the bio-accessibility, along with optimization of the sensory and technological properties.

Integrated ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction for efficient determination and pre-concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from high-consumption soft drinks and non-alcoholic beers in Iran.

In the present research, an ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry hybrid system was developed for the extraction/determination of trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high-consumption soft drinks and non-alcoholic beers in Iran using magnetite graphene oxide adsorbent. The magnetite graphene oxide was characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating-sample magnetometer techniques. The highest extraction recovery (73.05%-95.56%) and enrichment factor (90.65-106.38) were obtained at adsorbent mass: 10mg, adsorption time: 30min, salt addition: sodium chloride 10% w/v, desorption time: 20min, eluent type: hexane: acetone (1:1, v/v), and desorption solvent volumes: 200 μl. Under optimum conditions, the linearity range for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determination was 0.2-200ng/mlwith a coefficient of determination>0.993, the limit of detection=0.09-0.21ng/ml, the limit of quantitation=0.3-0.7ng/ml, and relative standard deviation<8.1%, respectively. Relative recoveries in spiked real samples ranged from 94.67 to 109.45% with a standard deviation<6.05%. The proposed method is effective, sensitive, and reusable and it is promising for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons residues in environmental samples.