Nonverbal Manifestations Research Articles

Особенности креативности в подростковом возрасте

The article is devoted to a study of the aged differences in creativity of junior adolescents. The paper presents the results of an empirical study of the dynamics of verbal and nonverbal (figural) creativity of the school children of the 4th, 5th and 7th classes. The hypothesis tested was that the creativity of the adolescents characterized by special features which are manifested in its qualitative uniqueness, but not in the quantity indicators of fluency, flexibility and originality. Within the framework study is proposed the original test of the study of verbal and figural creativity. In the study took part 147 school boys and girls at the age from 10 to 14 years old. It was shown that the dynamics of the indices of verbal and figural creativity at the teenage period has opposite direction: an increase in verbal creativity is accompanied by reduction in the figural (at the level of tendency). The special features of adolescent’s creativity are revealed in the qualitative uniqueness both of the verbal and nonverbal manifestations of the creativity.

O ato fotográfico e seu jogo poético: um percurso sobre expressões contemporâneas da fotografia a partir das relações de jogo em sua produção de sentido

The main target of this work is to explore the possible relations between photography and the poetical game by bias of creative conception. At first, some texts of photography history collaborate with the manifestation of the present photographic thought. Flusser’s concepts about the gadget and the whitening of the black box limit the whole research. The game’s properties by Caillois increase the link in debate about photography as action. In the Field of poetical communication, authors like Jakobson and Pignatari contribute on the definitions of language and its non-verbal manifestations. Therefore, the research presents an analysis of part of the work produced by Carlos Fadon Vicente, Evgen Bavcar, Cindy Sherman and Abelardo Morell, using as epistemological basis the games categorization by Caillois.

What Becomes of Infantile Traumatic Memories?: An Adult “Wild Child” Is Asked to Remember

A severely traumatized child, acting like a wild animal, was removed from her parents at thirteen months of age when her three-week-old sister was found, bitten and shaken to death. (Her father was later convicted of manslaughter and imprisoned.) The older child was also covered with bite marks. When she was twenty-nine months old, this child, whom I call "Cammie," was brought to me from miles away by herfoster parents for once-monthly psychotherapy. I have treated her, stressing abreaction, context, and correction, once a month ever since. When she was five years old Cammie's foster family adopted her. She is now twenty-two. I call her the "wild child" because of the growly voice, vomiting at will, grabbing at the genitalia of strangers, and cruelties to animals that she exhibited after her rescue. Presently she attends college and is training to be a preschool teacher or an aide to pediatricians. I have taken notes on what Cammie says and does during the twenty years she has come to me. In the spring of 2011, I was asked to speak later that year about infantile memories at the Margaret Mahler Symposium, Columbia University, New York. With the organizing committee's approval, I accompanied Cammie and her adoptive mother to the October 1, 2011, meeting and asked her in front of the psychoanalytic audience to recount her oldest remembrances. She, her mother, and I spoke about the nonverbal manifestations of her memory as well. I had briefly prepared Cammie and her mother for our presentation at the Mahler Symposium, but for the most part, it was spontaneous and unrehearsed. Their comments are quoted in this article. At twenty-two the "wild child" reports no verbal memory from her first year. On the other hand, her behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions over the years have reflected what occurred to her and indicate very active nonverbal memories of the traumatic experiences. Fragments of verbal memory that she recounted in therapy between ages two and three have entirely slipped away. Several kinds of behavioral reenactments of the abuses she received as an infant have been reversed into altruism. Other attitudes and behaviors have remained unaltered, however. Under the influence of street drugs or anesthetics, her infantile memories have been reawakened in the form of illusions, delusions, and condensation. Following a disaster in Japan, a shard of infantile memory was retrieved in the form of a repeated nightmare. Single cases like Cammie's inform us about the course of traumatic memories through childhood. Such cases may lead us to follow larger groups of infants for extended periods of time. We must try to further understand the effects of early trauma on the brains and minds of young children. This is of crucial importance to the future of psychiatry and psychoanalysis and to our duties to society.

Autism and Rhetoric

By understanding the verbal and nonverbal manifestations of autism as a rhetorical imperative “a perspective that involves applying Krista Ratcliffe’s concept of rhetorical listening” scholars can do much to dissolve the idea of otherness that appears in discussions of this topic.

Mechanisms, continental approaches, trials, and evolutionary medicine: New work in the philosophy of medicine

Mechanisms, continental approaches, trials, and evolutionary medicine: New work in the philosophy of medicine

The role of pictorial metaphor in magazine advertising

Most studies on metaphor, in the wake of the work published by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), have mainly focused on its verbal component. Few scholars have attempted to approach the study of metaphor from the perspective of its non-verbal manifestations. Among them, I will mention Forceville (1994, 1996), who has done extensive research into the use of what he has coined “pictorial metaphor” and has provided an interesting account of it in the domain of advertising. In this paper, following the example set by this author, I consider a number of pictorial metaphors with some of the same guiding questions: What is the literal A-term? What is the figurative B-term? And what properties get projected from one onto the other? The concept of situational context (Fairclough, 1989) will play a key role when answering these questions. Finally, presuming that language is “an instrument of control” as claimed by Hodge and Kress (1993), I will try to uncover the persuasion exercised through metaphor (its inference patterns and value judgements) in the discourse of advertising.

Settling Into and Moving in a Climate of Care: Styles and Patterns of Interaction Between Nurse Psychotherapists and Clients

To study nonverbal manifestations of rapport between nurse psychotherapists and clients. A phenomenological investigation of eight pairs of nurse psychotherapists and clients was completed using video-cued narrative recall. Emotional congruence, physical mirroring of gestures, postures, expressions, and shared cadences were significant to the participants. Matching behaviors were responsive, not technique-driven, and occurred only at meaningful junctures. Matching behaviors showed up simultaneously and as turn-taking responses, and felt genuine because they incorporated imperfection and were expressed in varied ways. Settling into the climate of the client's world and matching her response helped the nurse therapist shape intervention possibilities, create a comfortable sense of timing, and establish rapport. Video-cued narrative recall was an effective research strategy.

Visual representations of the idealized cognitive model of anger in the Asterix album La Zizanie

The conceptual metaphor program launched by Lakoff and Johnson [Metaphors We Live By, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1980] attempts to chart and describe the Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs) that govern human thinking. The manifestations of these models studied hitherto, however, are almost exclusively verbal ones. In the interest of enriching insights into ICMs, non-verbal and multimedial representations need be investigated as well. In turn, picture theory can benefit from instruments developed in the cognitive linguistics paradigm. Kövecses [Metaphors of Anger, Pride and Love, Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1986; Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris, 2000] has demonstrated that verbal expressions and idioms used to describe emotions can be traced back to a limited number of conceptual metaphors. This paper investigates non-verbal manifestations of anger in the Asterix comics album La Zizanie in the light of Kövecses’ findings. It is argued that (i) the representations of anger found here are, at the least, compatible with the most dominant anger metaphor found by Kövecses, ANGER IS THE HEAT OF A FLUID IN A CONTAINER, and are probably motivated by it; and (ii) the medium of comics may privilege aspects of ICMs that are less dominant, or even absent, in its linguistic manifestations. Furthermore, the method of analysis employed is reflected on, since it is intended to be applicable beyond the questions addressed here.

Prevalence of depression in Alzheimer's disease and validity of Research Diagnostic Criteria.

This study was undertaken to estimate the point-prevalence of Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) depressive syndromes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to evaluate the validity of existing and potential alternative diagnostic criteria for major depression in the presence of probable AD. Twenty-six subjects with probable AD of mild to moderate severity and their caregivers were interviewed to estimate the prevalence of RDC depressive syndromes. For the evaluation of the validity of RDC for major depression, an additional 8 probable-AD subjects with suspected depression were added to the sample. Sensitivity, specificity, and correlation with diagnosis of RDC major depression were calculated for each diagnostic criterion, and existing major depressive criteria were compared to potential alternative criteria currently used for RDC minor depression. Of the subjects in our prevalence sample, 15.4% were found to have major depression; 23.1%, minor depression; and 11.5%, intermittent depression. In our validation sample, two criteria for major depression, self-reproach/guilt and thinking/concentration difficulty, were weakly associated with the final diagnosis of major depression because of poor sensitivity or specificity. In contrast, three possible alternative criteria were significantly associated with the diagnosis of major depression and showed high sensitivity and specificity. These included nonverbal manifestations of depression, irritability/complaining, and demandingness/dependency. We conclude that RDC depressive syndromes are common in probable AD of mild to moderate severity. In the presence of AD, the validity of some existing major depressive criteria may be limited in comparison to several potential alternative criteria because of relatively poor sensitivity and/or specificity.

The nonverbal manifestations of cognitive processes in clinical listening

Nonverbal behaviors were observed during communicative sequences in videotaped clinical interviews. The interviews were conducted by two groups of physicians-in-training with contrasting cognitive profiles as determined by well-known laboratory tasks prior to the interviews. In each phase of the communicative sequences, significant differences emerged between the two groups for various types of nonverbal behaviors. Differences also emerged between the two groups of interviewers in their questioning patterns and in the nature of the narrative elicited from their interlocutors. A correlational analysis revealed consistent patterns of behaviors across phases of the communicative sequences. The findings provide additional evidence for the intimate connection between nonverbal behavior and cognitive activity and point to nonverbal behaviors as objective measures of the processes underlying clinical listening.

Further examination of nonverbal manifestations of interaction involvement

This research was undertaken in the interest of corroborating expected and unexpected findings of an earlier study of interaction involvement and nonverbal behavior. Some support was found for the prediction that involvement would relate positively to object‐focused gesturing and eye gaze and negatively to body‐focused gesturing and body movement. No support was found for earlier sex differences in high‐ and low‐involved individuals’ nonverbal behavior.

Nonverbal communication performance and perceptions associated with reticence: Replications and classroom implications

Two studies replicated and extended Burgoon and Koper (1984) by examining the nonverbal behavior patterns, relational message interpretations and credibility evaluations associated with communication reticence. Study One (N = 110) examined multiple kinesic and vocalic behaviors exhibited by reticents during a dyadic advocacy/decision‐making task and relational interpretations by unacquainted interaction partners. Study Two (N = 60) examined similar behaviors displayed during a persuasive speaking assignment and credibility evaluations assigned by classmates. In both studies, nonverbal manifestations were sufficiently modest and in some cases transitory to challenge the traditional view that reticence produces pronounced performance decrements. Evaluations, although unfavorable, were also not seriously detrimental. Education implications are discussed.

An elaboration of the meaning of interaction involvement: Toward the development of a theoretical concept

The purpose of this research is to clarify and extend the meaning of interaction involvement. Three related studies are reported in this endeavor. The first study examines the factor structure of the interaction involvement scale and provides a reinterpretation of previously published results. The second study reports a correlational analysis of the newly interpreted involvement factors and several related concepts, including extraversion, neuroticism, self‐consciousness, communication apprehension, and five dimensions of interpersonal communication competence. The third study reports initial findings of the possible nonverbal manifestations of interaction involvement and provides directions for future research.