Non-working Hours Research Articles

Atmospheric mercury pollution caused by fluorescent lamp manufacturing and the associated human health risk in a large industrial and commercial city.

Although already eliminated in most industrial processes, mercury, as an essential ingredient in all energy-efficient lighting technologies, is still used in fluorescent lamp manufacturing. This study was conducted to investigate the atmospheric pollution caused by fluorescent lamp production and assess the associated public health risk in a large industrial and commercial city of south China, Zhongshan, which is a major production hub of lighting products. Concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM) in the atmosphere were measured over a total of 342 sites in the industrial, commercial, and residential areas. The average levels of TGM in the industrial, commercial, and residential areas prior to the landing of a typhoon were 12±11, 3.6±2.1, and 2.7±1.3ng⋅m-3, respectively. TGM concentrations in the industrial areas exhibited significant diurnal variation, with levels in the working hours being much higher than those in the non-working hours, which indicates that the high atmospheric mercury concentrations were contributed by local emissions, instead of regional transport. Most fluorescent lamp manufacturing activities in the city were shut down during a typhoon event, which resulted in a significant reduction in the average TGM level (down to 1.6±1.8ng⋅m-3) and rendered the difference in the average TGM levels in the industrial areas no longer significant between the working and non-working hours. Elevated TGM levels (up to 49ng⋅m-3) were found near clusters of small-scale fluorescent lamp workshops in both industrial and commercial areas, which is indicative of significant emissions of mercury vapor resulting from obsolete equipment and production technologies. No significant non-carcinogenic risk was found for the general residents in the sampling area over the study period, while the risk for the workers in the fluorescent lamp manufacturing facilities and workshops could be higher. These findings indicate that fluorescent lamp manufacturing in the developing countries is a major source of atmospheric mercury.

Predictive factors of a prolonged total ischemic time in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Abstract Introduction Total ischemic time (TIT), the time from symptom onset to therapeutic reperfusion of infarcted myocardium is a key factor in the treatment of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The identification of the predictive factors of a prolonged TIT will allow design specific strategies to optimize this time and improve the quality of care of these patients. Our objective was to evaluate independent factors predicting prolonged TIT. Methods We performed a prospective observational study, with consecutive inclusion of all patients presenting within 24 hours of symptom onset of STEMI (n=546), transferred to our center for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Results The median TIT was 190 (137–281) minutes. No significant differences were found according to the year of study. In the univariate analysis, age showed a slight trend (p=0.05); for each year that is increased, the TTI increases 1.3 minutes. Women had higher TII than men [219 (145–332) vs. 187 (133–270) minutes; p=0.02]. No statistically significant differences were found in relation to the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. Patients treated during non-working hours had shorter TIT than those treated during working hours [179 (130–252) vs. 202 (142–307) minutes; p=0.03]. The distance to a 24h-PCI hospital was an independent predictive factor. Those patients whose first medical contact (FMC) was in a non-PCI-capable hospital or in a clinic showed the highest TIT [226 (147–336) and 205 (146–304) minutes, respectively; p<0.001]. Patients with initial non-diagnostic ECG presented a significantly longer TIT (p<0.001) than patients correctly diagnosed since the beginning, with a median difference of 188 minutes. A trend was observed for the Killip-Kimball classification variable (p=0.07). Patients with previous infarction had shorter TIT compared to those who have never had it (p=0.02). In the multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, the variables: initial non-diagnostic ECG, FMC (in a non-PCI-capable hospital or clinic) and the distance to 24h-PCI hospital (>90 km) were independent predictive factors of a TIT >180 minutes. An initial non-diagnostic or misinterpreted ECG sextuples the risk of a prolonged TIT. Conclusions In our area, the total ischemic time is determined by a non-diagnostic or misinterpreted EKG, the first medical contact and the distance to a 24h-PCI hospital. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Z세대가 업무 외의 시간을 보내는 생활공간 니즈 연구

Z세대가 업무 외의 시간을 보내는 생활공간 니즈 연구

Frequency and Timing of Endovascular Therapy in Acute Stroke Patients: A Population-Based Analysis Using the Bremen Stroke Register

Background and Purpose: In patients with large vessel occlusions (LVOs), endovascular treatment (ET) has become the standard of care, so that the potential number of these patients needs to be considered for the effective implementation of comprehensive stroke services. However, population-based data on the incidence of ET are scarce. Methods: Using our prospective stroke register, in which all endovascular procedures on the 557,464 inhabitants of the city of Bremen are included, we performed a population-based analysis on the frequency and timing of ET in acute stroke patients with LVOs in the year 2017. Results: Out of a total of 1,448 acute ischemic stroke patients, 173 patients (12%) had received ET (161 patients in the anterior circulation and 12 patients in the posterior circulation). Among these, 95 patients were inhabitants of Bremen. The population-based incidence thus was 17 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14–21) ET cases per 100,000 person-years. The number of stroke procedures per month varied from 9 to 19 (median: 14.5; interquartile range [IQR]: 12–17). The number of stroke procedures per month and 100,000 inhabitants varied from 0.7 to 2.1 (median: 1.4; IQR: 0.9–1.7). Many procedures (53%) were performed during nonwork hours (between 17:00 h and 06:59 h or weekends). Conclusions: Approximately 12% of all ischemic stroke patients received ET, and the incidence of ET was 17 (95% CI: 14–21) cases per 100,000 person-years. However, despite being a high-volume center, the absolute number of stroke procedures per month was low, and many patients were treated during nonwork hours.

Procedural Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention During Normal Work Hours Versus Non-work Hours

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed during non-work hours is believed to have inferior outcomes because of operator fatigue, differences in baseline patient characteristics, and fewer on-call catheterization laboratory staff. We aimed to analyze a cohort of patients who underwent PCI (all comers) at our tertiary-care center between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2018, and compare procedural and in-hospital outcomes between 2 groups defined by whether PCI was performed during normal work hours (7:00 A.M. to 7:00 PM) versus non-work hours (7:01 P.M. to 6:59 A.M. weekdays; all hours weekends and holidays). Finally, we examined temporal changes throughout the 24-hour weekday. Primary outcomes were unadjusted in-hospital adverse outcomes (composite death, recurrent myocardial infarction, emergent coronary artery bypass grafting, and target lesion revascularization). We identified 21,848 patients who underwent PCI at our institution. The proportions of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) were higher during non-work hours. Overall, unadjusted in-hospital adverse outcomes were higher during non-work hours than during normal work hours (8.80% vs 2.00%; p <0.001). These findings were consistent based on the patient's clinical presentation (STEMI, NSTEMI, unstable angina, and stable angina). Despite confounding variables in the patients' presentations preventing definite causal attribution, our analysis demonstrates that in-hospital adverse outcomes were higher for those patients who underwent PCI (all comers) who had their procedures during non-work hours than during normal work hours.

Does Active Leisure Improve Worker Well-Being? An Experimental Daily Diary Approach

Engagement in leisure activities during non-work hours has been postulated to benefit worker well-being through need fulfillment and satisfaction during leisure experiences. This study explored whether an active leisure intervention among employees improves daily leisure domain-specific need fulfillment and enjoyment, which subsequently promotes workers’ global subjective well-being. This study used an experimental daily diary approach, which randomly assigned employed participants (N = 79) to engage in either an active leisure intervention for 1 week or receive no intervention. Using multilevel path analysis, we found that participants in the active leisure intervention group experienced higher levels of life satisfaction and general positive affect after 1 week compared to those in the no intervention group, after controlling pre-intervention experiences. The active leisure intervention was effective in increasing competence and autonomy during leisure, and competence mediated the effect of active leisure intervention on life satisfaction. Through the use of a novel combination of experimental and daily diary designs, these findings offer initial evidence that an active leisure intervention might be effective in a working population.

Simulation and optimization of the operation strategy of ASHP heating system: A case study in Tianjin

Air-source heat pump (ASHP) has been widely applied in heating systems of school buildings. In order to achieve building energy efficiency while ensuring indoor thermal comfort, the paper compared the effects of different operation strategies including intermittent heating mode in non-working hours and setpoint of return water temperature in working hours. A middle school building in Tianjin, China is chosen as a case study and its physical model is developed by using the EnergyPlus tool. After verifying the validity of the model, the article simulated 64 different operation conditions produced by combining 8 start-up times with 8 return water temperature setpoints to find a better operation mode of the intermittent heating. Results indicate that running at a lower water temperature with an earlier start-up time is more energy efficient compared with running at a higher water temperature with a later start-up time while meeting the thermal comfort requirement. In addition, by changing the return water temperature setpoints hourly based on the outdoor air temperatures, the situation of overheating and undercooling during working hours has been well improved and the energy saving rate is about 17% during the entire heating season.

The Invisible Leash: The Impact of Organizational Expectations for Email Monitoring After-Hours on Employee Resources, Well-Being, and Turnover Intentions

Emerging research demonstrates detrimental effects of work-related email use after-hours on employee emotions and well-being. This article extends existing literature by examining organizational expectations for email monitoring (OEEM) during nonwork hours as an antecedent of employee low work detachment, emotional exhaustion, diminished work–life balance, and increased turnover intentions. Adapting the conservation of resources perspective, we theorize that OEEM leads to negative individual and organizational outcomes via two different paths: lack of work detachment, and emotional depletion. The findings of a study with time-separated data collected from a large sample of 570 working adults support our predictions that OEEM decreases employee work–life balance through both low work detachment and emotional exhaustion, while the indirect effect of OEEM on employee turnover intentions is mediated by employee emotional exhaustion, and by work detachment through emotional exhaustion. We also find that decrease in work–life balance is negatively correlated with employee intentions to leave the company, but that this direct effect is not significant in the full model. Finally, we demonstrate that the time employees spend on work-related emails after-hours is not the main driver of negative outcomes. Taken together, our findings highlight deleterious implications of OEEM on employee resources and subsequent organization-related outcomes.

Natural Patterns of Sitting, Standing and Stepping During and Outside Work-Differences between Habitual Users and Non-Users of Sit-Stand Workstations.

Sit–stand workstations have shown to reduce sitting time in office workers on a group level. However, movement behaviour patterns might differ between subgroups of workers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine sitting, standing and stepping outcomes between habitual users and non-users of sit–stand workstations. From an international office population based in the Netherlands, 24 users and 25 non-users of sit–stand workstations were included (all had long-term access to these workstations). Using the ActivPAL, sitting, standing and stepping were objectively measured during and outside working hours. Differences in outcomes between users and non-users were analysed using linear regression. During working hours, users sat less (−1.64; 95% IC= −2.27–−1.01 h/8 h workday) and stood more (1.51; 95% IC= 0.92–2.10 h/8 h workday) than non-users. Attenuated but similar differences were also found for total sitting time over the whole week. Furthermore, time in static standing bouts was relatively high for users during working hours (median= 0.56; IQR = 0.19−1.08 h/8 h workday). During non-working hours on workdays and during non-working days, no differences were found between users and non-users. During working hours, habitual users of their sit–stand workstation sat substantially less and stood proportionally more than non-users. No differences were observed outside working hours, leading to attenuated but similar differences in total sitting and standing time between users and non-users for total days. This indicated that the users of sit–stand workstations reduced their sitting time at work, but this seemed not to be accompanied by major carry-over or compensatory effects outside working hours.

A Comprehensive Multi-Scenario Routing Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Control Theory in Opportunistic Social Network

With the flourishing of big data and the 5G era, the amount of data to be transmitted in the communication process is increasing, and end-to-end communication in traditional social networks has been unable to meet the current communication needs. Therefore, in order to improve the success rate of data forwarding, social networks propose that the sender of the message should reasonably choose the next hop node. However, existing routing and forwarding algorithms do not take into account nodes that are live in different scenarios, and the applicable next hop node metrics are also different. These algorithms only consider the forwarding preferences of the nodes during working hours and do not consider the forwarding preferences of the nodes during non-working hours. We propose a routing algorithm based on fuzzy decision theory, which aims at a more accurate decision on selecting the next hop. A routing and forwarding algorithm based on fuzzy decision is proposed in this paper. This algorithm symmetrical divides scenes in opportunistic social networks into working time and non-working time according to real human activity. In addition, metrics are designed symmetrically for these two scenarios. Simulation results demonstrate that, in the best case, the proposed scheme presents an average delivery ratio of 0.95 and reduces the average end-to-end delay and average overhead compared with the epidemic routing algorithm, the EIMSTalgorithm, the ICMT algorithm, and the FCNSalgorithm.

ISEA: IoT-based smartphone energy assistant for prompting energy-aware behaviors in commercial buildings

Providing personalized energy-use information to individual occupants enables the adoption of energy-aware behaviors in commercial buildings. However, the implementation of individualized feedback still remains challenging due to the difficulties in collecting personalized data, tracking personal behaviors, and delivering personalized tailored information to individual occupants. Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are used in a variety of applications including real-time monitoring, control, and decision-making due to the flexibility of these technologies for fusing different data streams. In this paper, we propose a novel IoT-based smartphone energy assistant (iSEA) framework which prompts energy-aware behaviors in commercial buildings. iSEA tracks individual occupants through tracking their smartphones, uses a deep learning approach to identify their energy usage, and delivers personalized tailored feedback to impact their usage. iSEA particularly uses an energy-use efficiency index (EEI) to understand behaviors and categorize them into efficient and inefficient behaviors. The iSEA architecture includes four layers: physical, cloud, service, and communication. The results of implementing iSEA in a commercial building with ten occupants over a twelve-week duration demonstrate the validity of this approach in enhancing individualized energy-use behaviors. An average of 34% energy savings was measured by tracking occupants’ EEI by the end of the experimental period. In addition, the results demonstrate that commercial building occupants often ignore controlling over lighting systems at their departure events that leads to wasting energy during non-working hours. By utilizing the existing IoT devices in commercial buildings, iSEA significantly contributes to support research efforts into sensing and enhancing energy-aware behaviors at minimal costs.

Analysis of the unsteady temperature condition of a building during non-working hours when heating load is decreased

This paper examines the issue of fuel and energy resources conservation through the non-working hours heating load decrease. The paper’s objective is the determination of savings when non-working hours heating load is decreased, considering the unsteadiness of the heat transfer processes through the enclosing structures, heating modes determination, which ensure the required microclimate parameters in the building during working hours. The analysis of the unsteady temperature condition has been conducted using systems of differential equations, the heating load decrease method has been suggested with further calculation for the existing building and technical-and-economic evaluation of the suggested energy conservation measure. To solve this problem the mathematical model was constructed, which considers the unsteadi-ness of weather conditions and temperature conditions of the building when the heating load is decreased. The method of heating load decrease was suggested with further savings calculation for the High School № 4 in Belgorod city. The modeling helped to establish that to ensure steady microclimate parameters in the building after period of heating load decrease to 12°C ends, it is necessary to conduct short-duration overheating of the building by increasing inside temperature to 21°C for the period from 5:00 till 9:00, to prevent loss of heat by the enclosing structures. When the room temperature during non-working hours is decreased to 12°C the cal-culated economy is 10%.

Air Pollution Emissions 2008-2018 from Australian Coal Mining: Implications for Public and Occupational Health.

Occupational exposure limits for respirable coal dust are based on exposure during working hours, but coal miners may experience additional community-based exposures during nonworking hours. We analyzed Australia National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) data for the years 2008–2018 to estimate air pollutants (metals, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter ≤ 10 micrometers (PM10) and ≤2.5 micrometers (PM2.5)) originating from coal mines. PM10 levels from community-based air monitors in Queensland and New South Wales were also compared between mining and nonmining communities. Results indicated that tons of coal mined increased over the study period, and that levels of particulate matter, metals, and nitrogen oxides increased significantly over time as well. Coal mines accounted for 42.1% of national PM10 air emissions from NPI sites. PM2.5 from coal mines accounted for 19.5% of the national total, metals for 12.1%, and nitrogen oxides for 10.1%. Coal mining occurred in 57 different post codes; the 20 coal-mining post codes with the highest PM10 emissions were home to 160,037 people. Emissions of all studied pollutants were significantly higher from coal mining sites than from other types of NPI sites. Results from community-based air monitoring stations indicated significantly higher population PM10 exposure in coal mining communities than in nonmining communities. The health of the public at large is impacted by coal mining, but to the extent that miners also live near coal mining operations, their total exposure is underestimated by consideration of exposure only during working hours.

CRT-100.88 Procedural Characteristics and Trends of Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Being Performed During Normal Work Versus Non-Work Hours

It has been thought that percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed during off hours may have worse procedural outcomes due to operator fatigue, patient characteristics and a difference in the process of care through the hospital. We sought to analyze a large cohort of patients who underwent

ST-Segment Elevation ACS: Impact of Time to Diagnosis on Door-To- Balloon Time in the Real World. Data from the ARGEN-IAM-ST Registry

Background: Time elapsed from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis (TTD) can influence in achieving a door-to-balloon time<90 min (DBT <90 min). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 1,518 patients prospectively and consecutively included in the ARGENAMI-ST registry. In 37.8% of cases. patients were treated with DBT <90 min and a median TTD of 120 min (IQR 60-266).The population was divided according to TTD above or below 120 min. A DBT <90 min was achieved more frequently inthose with TTD <120 min: 44% vs. 32.2% (p <0.001) respectively. Results: In patients with in situ percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and TTD 120 min (p 120 min (p: 0.003), as well as in patients admitted during non-working hours:41.9% vs. 30.4% (p <0.001). The independent predictors of achieving a DBT <90 min in the multivariate analysis were age<75 years: OR 1.57 (1.1-2.25; p: 0.01), PCI during working hours: OR 1.32 (1.04-1.67; p: 0.002), PCI in situ: OR 2.4 (1.9-3.0;p <0.001), having a pre-hospital ECG: OR 2.22 (1.73-2.86; p <0.001) and a TTD <120 min: OR 1.53 (1.23-1.9; p <0.001). Conclusions: In patients with TTD <120 minutes, a DBT <90 minutes is more frequently achieved, especially in those treated insitu and during working hours. In referred patients, only 1 in 3 achieves a DBT<90 min and there is no relationship with TTD.

ASSOCIATIONS OF EXCESS BODY WEIGHT, SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG AGE POPULATION (25-35 YEARS OLD) IN NOVOSIBIRSK

Purpose : To study the associations of overweight with the level of physical activity and some socio-economic factors in the young population of Novosibirsk. Material and methods. A cross-sectional survey of the young population of Novosibirsk was carried out, 697 people (45 % of men) were examined. Overweight was determined at body mass index values ≥25 <30 kg/m2, obesity – ≥30 kg/m2. The waist to height ratio was calculated, the value 0.5 was taken as the cut-off point. Physical activity was determined using the international self-reported physical activity questionnaire over the last 7 days (IPAQ). The screen time (a time spent in front of a TV screen and computer during working and non-working hours for the last 7 days) was estimated. A number of socio-economic factors were studied, such as education (higher, secondary and secondary vocational), marital status (married / extramarital partnership, single / divorced), employment (working, not working). Results . The prevalence of overweight in men was about twice as high as in women (36.8 % versus 21.0 %, p < 0.05), while obesity was recorded almost the same in both genders. In 53% of men and 62% of women, the frequency of physical activity did not exceed 1 time per month. The average screen time per week was 35.0 hours, without gender differences. The chances of having low physical activity were higher with increasing screen time and waist / height index. Employment also influenced weight and height parameters. In non-working people, BMI, waist circumference and waist to height ratio were significantly lower than in working people. Marital status was associated with the level of physical activity: persons in any family relationships (married / partnership) had a 1.5 times greater risk of low physical activity. Among persons with high education, significantly lower figures for waist circumference and waist / height index were revealed, and screen time was higher. Conclusion . cross-sectional survey of the young population of Novosibirsk, associations of overweight indicators with the level of physical activity and some socio-economic factors (education, marital status, employment) were revealed.

The Individual Welfare Costs of Stay at Home Policies

This paper reports the results of a choice experiment designed to estimate the private welfare costs of stay-at-home policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is conducted on a large and representative sample of the Swedish population. The results suggest that the welfare cost of a one-month stay-at-home policy, restricting non-working hours away from home, amounts to 9.1 percent of Sweden's monthly GDP. Moreover, we find that stricter and longer lockdowns are disproportionately more costly than lenient ones, indicating that strict policies are cost-effective only if they are much more successful in slowing the spread of the disease.

The Value of Time: Evidence from Auctioned Cab Rides

We estimate valuations of time using detailed consumer choice data from a large European ride hail platform, where drivers bid on trips and consumers choose between a set of potential rides with different prices and waiting times. We estimate consumer demand as a function of prices and waiting times. While demand is responsive to both, price elasticities are on average four times higher than waiting-time elasticities. We show how these estimates can be mapped into values of time that vary by place, person, and time of day. Regarding variation within a day, the value of time during non-work hours is 16% lower than during work hours. Regarding the spatial dimension, our value of time measures are highly correlated both with real estate prices and urban GPS travel flows. We apply our measures to quantify the opportunity cost of traffic congestion in Prague, which we estimate at $483,000 per day.

Killing Me Softly: Organizational E-mail Monitoring Expectations’ Impact on Employee and Significant Other Well-Being

This paper tests the relationship between organizational expectations to monitor work-related electronic communication during nonwork hours and the health and relationship satisfaction of employees and their significant others. We integrate resource-based theories with research on interruptions to position organizational expectations for e-mail monitoring (OEEM) during nonwork time as a psychological stressor that elicits anxiety due to employee attention allocation conflict. E-mail–triggered anxiety, in turn, negatively affects the health and relationship quality of employees and their significant others. We conducted three studies to test our propositions. Using the experience sampling method with 108 working U.S. adults, Study 1 established within-employee effects of OEEM on anxiety, employee health, and relationship conflict. Study 2 used a sample of 138 dyads of full-time employees and their significant others to replicate detrimental health and relationship effects of OEEM through anxiety. It also showed crossover effects of OEEM on partner health and relationship satisfaction. Finally, Study 3 employed a two-wave data collection method with an online sample of 162 U.S. working adults to provide additional support for the OEEM construct as a distinct and reliable job stressor and replicated findings from Studies 1 and 2. Taken together, our research extends the literature on work-related electronic communication at the interface of work and nonwork boundaries, deepening our understanding of the impact of OEEM on employees and their families’ health and well-being.

Analysis of degree characteristics in airport networks

Flight operation data provides a record of air traffic behaviour in detail, and has become an important resource for studying air traffic patterns. In this paper, the degree characteristic of air traffic networks is studied using flight operation data in order to explain air traffic behaviour. The degree indexes were founded from the perspective of network structure and network function based on complex network theory and traffic flow theory. The connectivity degree, traffic degree and delay degree were established, and the characteristics of these three degrees were studied based on American flight data from different days in 2015 over different time periods of each day. Research shows that at all scales the number degrees, volume degrees and duration degrees are all of power-law distribution, and the power exponents are different depending on the scale, date and index. The power exponents fluctuate from 0.5 to 1.5. In general, the connectivity degree exponent is greater than that of the traffic degree and the delay degree. The duration degree exponent is greater than the traffic degree. The exponents are greater on holidays than they are on non-holidays, as well as during non-working hours than during working hours of the day. Compared with non-holidays, the average connectivity degree and delay degree are larger on holidays, and the average traffic degree is smaller. This reveals that most airports only provide flights to one airport, and the airports’ numbers and flight volumes both decrease on holidays. The power indexes of the delay degree and traffic degree are basically the same. The main mode of traffic (arrivals or departures) during each time period is also studied.