Non-white Skin Color Research Articles

Disengagement from the Ribeirão Preto early intervention program for psychosis: A retrospective cohort study

BackgroundTreatment discontinuation within Early Intervention Services (EIS) for psychosis poses a significant challenge to achieving better outcomes in the early stages of psychotic disorders. Prevalence and predictors of early disengagement from EIS located in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remain poorly investigated. We aimed to examine the rates and predictors of disengagement from the Ribeirão Preto Early Intervention Program for Psychosis (Ribeirão Preto-EIP) in Brazil. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from patients referred to the Ribeirão Preto-EIP between January 01, 2015, and December 31, 2018. Exclusion criteria were individuals with a single consultation, a diagnosis other than a psychotic disorder, and documented cases of death. ResultsOur sample comprised 234 patients, with an overall median follow-up time of 14.2 months. Early treatment disengagement was observed in 26.5 % (n=62), with a median time to disengagement of 5.25 months. Univariable analysis identified non-white skin color (HR=2.10, 95 %CI 1.26–3.49), positive THC screening (HR=2.22, 95 %CI 1.23–4.01), and substance-induced psychosis (HR=2.15, 95 %CI 1.10–4.21) as significant predictors. In multivariable analysis, only non-white skin color remained a significant predictor of early disengagement (HR=1.87, 95 %CI 1.08–3.27). ConclusionsThe observed rates of early disengagement in our sample are similar to those reported in wealthy countries, but higher than previously reported for LMICs. Non-white skin color predicted early disengagement in our sample, probably due to social disadvantages. Our data highlights the need for enhanced research elucidating the specific features of EIS in LMICs.

Ideación suicida, uso de sustancias psicoactivas y sufrimiento mental entre la población sin hogar de un municipio brasileño

Objective: to characterize the presence of suicidal ideation, use of psychoactive substances and mental distress among homeless people. Methodology: a cross sectional study carried out with 127 participants. Data were collected through the application of a questionnaire containing sociodemographic data, economic information related to living and health conditions and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire; the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test; and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Data analysis was carried out descriptively. Results: 37% of the sample reported suicidal ideation, with predominance of the female gender (52.6%), adults (from 30 to 39 years old) (36.3%), non-white skin color (35.2%), low schooling level (39.7%), without a partner (36.4%) and earning no income (36.7%). Problematic consumption of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and cocaine was observed among the participants with suicidal ideation. More than half of the sample that presented suicidal ideation was experiencing mental distress. Conclusion: suicidal ideation was identified in a significant portion of the sample. Problematic use of psychoactive substances and mental distress were also prevalent in those with suicidal ideation.

Factors associated with suicide risk in young women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: A population-based study.

Women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are more likely to report suicide ideation and behavior when compared to women without PMDD. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the risk factors for suicide risk in women with PMDD. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the factors associated with suicide risk in young women with PMDD. This is a cross-sectional study including 128 young women with PMDD who were recruited from the community. PMDD and suicide risk were assessed by trained psychologists using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-PLUS). Suicide risk evaluation includes six questions that assess suicidal intention, planning and previous attempts. Subjects who answer yes to any of the six questions are classified as having current suicide risk. The prevalence of current suicide risk in women with PMDD was 28.1%. The factors associated with suicide risk in this population were: presenting current panic disorder (OR: 18.71 [95% CI: 1.02 - 343.27], p=0.048), a non-white skin color (OR: 4.18 [CI 95%: 1.28 - 13.61], p=0.018), greater severity of depressive symptoms (OR: 1.22 [95% CI: 1.12 - 1.32], < 0.001), and history of childhood trauma (OR: 1.04 [95% CI: 1.01 - 1.08], 0.010). Our findings indicate that there are key sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with suicide risk in young women with PMDD, enabling clinicians to identify at-risk individuals who could benefit from further screening and interventions.

Neonatal outcomes associated with tobacco, alcohol, and crack use during pregnancy in three Neonatal Intensive Care Units.

Despite the prevalence of substance use during pregnancy, studies focusing exclusively on Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) admissions remain limited. This study investigates the impact of maternal use of tobacco, alcohol, and/or crack, on neonatal outcomes among infants admitted to three Brazilian NICUs. Additionally, the investigation explores the impact of substance use on DNA damage in newborns. Over a one-year period, data from 254 newborns were collected through medical records, accompanied by blood samples. Findings revealed that 16.1% of newborns had mothers reporting substance use during pregnancy. Significant associations were found between maternal substance use and adverse neonatal outcomes, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and sexually transmitted infections. Maternal variables linked to substance use encompassed non-white skin color, low education, non-masonry housing, lower income, diseases in other children, and fewer prenatal consultations. Notably, neonatal DNA damage showed no significant association with substance use. Our results underscore the substantial impact of maternal substance use on NICU-admitted infants, emphasizing the necessity for targeted interventions that address both neonatal health and maternal well-being, thereby underscoring the crucial role of comprehensive care in NICU settings.

Factors associated with bacterial vaginosis in women with homosexual, bisexual and heterosexual practices.

The factors associated with bacterial vaginosis in women with homosexual, bisexual and heterosexual practices are still poorly explored. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the factors associated with bacterial vaginosis in women with different sexual practices. Cross-sectional study that included 453 women, 149 Women with Homosexual practice (WSW); 80 bisexual Women (WSWM) and 224 Women with heterosexual practice (WSM). The diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis was performed by microscopic examination of the vaginal smears stained by Gram method and classified according to the Nugent et al. (1991) score. Data analysis was performed by Cox multiple regression. Bacterial vaginosis was associated to years of education among WSW (0.91 [95% CI 0.82‒0.99]; p=0.048) and non-white skin color (2.34 [95% CI 1.05‒5.19]; p=0.037) between WSWM. Changing partners in the last 3-months (2.09 [95% CI 1.14‒3.82]; p=0.017), inconsistent use of condoms (2.61 [95% CI 1.10‒6.20]; p=0.030) and positive diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis (2.40 [95% CI 1.01‒5.73]; p=0.048) were associated with bacterial vaginoses only in WSH. The factors associated to bacterial vaginosis differ between different sexual practices, suggesting that the type of sexual partner may influence the risk of developing this classic dysbiosis.

Combined association between physical inactivity and non-white skin color exacerbates the chance of diabetes during the Covid-19 pandemic: a population-based study in Brazil

Combined association between physical inactivity and non-white skin color exacerbates the chance of diabetes during the Covid-19 pandemic: a population-based study in Brazil

Contraception in women with diabetes: adequacy of medical files registration and prescription - a cross-section study.

To describe the adequacy of diabetes mellitus (DM) patient's files registry regarding contraception method (CM), factors associated with lack of registry, and if prescription is in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) eligibility criteria. This cross-sectional study was developed in two phases: (1) electronic medical records of women with DM who attended the outpatient clinic of a university hospital were reviewed to identify women in reproductive age and to look for CM registration and (2) interviews regarding contraception use, comorbidities and chronic DM complications. Among 1069 files analyzed, 313 women with DM in childbearing age were identified. Out of those, 55.3% had a CM registered. Age >40 years, non-white skin color, and ≤11 years of education were associated with no registration. Of the 270 women interviewed, 201 (74.4%) were using CM. Out of the 69 patients not on CM, 51 fertile patients were at risk of an unplanned pregnancy (18.8% of the sample). The most frequently used method was oral hormonal (combined: 34.3%; progestin-only: 17.9%), and 67 (33.3%) were using an inadequate method (WHO eligibility category 3/4). One third of women with DM are in childbearing age. Older age, non-white skin color, and lower education level were associated with lack of CM registration. One-third of respondents were using CM inappropriate for their clinical condition and one-fifth were at risk for an unplanned pregnancy. So, improvements in family planning for women with DM should be instituted.

Triagem positiva para transtorno depressivo maior em gestantes de alto risco

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the frequency of positive screening for major depressive disorder and associated factors in high-risk pregnant women at a reference hospital of the Brazilian Public Health System. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 184 high-risk pregnant women at the Maternity at the Hospital Regional de São José , SC, Brazil. Positive screening for major depressive disorder using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale was selected as the dependent variable. Socio-demographic and pregnancy-related variables were also collected. Data were analyzed using Poisson regression with a robust estimator, including all variables that presented a p-value &lt; 0.20 in the bivariate analysis. Statistically significant differences were considered when p ≤ 0.05. Results: The frequency of positive screening for major depressive disorder was 37.5%. Non-white skin color, income of less than USD 572,56 per month and maternal age of less than 18 years or greater than or equal to 35 years were statistically and independently associated with positive screening for major depressive disorder in high-risk pregnant women. Conclusion: The frequency of positive screening for major depressive disorder in the high-risk pregnant women studied was 37.5%. The frequency was statistically associated with skin color, family income and extremes in the maternal age.

Age, skin color, self-rated health, and depression associated with co-occurrence of obesogenic behaviors in university students: a cross-sectional study.

The university context plays an important role in the health-disease process since students are potentially vulnerable to obesogenic behaviors that can influence long-term health. To estimate the prevalence of and factors associated with the co-occurrence of obesogenic behaviors among university students. This was a cross-sectional study at a Brazilian public university. This study was conducted with all university students in the first and second semesters of 2019 at Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data were collected between April and September 2019, using a self-administered questionnaire. The outcome was the co-occurrence of obesogenic behaviors, measured as the sum of three risk behaviors: inadequate eating practices, leisure-time physical inactivity, and sedentary behavior. A Venn diagram was used to evaluate the simultaneous occurrence of risk behaviors. Pearson's chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analyses. A total of 351 students participated in the study. Inadequate eating practices constituted the most prevalent isolated risk behavior (80.6%), which was also the most prevalent when combined with sedentary behavior (23.6%). University students aged 20 years or younger, with non-white skin color, poor self-rated health, and symptoms of depression had increased chances of simultaneous occurrence of obesogenic behaviors. These findings highlight the importance of developing and implementing actions to reduce combined obesogenic behaviors in the university environment. Institutions should focus on creating an environment that promotes health-protective behaviors such as physical activity and healthy eating.

Fatores associados à percepção da silhueta atual e à insatisfação da imagem corporal em adultos com obesidade

ABSTRACT Objective To verify the factors associated with the perception of current silhouette and body image dissatisfaction in adults with obesity. Methods Cross-sectional study derived from the baseline of a randomized clinical trial. The perception of current silhouette and dissatisfaction with body image, defined by the difference between the perception of current and ideal silhouette, were obtained from a scale that ranged from one (smallest silhouette) to nine (largest silhouette). The independent variables investigated as associated factors (crude and adjusted linear regression) were: sex, age, skin color, body mass index (kg/m2), percentage of body fat, level of physical activity, and food intake. Results Sixty-nine obese individuals (body mass index ≥30kg/m2) were studied, 42 of whom were female and with the following mean values: 34.7 (±7.2) years; 33.5 (±2.8) kg/m2, and current silhouette of 6.6 (±0.9). All were dissatisfied with their excess body weight. The categories associated with a perception that matched the current silhouettes were male sex, white skin color, and higher body mass index values when compared to female sex, non-white, and lower body mass index values, respectively. Regarding body image dissatisfaction, white people had lower scores than those with other skin colors. Conclusion Being male, having white skin color, and having a higher body mass index were risk factors for the perception of larger body silhouettes, while only non-white skin color was associated with dissatisfaction with body image.

Factors associated with poor academic performance among undergraduate dental students: A cross-sectional study.

To evaluate the factors associated with poor academic performance among undergraduate dental students enrolled at a public university in Brazil. A semi-structured questionnaire addressing the exploratory variables of interest (sociodemographic and economic characteristics, use of medications and drugs, dentistry as the first choice of undergraduate course, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) was hosted on Google Forms and shared with all dental students at the Federal University of Pelotas. Academic performance was evaluated based on institutional records, access to which the participants had previously authorized; students with good (average≥7.0 points) or poor academic performance (average<7.0 points) were considered. Adjusted logistic regressions were performed to verify the association between academic performance and the exploratory variables (p<0.05). In total, 244 students were included, of whom 18.8% had poor academic performance. Increased age (OR: 1.34; 95%CI: 1.18-1.52), non-white skin color (OR: 1.34; 95%CI: 1.18-1.52), the use of medications for anxiety and depression (OR: 1.34; 95%CI: 1.18-1.52), and poor sleep quality (OR: 1.34; 95%CI: 1.18-1.52) were factors associated with poor academic performance. A low prevalence of poor academic performance was observed. Non-white skin color, increased age, use of anxiolytics or antidepressants, and poor or disturbed sleep may reduce dental students' academic performance.

Determinants of death from malformations of the circulatory system

Abstract Background Congenital malformations (CMs) were the second cause of death in infants under the age of 1 year in North America and Europe in 2017, behind perinatal causes.Of the CMs, those of the circulatory system (MCSs) were the most lethal. Studies in Brazil, North America and England have reported higher mortality from MCS in the presence of prematurity, non-white skin color of the newborn, asphyxia, low birthweigth, advanced maternal age, and low maternal education level. The magnitudes of those associations vary. Those studies have investigated neither the risk of death from MCS, with control of the mediation provoked by those and other variables, nor the construction of a model to explain the relationship between variables and deaths. Objective To assess the associations of maternal geographic and socioeconomic factors, as well as gestational and birth factors, with deaths from MCSs in the first year of life in Brazil from 2006 to 2016, and to build an explanatory model of the relationship between variables and death. Methods Study of the Brazilian databases Information System on Live Births and Mortality Information System, which were linked by deterministic relationship and submitted to the cohort strategy. Crude and controlled relative risks were estimated. Acyclic graphs directed the creation of explanatory models of the relationship between maternal and fetal variables and the risks of death from MCSs and all causes. Results The deterministic linkage of 32,011,727 live birth certificates and 266,215 deaths yielded 248,027 linked pairs. Low birth weight (RR=14.38), asphyxia in the first (RR=5.95) and fifth minute (RR=11.86), maternal age ≥35 years (RR=1.66), male sex (RR=1.13), residing in the West-Central Brazil (RR=1.22) and small number of prenatal visits (RR=2.24) increased the risk of death from MCSs. Prematurity and multiple-gestation pregnancy had effects on death mediated by low birth weight and asphyxia regardless of the cause of death. Maternal education level and skin color did not increase the risk of death from MCS but influenced deaths from other causes. Conclusion The explanatory model of the relation of maternal geographic and socioeconomic, gestational and birth factors with deaths in the first year of life in Brazil from 2006 to 2016 showed that the small number of prenatal visits, male sex, low birthweigth, and presence of asphyxia in the first and fifth minutes are variables with a direct effect on the risk of death regardless of the cause of death. Deaths from MCSs in the West-Central regions and maternal age ≥35 years pose a higher risk of death, but this effect was not evidenced for other causes of death. Better gestational care with an adequate number of prenatal visits would enable the early diagnosis of MCSs with proper life support and treatment. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Screening of latent tuberculosis infection among patients with diabetes mellitus from a high-burden area in Brazil.

Although several cohort studies have raised the important association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), evidences are limited and controversial. Furthermore, it is well documented that the poor glycemic control may exacerbate the risk for active TB. Thus, the monitoring of diabetic patients living in high-incidence areas for TB is an important concern in views of available diagnostic tests for LTBI. In this cross-sectional study, we estimate the association of DM and LTBI among diabetic patients classified as type-1 DM (T1D) or type-2 DM (T2D) living in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil - considered a high TB burden region of these country. Non-DM volunteers were included as endemic area healthy controls. All participants were screened for DM using glycosylated-hemoglobin (HbA1c) and for LTBI using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold in Tube (QFT-GIT). Demographic, socioeconomic, clinical and laboratorial data were also assessed. Among 553 included participants, 88 (15.9%) had QFT-GIT positive test, of which 18 (20.5%) were non-DM, 30 (34.1%) T1D and 40 (45.4%) T2D. After adjustments for potential baseline confounders, age, self-reported non-white skin color and an active TB case in the family were significantly associated with LTBI among the studied population by using a hierarchical multivariate logistic regression analysis. Additionally, we verified that T2D patients were able to produce significant increased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) plasma levels in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens, when compared to non-DM individuals. Altogether, our data showed an increased prevalence of LTBI among DM patients, albeit non-statistically significant, and point out to important independent factors associated with LTBI, which deserve attention in monitoring patients with DM. Moreover, QFT-GIT test seems to be a good tool to screening LTBI in this population, even in a high TB burden area.

Associated factors for post-partum weight retention in adolescent mothers: a prospective study

Objective: To assess weight retention in adolescent mothers at the fourth postpartum month and its association with sociodemographic, reproductive, anthropometric and behavioral factors. Methods: Prospective longitudinal study. The survey was conducted in all public and private maternity hospitals in a city in the east of Minas Gerais State. All adolescent mothers (age &lt;20 years) with childbirth at gestational age ≥37 weeks, without chronic disease, living in the municipality, whose delivery occurred between October/2018 and October/2019 participated. The first one took place 48-hours postpartum and the second, four months later. Four months postpartum the interview took place at the home of the mothers. Associations between variables were verified using Simple and Multiple Linear Regression. Results: Of the 367 interviewed adolescent mothers at the maternity hospitals, the predominant characteristics were age between 18-19 years, non-white skin color and education above nine years of study. Four months postpartum, 317 mothers were evaluated and the incidence of weight retention was 79.4% (n=247) with an average of 6.86 kg ±5.34. Higher means of weight retention were observed in mothers with less school years, greater number of children, higher daily consumption of ultra-processed food during pregnancy, without nutritional guidance during pregnancy, higher pre-gestational Body Mass Index and greater gestational weight gain (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: The incidence of weight retention was considered high, a fact that highlights the importance of prenatal care quality, including nutritional education strategies, especially for this age group, highly vulnerable.

Metabolic risk is associated with sociodemographic characteristics in adolescents from both rural and urban regions from southern Brazil

BackgroundThe prevalence of several cardiovascular metabolic disorders are increasingly cause for concern in adolescents worldwide. Given the complex interrelations between metabolic risk (MR) and sociodemographic variables, the present study aims to examine the association between the presence of MR with sociodemographic characteristics (sex, skin color, residential area, and parental socioeconomic status) in adolescents from Southern Brazil.MethodsCross-sectional study conducted with 1,152 adolescents (507 males) aged between 12 and 17 years. MR was assessed using a continuous score (cMetS; sum of Z-scores of the following variables: waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C, inverse], triglycerides [TG], and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness [CRF, inverse]). Poisson regression was used to examine associations between sociodemographic variables with the dichotomized cMetS and separate metabolic variables. The results were expressed with prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsThe presence of MR (evaluated by the cMetS) was observed in 8.7% of adolescents. Higher MR was less prevalent among non-white adolescents (PR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93; 0.99). Adolescents living in rural areas had a lower prevalence of the following metabolic variables; low HDL-C (PR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94; 0.97), elevated TG (PR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92; 0.99), elevated glucose (PR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.95; 0.98), and low CRF levels (PR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.85; 0.92). Whereas, SBP was higher in those living in rural areas (PR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.05; 1.17). In girls, there was a higher prevalence of raised TG (PR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02; 1.10) and lower levels of CRF (PR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.16; 1.24), but a lower prevalence of elevated glucose (PR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.97; 0.99).ConclusionHigher MR prevalence was lower in those self-reporting non-white skin color and selected MR factors were less prevalent in those living in rural areas. The identification of groups at higher MR is important for early prevention and monitoring strategies for both Type 2 diabetes and later cardiovascular disease. Future studies should be conducted to assess the socio-cultural aspects of the relationships between MR and socio-cultural and lifestyle variables.

Sleep disorders in correctional officers: cross-sectional study.

IntroductionWithin the prison environment, where strict surveillance and prompt decision-taking are essential to maintain security, poor sleep may be hazardous to correctional officers. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of and identify factors associated with severe sleep disorders in correctional officers.Material and MethodsAn exploratory cross-sectional study comprised all correctional officers in a prison complex in Salvador city, Brazil. Information about sleep quality, sociodemographic and occupational aspects, lifestyle habits, and common mental disorders (self-reporting questionnaire-20 score ≥7 points) were collected via a self-administered questionnaire. Severe sleep disorder was defined as a score ≥31 points according to the mini sleep questionnaire. The measure of association used was the prevalence ratio (PR). Prevalence ratios were estimated by using a Cox multivariate regression model. The final adjusted model only included the variables that presented a prevalence ratio ≥1.20.ResultsThe prevalence of severe sleep disorders in the 374 correctional officers was 55.3%, and was strongly (prevalence ratio ≥1.20) associated with number of stressful activities at work (RPs=1.24, 1.19, and 1.17), number of attack and threat events against the correctional officers over the last 12 months (RPs showing gradient, 1.11, 1.24, and 1.41), common mental disorders (RP=2,24), and non-White skin color (RP=1,37).ConclusionThis study found high prevalence of severe sleep disorders in correctional officers, associated with impairment of their mental health, skin color, and, particularly, with situations of stress and violence at work. These factors must be taken into account when planning and providing health care to these workers.

Magnitude of visceral leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection and association with social determinants of health in the Northeast region of Brazil: a retrospective, spatiotemporal model (2010-2018).

The Northeast region of Brazil (NRB) includes the states with the highest prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), as well as those with significant increases in HIV cases. This study aims to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of VL-HIV coinfection and its association with the social determinants of health (SDH) in the NRB. Time trend analysis and Bayesian spatial statistical inferences, Moran's autocorrelation, and retrospective space-time scanning were performed. Spatial regression modelling was used to build an explanatory model for the occurrence of VL-HIV coinfection within NRB. A total of 1550 cases of VL-HIV coinfection were confirmed. We observed a higher prevalence among males (1232; 83%), individuals aged from 20 to 59years (850; 54.8%), non-white skin color (1,422; 91.7%), and with low education (550; 35.48%). NRB showed an increasing and significant trend in the detection rate of coinfection (APC, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.4 to 9.4). The states of Maranhão and Piauí comprised the high-risk cluster. The SDH that most correlated with the occurrence of coinfection were poor housing, low income, and low education. VL-HIV is dispersed in the NRB but chiefly affects states with greater social vulnerability. Taken together, these findings reinforce the necessity to implement surveillance strategies that will contribute to the reduction of cases in these populations.

The Determinants of Complementary Feeding Introduction Vary According to the Type of Food and Infants' Ages: A Cohort Study-ClaB, Brazil.

Food inadequacies in the first 6months of life are considered a global problem, with an emphasis on early complementary feeding introduction (CFI). This study aimed to identify the determinants of CFI. A birth cohort study (N = 641). Data on infant feeding was collected before 30days, and at 2, 4, and 6months of age and, at baseline, data regarding socioeconomic status, demographics, maternal and infant health, obstetric history, and infant care. The hypothesis was that the risk determinants for early CFI vary according to the type of food and the age range of this introduction. Twelve Cox regression models were fit with four outcomes (formula; other types of milk; other beverages; and solid/semi-solid foods) considering three different age ranges of the infant at their introduction (< 2months, 2-4months, and 4-6months). The introduction of the four food groups analyzed was early (median ages of introduction: formulas = 45days; other milks = 135days; other beverages = 120days; solids and semi-solids = 135days). The determinants that increased the risk of introducing formulas before 2 months were: primiparity, employed without maternity leave, mothers with unsatisfactory prenatal counseling and those who had cesarean sections. Not living with a partner, infant pacifier use at 2 months of age had a higher risk of introducing formula between 2 and 4months of age. Non-white skin color, more than 35years old, low maternal education, and lower family income increased the risk of introducing other types of milk between 2 and 4months of age. Between 4 and 6months of age, adolescent and low education level mothers had a higher risk of introducing other types of milk, unemployed was a protective factor against the introduction of other foods and beverages in this age group. The determinants of early CFI varied according to the type of food and the age of introduction.

Key characteristics including sex, sexual orientation and internet use associated with worse mental health among university students in Brazil and implications.

The symptoms of anxiety and depression disorders are multifactorial and can trigger a series of problems especially among university students. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors with anxiety and depression symptoms among first-semester university students at a Federal University in Brazil given the paucity of such data and the first semester is the most stressfultime. Cross-sectional study with first-semester university students. The questionnaire included socio-demographic variables, lifestyles, health conditions and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Descriptive analysis was performed, followed by bivariate analysis and Poisson regression analysis. Three hundred and fifty-six students (65.2%) across a range of courses in their first semester participated. The prevalence of anxiety was 42.5% and depression 33.2%. Regarding symptoms of anxiety and depression disorders, a positive association was observed among females, non-heterosexual, non-white skin color, excessive internet use, lack of physical activity, not attending university parties, having psychological counseling, history of anxiety in first- or second-degree relatives, poor self-rated health and use of psychotropic medicines. Due to the high prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms, the importance of developing programs to promote mental and physical health of university students is highlighted.

Insegurança alimentar de estudantes universitários e permanência estudantil: cenário pré-Covid-19 em uma universidade pública no sudeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of food insecurity among beneficiary and non-beneficiary university students of financial aid and associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study, with a probabilistic sample of 100 university students, was conducted at a federal university located on the coastal city of São Paulo in southeastern Brazil. The data made it possible to address sociodemographic aspects, food security and food quality markers. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, Fisher’s exact association test and Mann-Whitney comparisons of means were used to investigate the prevalence of food insecurity between groups and associations with covariables at 5%. Results: The results revealed significant differences between groups. Receiving financial aid was associated with more vulnerability to facing food insecurity: 94% have some level of food insecurity (p=0.001); non-white skin color (p=0.019); overseeing one’s own income (p=0.001); the amount of money available to stay at the university (p=0.030). According to food quality markers, both groups often consumed ultra-processed foods (unhealthy quality marker). In contrast, most (92.3%) were concerned with consuming healthy foods. Conclusion: The pre-Covid-19 scenario reveals that despite receiving financial aid, a large part of students faced food insecurity in the three months prior to the study. Therefore, food insecurity should be recognized as a public health concern among university students, and adequate resources should be made available to avoid the occurrence of dropouts and assist in breaking the intergenerational cycle of social exclusion and the human right to food.