Non-working Mothers Research Articles

Study on Self Confidence and Academic Achievement of Working and Non-Working Mothers in Jammu and Kashmir.

Study on Self Confidence and Academic Achievement of Working and Non-Working Mothers in Jammu and Kashmir.

Academic Achievement and Self Confidence of Working and Non-Working Mothers of Kashmir

Academic Achievement and Self Confidence of Working and Non-Working Mothers of Kashmir

Problems and Coping Mechanisms among the Bachelor of Science in Community Health Management International Students of a University in Northern Luzon

The study determined the problems and coping mechanisms of the Bachelor of Science in Community Health Management International Students of a University in Northern Luzon. It also looked into the significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile of the respondents and their problems. Significant relationship between the respondents’ level of problems and their level of coping mechanism was also determined. The study is a descriptive correlational type of research. A questionnaire-checklist formulated by the researchers and content validated by a pool of experts was the main tool in gathering the data. It involved all the 191 Bachelor of Science in Community Health Management International Students from the College of Health Sciences. Ethical protocols were followed in the study. Frequency count and percentages, mean and simple linear correlation analysis were the statistical tools used. The findings of the study reveal that a marked percentage of the respondents are 18 years of age and with one sibling. Majority of the respondents are males with monthly family income of Php 4,999 and below, with professional fathers, and belong to a nuclear type of family. Almost all the respondents are single and live-in dormitory outside the campus. A great majority of the respondents have parents who are college graduates and with non-working mothers. Most of the respondents are Hindu in religion. There is a “serious” problem of the respondents along financial while there is “no serious” problem on family. The level of coping mechanism of the respondents is “high”. There is an inverse relationship between the extent of problems of the respondents and their socio-demographic profile. There is no significant relationship between the level of coping mechanism and the socio-demographic profile of the respondents.

Female labor force participation, paid maternity, caste system and under-5 mortality in Nepal

Purpose The under-5 mortality rate in Nepal remains high in comparison to neighboring countries and developed nations. The result of this problem on Nepal’s social, economic, political and cultural development makes it an urgent priority requiring the Nepalese Government to address this issue. The purpose of this paper is to find out if Nepal’s high female labor force participation (FLFP), the caste system and no paid maternity leave are contributing factors to under-5 deaths in Nepal. Design/methodology/approach Data for this study were taken from Nepal’s cross-sectional demographic health survey 2016–2017. The study sample included 5,060 children born to 3,074 mothers in the five years preceding the survey. Data were collected by interviewing respondents via a structured questionnaire selected through stratified random sampling methods. Findings The study found that the hazard ratio for FLFP, the caste of the mother and paid maternity were 1.145, 1.485 and 0.556, respectively, with a p-value <0.001. Therefore, the risk of death in children under-5 years for a working mother, a Terai caste mother and a mother who did not get paid maternity was 14, 45 and 48 percent, respectively, higher than for non-working mothers, mothers from other castes and mothers who got paid maternity. Originality/value This research demonstrated that FLFP, the caste of the mother and paid maternity leave are important factors for determining the risk of death in children under the age of 5.

Parenting stress and coping strategies for working and non-working mothers of preschool children

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of parenting stress and coping strategies of working and non-working mothers raising children of early and preschool age. The study involved 52 mothers raising young children. Methods: Questionnaire "Index of parental stress" (PSI-4), "Questionnaire of coping techniques" (WCQ). It was revealed that mothers of young children note health problems, low mood and attachment to the child. A comparative analysis of the level of parenting stress and coping strategies for working and non-working mothers revealed a lower level of parental competency and attachment to the child, and a higher level of confrontational coping for non-working mothers. It was found that for non-working mothers the determinant of higher level of parental stress was a low severity of the problem-solving planning strategy, and for working mothers was a highseverity of strategies for seeking social support and escape-avoidance.

Satisfaction of Women in Fulfilling the Role as Mothers – A Comparative Study between Working and Nonworking Mothers

Women's role in the community and at home have been changing rapidly. Traditionally, men and women had well-defined roles without much overlapping or trespassing- mostly women were confined to home – their primary was and But, women's rights, education, and gender equality has changed the scenario. Pursuance of quality life, better living standard, cost of living has compelled women to become economic contributors of the home. However, not much significant changes have been observed in gender roles. The question is whether women are satisfied about their role as mother or care-taker. The objective of the study is to explore the difference in the perceived satisfaction in fulfilling the role as a mother and satisfaction in life between working mothers and non-working mothers.

A Comparative Study to Assess the level of Knowledge and Practice on Infant Feeding Practices among Working and Non-Working Mothers at selected areas in Puducherry

A Comparative Study to Assess the level of Knowledge and Practice on Infant Feeding Practices among Working and Non-Working Mothers at selected areas in Puducherry

Adequacy Level of Energy and Nutrients and Nutritional Status of School-Aged Children with Working Mothers were Lower than those with Non-Working Mothers

Adequacy Level of Energy and Nutrients and Nutritional Status of School-Aged Children with Working Mothers were Lower than those with Non-Working Mothers

Socio-Economic Status and Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Infants in a Ugandan Cross-Sectional Study

Nation-wide population based studies on socio-economic inequality in exclusive breastfeeding among infants is scarce in Uganda. This study examined the socio-economic inequality in exclusive breastfeeding among 1424 infants below 6 months of age in a nation-wide population based cross-sectional study. Self-reported maternal exclusive breastfeeding practice in the first six months of their last born baby`s life was the outcome of interest. Household wealth index and maternal occupation constituted the proxy measures of socio-economic status, the exposure variable of interest. The distribution of exclusive breastfeeding practice by infant-mother dyad characteristics was calculated by conducting bivariate analysis. Multivariate binary logistic regression models were then fitted to calculate the odds ratios and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals for exclusive breastfeeding by maternal occupation and household wealth index. The results showed that half of the infants were boys, close to half of their mothers were farmers, and 23% and 16.9% of the infants lived in the poorest and richest households respectively. Overall 67% of the infants were exclusively breastfed. The odds ratios for exclusive breastfeeding by maternal occupation were 0.62 (0.26-1.50) for infants whose mothers were professionals/technical/managers, 0.97(0.50-1.87) for clerical/sales, 0.78 (0.51-1.21), for Farmers, 0.72 (0.29-1.82) for Household/Domestic/Services, 0.72 (0.39-1.36) for skilled manual workers and 0.72 (0.25-2.02) for unskilled manual workers compared to infants of non-working mothers. The odds ratios for exclusive breastfeeding by household wealth index were 2.38 (1.30-4.33), for the poorest, 2.16 (1.18-3.96) poorer, 1.91 (1.10-3.48) middle, and 1.41 (0.75-2.64), for richer households compared to infants in the richest households. In conclusion, an inverse relationship was found between household socio-economic status and exclusive breastfeeding among infants below six months of age and inadequate evidence to conclude existence of an association between maternal socio-economic status and exclusive breastfeeding. Targeting exclusive breastfeeding interventions to mother-infant dyad living in affluent families might be important in reducing socio-economic inequality in exclusive breastfeeding among infants below six months of age in Uganda.

Working Mothers and Child Rearing Practice as a Factor to Juvenile Delinquency among Primary School Pupils in Borno State, Nigeria

This study investigated work status of mothers as a factor of child delinquency among primary school pupils in Borno State, Nigeria. The study determined the differences of mothers work status and the nature of delinquencies associated with children of working and non-working group of mothers. The populations of the study were all mothers of delinquent pupils in primary schools in Borno State and their delinquent children. Data was collected from eight hundred mothers of work and non working status and the teachers of their delinquent children for the study. Stratified and purposive sampling was used to select the sample. Two types of self-made instrument: 55 items questionnaire and 26 items child delinquent rating scale with Alfa reliability index of 0.89 and 0.93 were used to collect data for the study. Data generated were analyzed by the use of descriptive statistic (simple percentage, mean and standard deviation) and standard step-wise multiple regression at alpha level of p< 0.05. Result indicated that there were differences in work status of mothers of delinquent pupils and nature of delinquency associated with children of mothers within work status groups. It is also observed that there is significant relationship between work status of a child rearing mothers and juvenile delinquency. It is recommended that strategies for reality counselling approach should be used for both working and non-working mothers on how to help their delinquent children. Government should also come up with concrete policy on how to care for children and working mothers by enforcing the policy of day care programme in places of work to solve numerous problems associated with where working mothers keep their children while working. This will also improve and enhance mother-child bonding.

Impact of Female Literacy and Workforce Participation on Child Nutritional Status in India: Panel Data Estimation

The current study aims to analyze the impact of maternal education and work status on child nutritional status in India. Child nutrition status is measured by underweight (Low weight-for-age), stunting (low height-for-age) and wasting (low weight-for-height). The study is based on the three rounds of NFHS data from 1992-93, 1998-99 and 2005-06 survey. The results suggest a significant impact of both maternal work status and education on the three indicators of nutrition standards. The results suggest that an increase in the percentage of non-working mothers leads to a negative impact on a child’s physical development in terms of height, weight and overall growth. Female’s literacy rates are not only seen to be associated significantly in reduction of the percentage of children being underweight, stunted or wasted, but also contributes in bringing down the child mortality rate in India.

Preferences for vaccines against children’s diarrheal illness among mothers in Poland and Hungary

PurposeAlthough the World Health Organization recommends universal rotavirus immunization, uptake of the vaccine is low in Poland and Hungary, where it is not covered by the National Immunization Program. This study aimed to quantify mothers’ preferences for vaccines preventing children’s diarrheal illness and to examine whether willingness to vaccinate varies with working status. MethodsMothers of children aged <3 years living in Poland and Hungary completed an online discrete-choice experiment survey. In each of 9 choice questions, respondents indicated whether they preferred no vaccination or one of two hypothetical vaccine profiles described in terms of 6 features. Vaccine preference parameters were estimated for working and non-working mothers using a random-parameter logit model and were used to calculate the relative importance of changes in vaccine features. Results350 mothers in Poland and 350 mothers in Hungary were surveyed. Of the attributes evaluated, changes in vaccine cost were most important in both countries, followed by changes in severity of illness prevented, vaccine effectiveness, mode of administration, duration of illness prevented, and number of doses. Mothers in both countries had a strong preference for vaccination versus no vaccination, which was more pronounced among working mothers. In Poland, working mothers placed less weight on effectiveness, illness severity, and cost than non-working mothers and were more likely to rate disruptions in work, child care, and routines as important reasons to vaccinate. In Hungary, working mothers were statistically significantly less likely to opt out of vaccination than non-working mothers. Preference for vaccination itself, relative to improving vaccine effectiveness (from 50% to 90% effective), was 7 times greater among working than among non-working mothers in Poland but was not considerably different between working and non-working mothers in Hungary. ConclusionsPolish and Hungarian working mothers are more likely to vaccinate children against diarrheal illness than non-working mothers.

A comparative study of impact of breastfeeding practices on the nutritional status of the infants among the working and non-working women

Background: Amongst the many determinants that influence the exclusivity of breastfeeding, the working status of the mother is the probably the most important.Methods: A comparative analysis was done regarding the feeding pattern in early infancy between working and non-working mothers. The anthropometric indices of the groups were studied and compared. 50 working mothers and non-working mothers were taken up for the study and they were followed on regular intervals i.e., 6, 10, 14, 18 and 24 weeks.Results: Age of working mothers was more than non-working mothers. 51.06% mothers in study group and 85.41% mothers in control group had exclusively breastfed their infants’ upto 18 weeks. The mean weight was 7.77 (0.52) and 7.35 (0.59) among female study and control group, 8.19 (0.50) and 7.84 (0.50) among male study and control group.Conclusions: Breastfeeding practices were comparable among the study and control group till the study group availed their maternity leave. Anthropometry is comparable among the study and control group for female babies, but there is a significant difference in anthropometry measures among male babies.

Level of aspiration of adolescent boys of working and non-working mothers

Level of aspiration of adolescent boys of working and non-working mothers

Social norms and female labor force participation in urban China

This study investigates the impact of social norms on the labor supply decision of married women in urban China. Our estimation results indicate that men raised by non-working mothers are more likely to support traditional gender roles, are more averse to having working wives, and tend to be less productive or less willing to engage in housework than other men. Consequently, the labor force participation rate of married women with non-working mothers-in-law is 5–18 percentage points lower than that of married women with working mothers-in-law in urban China.

Time cost of child rearing and its effect on women's uptake of free health checkups in Japan

Women of child-rearing age have the lowest uptake rates for health checkups in several developed countries. The time cost incurred by conflicting child-rearing roles may contribute to this gap in access to health checkups. We estimated the time cost of child rearing empirically, and analyzed its potential impact on uptake of free health checkups based on a sample of 1606 women with a spouse/partner from the dataset of a population-based survey conducted in the greater Tokyo metropolitan area in 2010. We used a selection model to estimate the counterfactual wage of non-working mothers, and estimated the number of children using a simultaneous equation model to account for the endogeneity between job participation and child rearing. The time cost of child rearing was obtained based on the estimated effects of women's wages and number of children on job participation. We estimated the time cost to mothers of rearing a child aged 0–3 years as 16.9 USD per hour, and the cost for a child aged 4–5 years as 15.0 USD per hour. Based on this estimation, the predicted uptake rate of women who did not have a child was 61.7%, while the predicted uptake rates for women with a child aged 0–3 and 4–5 were 54.2% and 58.6%, respectively. These results suggest that, although Japanese central/local governments provide free health checkup services, this policy does not fully compensate for the time cost of child rearing. It is strongly recommended that policies should be developed to address the time cost of child rearing, with the aim of closing the gender gap and securing universal access to preventive healthcare services in Japan.

Learning from our mothers: examining the role of intergenerational knowledge transfer in advancing gender equity among Sri Lankan youth

Abstract Background In a 2013 survey, over half of Sri Lankan men and women expressed gender-inequitable attitudes that equated masculinity with violence, and femininity with obedience to men. High rates of gender-inequitable attitudes are a community-level risk factor for gender-based violence including rape and intimate partner violence. In Sri Lanka, public health practitioners focused on reducing the health disparities resulting from gender inequity need to better understand the processes by which gender-inequitable attitudes develop and how to prevent them. The goal of this research was to identify potential points of intervention at which appropriate programmes and policies could most effectively cultivate gender-equitable attitudes among young people in Sri Lanka. Methods Over 9 months in 2016 and 2017, we interviewed more than 30 young adults in Sri Lanka to understand how their experiences helped them to develop their own gender identity, as well as to understand and respond to gender norms. Their responses were analysed using a grounded theory approach to explore which factors have most influenced the processes of gender norm learning, acceptance, or rejection throughout Sri Lankan young adults' lives. Findings Many interviews focused on the impact of elder family members on the interviewee's perception and acceptance of gender norms. Many young adults who did not agree with gender-inequitable norms reported receiving advice from their parents or other elder relatives to disregard norms and pursue their own non-conforming interests. In one example, many non-working mothers insisted on their daughters working and becoming financially independent. Interpretation Young people in Sri Lanka are repeatedly confronted by gender-inequitable attitudes in school, the media, politics, and society at large. However, family members can support youth to develop gender equitable attitudes and behaviours within this gender-inequitable society. Harnessing elders' positive wishes for their offspring's future may prove essential to advancing gender equity in the next generation of Sri Lankan adults. Even from gender-inequitable roles, parents may still support gender equity, and could be encouraged through public health interventions to support their children in realising their full potential. Elder family members are an untapped public health resource for advancing gender equity and reducing its related health disparities among Sri Lankan youth. Funding 2016 Fulbright US Student Grant.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF BREASTFEEDING AMONG WORKING AND NON-WORKING MOTHERS IN SAUDI ARABIA

last 3 decades that potentially promote women employment. The impact of working status on the mother’s awareness and practices of breastfeeding has never been the focus of previous local studies. Aim of work: to examine the awareness and practices of breastfeeding among working and non-working mothers in two centers in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among mothers attending the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) clinics at Saad Specialist Hospital, and at King Fahad University Hospital from January to April 2015. Data were collected during an interview that covered demographic characteristics of the mothers, as well as Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of breastfeeding. Results: A total 280 mothers (136 working and 144 non-working; 245 Saudi and 35 non-Saudi) were included in the study. The age ranged from 18 to 55 years with a mean of 29.9±8.0 years. The overall awareness of breastfeeding benefits and duration was 78.1%, with no significant difference between working and non-working mothers (79.3% versus 76.9%, p=0.195). Approximately 97.5% of the studied mothers initiated breastfeeding while 45.7% had exclusive breastfeeding for at least 6 months, with no significant differences by working status (p=0.716 and p=1.000, respectively). Several reasons for early stopping of exclusive breastfeeding were reported. Conclusion: Among mothers attending MCH services in two centers in the Eastern region, there was high awareness and better practices of breastfeeding than reported before, with no significant differences between working and non-working mothers.

Conditions of Food Consumption Related to Salt Intake in Women Aged 40-59 Years: Characteristics in Working Mothers of Medical University Students

The aims of this study were to clarify the conditions of food consumption related to salt intake in women aged 40-59 years and to determine the characteristics of working mothers. Among all guardians in a medical university, 247 (effective response rate, 32.2%) mothers of 40-59 years of age participated in this study. Factors related to salt intake were the frequency of consuming Japanese dishes (stewed foods, Japanese style rice, pickles, miso soup, noodles, vinegared dishes, marinated foods) and dietary habit (use of low-sodium seasoning when cooking, the amount of broth left unconsumed when eating noodle soup, the use of seasoning at the table). In comparison with the nonworking mothers, a greater number of the working mothers purchased smaller amount of fresh food and prepared meals for dinner in less than 30 minutes. Furthermore, the frequency of consuming Japanese dishes was also lower in the working mothers. This was not related to their state of mind or knowledge about salt consumption in relation to health and conscious effort to eat less salt, but rather to their longer work hours and shorter meal preparation time. Dietary habits are related to the state of mind, flavor, and knowledge and efforts to eat less salt. Working mothers, as well as nonworking mothers had dietary habits. For women in this age group, to reduce salt consumption, adopting ways to eat less salt at the table, which are feasible for everyone, are effective.

A comparative study to assess nutritional status among 3 to 5 years children of working and non-working mothers

A comparative study to assess nutritional status among 3 to 5 years children of working and non-working mothers