Non-uniform Size Distribution Research Articles

Preparation and Color Performance of White Ultra-High-Performance Concrete with Large Fraction of Quaternary Binders.

White ultra-high-performance concrete (WUHPC) performed outstanding mechanical, durability, and aesthetical properties, which was preferred in infrastructure to avoid the secondary painting, decrease the maintenance, and prolong the service life. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) were often used in WUHPC to reduce the environment impacts and material costs. In this study, limestone powder (LP), metakaolin (MK), and silica fume (SF) were used as SCMs to largely substitute white Portland cement (WPC) to prepare WUHPC, the effects of substituted ratio on flowability, strength, and whiteness were studied, and the hydration products were also analyzed by quantitative-XRD method and SEM. The whiteness was calculated in chromatic space CIELAB by measuring tristimulus values of L, a*, and b*, and the controlled factor on whiteness was also investigated. As the results, the WUHPC with compressive strength exceeded 150 MPa and whiteness over 90 was prepared with WPC substitution of 35~65%. The SF improved the flowability and strength about 10% due to its filling and ball effect, while the irregular particle sharp and non-uniform size distribution of MK caused the reversed development. The increased dosage of raw materials with higher L value, such as LP and MK, made the WUHPC whiter. The hydration products with varied SCMs ratio were in the same category by different content. It was supposed that CaCO3 and C-S-H gel in hydration products caused higher whiteness, while C3S, CaMg(CO3)2, and SiO2 were against the whiteness. The results proved that with a large fraction of SCMs, the WUHPC with high strength and good appearance were prepared, and the whiteness of WUHPC were both controlled by the raw materials and the content of hydration products.

Green Synthesis and Investigation of Surface Effects of α-Fe2O3@TiO2 Nanocomposites by Impedance Spectroscopy.

Nanocomposites based on iron oxide/titanium oxide nanoparticles were prepared by employing green synthesis, which involved phytochemical-mediated reduction using ginger extract. XRD confirmed the composite formation, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was employed to investigate the particle size, particle morphology, and elemental analysis. SEM indicated the formation of particles with non-uniform shape and size distribution, while EDX confirmed the presence of Fe, Ti and oxygen in their elemental state. The surface effects were investigated by Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR) and impedance spectroscopy (IS) at room temperature. IS confirmed the co-existence of grains and grain boundaries. Thus, FTIR and IS analysis helped establish a correlation between enhanced surface activity and the synthesis route adopted. It was established that the surface activity was sensitive to the synthesis route adopted. The sample density, variation in grain size, and electrical resistivity were linked with surface defects, and these defects were related to temperature. The disorder and defects created trap centers at the sample’s surface, leading to adsorption of CO2 from the environment.

Thermal analysis of evacuated honeycomb structures: Experimental validation and optimisation of non-uniform structures

Today, energy storage is a key vector to achieve a full decarbonisation of the energy sector in order to limit the impact of climate change. In particular, ultra-high temperature (>600∘C) thermal storage is of high importance and has recently received significant attention with multiple technologies being investigated. However, uneconomical thermal losses are a barrier to their development, and currently available high-temperature insulation technologies suffer from decreased efficiency at high temperature, and lack the structural strength to support the storage vessel whose support structure therefore acts as thermal bridging, further degrading the system’s overall efficiency. As a complement to previous work, this paper provides an analysis to investigate the thermal efficiency of non-uniform rectangular honeycomb structures without mechanical constraints, with an application to ultra-high temperature thermal insulation. First, an experimental procedure is presented to validate the numerical model used in previous work. The results show that the model can accurately predict thermal transfers through three-dimensional cuboid evacuated honeycombs. A thermal optimisation of honeycombs with a non-uniform cell size distribution is then conducted to complement the findings of previous work on uniform honeycombs. A statistical condition on the cell size distribution for optimal thermal performance is derived and numerically validated, and non-uniform structures are shown to be more thermally-efficient than uniform ones. These results provide further motivation for research into the development of manufacturing processes for such structures.

Measurement of Ultrasound Parameters of Bovine Cancellous Bone as a Function of Frequency for a Range of Porosities via Through-Transmission Ultrasonic Spectroscopy

The relationship between ultrasonic parameters (attenuation coefficients and velocity) and bone porosity in bovine cancellous bone is explored to understand the possibility of fracture risk diagnosis associated with osteoporosis by applying ultrasound. In vitro measurements of ultrasonic parameters on twenty-one bovine cancellous bone samples from tibia were conducted, using ultrasonic spectroscopy in the through-transmission mode. Transducers of three different center frequencies were used to cover a wide diagnostic frequency range between 1.0–7.8 MHz. The nonlinear relationship of porosity and normalized attenuation coefficient (nATTN) and normalized broadband attenuation coefficient (nBUA) were well described by a third-order polynomial fit, whereas porosity and the phase velocity (UV) were found to be negatively correlated with the linear correlation coefficients of −0.93, −0.89 and −0.83 at 2.25, 5.00 and 7.50 MHz, respectively. The results imply that the ultrasound parameters attain maximum values for the bone sample with the lowest porosity, and then decrease for samples with greater porosity for the range of porosities in our samples for all frequencies. Spatial variation in the ultrasound parameters was found to be caused by non-uniform pore size distribution, which was examined at five different locations within the same bone specimen. However, it did not affect the relationship of ultrasound parameters and porosity at these frequencies.

Physical and frictional behaviors of loblolly pine residues

Size reduction of biomass feedstock produces particulate material with a non-uniform particle size distribution, and this influences its behavior during handling, storage, and transport. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of particle size on the physical and frictional behaviors of ground loblolly pine residues. Loblolly pine residues were ground and fractionated into 6 sizes using screen apertures: 1.40 mm, 1.00 mm, 0.71 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.25 mm and pan. The moisture contents of the samples were kept at 8.69% (w.b). The particle densities (1316.21–1445.81 kg/m3) of the fractions significantly increased as particle size increased from <0.25 to 1.40 mm. An increase in particle size led to an increase in flow index values (2.63–4.05) of the fractionated biomass. All the fractions were classified as cohesive except for the samples with particle sizes of 1.40 mm and 1.00 mm, which were classified as easy flowing. Cohesive strength and angle of internal friction were found to significantly decrease as particle size increased. The angles of wall friction measured on stainless steel and mild steel surfaces were found to be lower than TIVAR 88 surface.

Dynamic mechanical behaviors of pre-fractured sandstone with noncoplanar and unparallel flaws

Field rock masses with irregular flaws are often vulnerable to dynamic damage caused by excavation, drilling and earthquake. Investigating the mechanical behaviors of flawed rocks with dynamic loads is essential for the design of rock engineering facilities. However, the fracturing mechanism and fragment characteristics of flawed rocks have not been fully revealed, especially for brittle rocks with unparallel and noncoplanar flaws. This study systematically investigates the static and dynamic mechanical behaviors of sandstone with noncoplanar and unparallel flaws. A loading-rate dependence of the strength, fractal characteristics and energy dissipation of the pre-fractured sandstone is demonstrated. The dynamic strength of unparallel-flawed sandstones behaves more sensitive to the strain rate than that of noncoplanar-flawed sandstones. The failure modes of the specimens under static compression are primarily controlled by tensile cracks, while shear cracks mainly effect the dynamic failure patterns. Under low dynamic strain rates, the specimens mainly break into columnar or lamellar structures with a significantly non-uniform size distribution, accompanied by a relatively small amount of energy dissipation. At high dynamic strain rates, the flawed rocks experience severe damage and break into many small fragments with relatively uniform sizes, associated with comparably high energy dissipation.

Radiative property investigation of dispersed particulate medium with the consideration of non-uniform particle size distribution and dependent scattering effects

Spectral radiative transfer exists widely during application. Particle-containing medium is also called dispersed particulate medium, which may coexist the effects of non-uniform particle size distribution and dependent scattering, due to the reason of preparation, high concentration, aggregation, and so on. Radiative property calculation of dispersed particulate medium with neglecting the consideration of non-uniform particle size distribution and dependent scattering effects can induce significant errors. However, few radiative transfer studies on dispersed particulate medium have considered both the effects of dependent scattering and non-uniform particle size distribution. With the aim to calculate the radiative properties of dispersed particulate medium accurately, the idea of combining the dependent scattering effect with non-uniform particle size distribution effect is proposed by the authors. Multiple sphere T-matrix (MSTM) method combined with measured non-uniform particle size distribution is developed to calculate the radiative properties of dispersed particulate medium with the consideration of non-uniform particle size distribution and dependent scattering effects. Compared to conventional method, the method developed by the authors can decrease the maximum relative error between experimental data and calculation data from 49.87 to 8.82%, when calculating the radiative properties of dispersed particulate medium with the consideration of non-uniform particle size distribution and dependent scattering effects.

Analysis of size and concentration of microplastics in water using static light scattering combined with PCA and LDA

Quantitative analysis of size and concentration of microplastics is a crucial step for having a better understanding of plastic pollution in the environment. Such information is typically obtained in a single particle mode that significantly increases the analysis time and can be a cumbersome task. Therefore, we demonstrate here a measurement technique based on Static Light Scattering (SLS) combined with chemometric methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) for resolving the size and concentration of multiple microplastic particles in water. Two sets of samples with uniform and non-uniform size distribution of microplastics, called “monodisperse” and “polydisperse”, respectively, are fully investigated. It is shown that a relationship exists between the scattering signals of mono- and polydisperse samples on the PCA space. Hence, a PCA-LDA model that is constructed on the PCA space of monodisperse samples is used to discriminate the size of the microplastics in polydisperse samples. By specifying the size of the particles, their concentration is determined using a simple linear fit.

Probing the influence of nonuniform Pt particle size distribution using a full three-dimensional, multiscale, multiphase polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell model

Platinum (Pt) nanoparticles are used as an electrocatalyst in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Visualization data of PEM fuel cell catalysts have shown that the size of Pt particles in the catalyst layer (CL) varies locally from several nanometers to tens of nanometers, owing to the agglomeration and degradation of Pt particles. Although many computational-fluid-dynamics-based PEM fuel cell modeling and simulation studies have been conducted, the majority of them have used the average value of the size of Pt particles owing to the complexity involved in considering the nonuniformity of the Pt particle size in the CL. In this study, we present a new approach to fuel cell CL modeling in PEM fuel cell simulations; the approach involves the consideration of various Pt particle size distributions. In the approach, a probability density function is used to randomly distribute Pt particles with different sizes in a computational domain under the assumption that the Pt particle size distribution follows a normal distribution curve. A sufficient number of grids, typically more than several million grid points, are used to obtain a Pt particle size distribution similar to that in a real CL. The new approach was applied to a comprehensive multiscale PEM fuel cell model and full three-dimensional fuel cell simulations were performed for different CL designs, Pt catalyst degradation levels, and operating conditions. Numerical simulation results clearly showed the significant effect of a nonuniform Pt particle size distribution on multidimensional contours of species concentration, temperature, and current density as well as the overall cell performance.

Estimation of Stagnosol Hydraulic Properties and Water Flow Using Uni- and Bimodal Porosity Models in Erosion-Affected Hillslope Vineyard Soils

Erosion has been reported as one of the top degradation processes that negatively affect agricultural soils. The study objective was to identify hydropedological factors controlling soil water dynamics in erosion-affected hillslope vineyard soils. The hydropedological study was conducted at identically-managed Jastrebarsko (location I), and Jazbina (II) and (III) sites with Stagnosol soils. Soil Hydraulic Properties (SHP) were estimated on intact soil cores using Evaporation and WP4C methods; soil hydraulic functions were fitted using HYPROP-FIT software. For Apg and Bg/Btg horizons, uni- and bimodal soil hydraulic models could be well fitted to data; although, the bimodal model performed better in particular cases where data indicated non-uniform pore size distribution. With these SHP estimations, a one-year (2020) water flow scenario was simulated using HYDRUS-1D to compare water balance results obtained with uni- and bimodal hydraulic functions. Simulation results revealed relatively similar flux distribution at each hillslope position between the water balance components infiltration, surface runoff, and drainage. However, at the bottom profile at Jastrebarsko, bimodality of the hydraulic functions led to increased drainage. Soil water storage was reduced, and the vertical movement increased due to modified soil water retention curve shapes. Adequate parameterization of SHP is required to capture the hydropedological response of heterogenous erosion-affected soil systems.

Improved Size Uniformity of Microcapillaries in Microcapillary Films by Separate Gas Injection

AbstractMicrocapillary films (MCFs) are microextrusion‐processed plastic films containing an array of parallel microcapillaries, and have been widely utilized as microfluidic platforms. However, the nonuniform size distribution within a single MCF strip limits the application of MCFs in monodisperse droplet generation. In this paper, the mechanisms that lead to uneven microcapillary dimensions in conventional MCFs whose gas pressures in all channels are the same is first clarified. The effect of gas pressure in a single channel on the microcapillary dimensions in the film is then studied. Finally, the size uniformity of the microcapillaries is improved by separate gas injection in different channels, providing new possibilities for the generation of highly monodisperse microdroplets.

Peculiarities of Aluminum Anodization in AHAs-Based Electrolytes: Case Study of the Anodization in Glycolic Acid Solution.

The anodization of aluminum (Al) in three alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs): glycolic (GC), malic (MC), and citric (CC), was analyzed. Highly ordered pores in GC were obtained for the first time. However, the hexagonal cells were characterized by a non-uniform size distribution. Although common features of current density behavior are visible, the anodization in AHAs demonstrates some peculiarities. The electric conductivity (σ) of 0.5 M GC, MC, and CC electrolytes was in the following order: σ(CC) > σ(MC) > σ(GC), in accordance with the acid strength pKa(CC) < pKa(MC) < pKa(GC). However, the anodization voltage, under which a self-organized pore formation in anodic alumina (AAO) was observed (Umax), decreased with increasing pKa: Umax(CC) > Umax(MC) ≥ Umax(GC). This unusual behavior is most probably linked with the facility of acid ions to complex Al and the active participation of the Al complexes in the AAO formation. Depending on the AHA, its tendency and different modes to coordinate Al ions, the contribution of stable Al complexes to the AAO growth is different. It can be concluded that the structure of Al complexes, their molecular mass, and the ability to lose electrons play more important roles in the AAO formation than pKa values of AHAs.

Physical–Chemical Characterization of the Neves Corvo Extractive Mine Residues: A Perspective Towards Future Mining and Reprocessing of Sulfidic Tailings

Neves Corvo is an underground high-grade Cu–(Sn)–Zn mine, located in the Portuguese part of the world-class Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), which is currently producing copper, zinc, and lead concentrates. The operation is owned by SOMINCOR, a subsidiary of Lundin Mining, with a maximum capacity of 2.6 Mtpy for the copper processing plant and 1.0 Mtpy for the zinc processing plant. From 2010 till end of 2019, the mine has accumulated 7.3 Mt of waste rock and 17 Mt of thickened tailings. These mining residues are stored in Cerro do Lobo Tailings Management Facility (Cerro do Lobo TMF), which completes a volume of 47 Mt since the beginning of the operation in 1989 (30 Mt are slurry tailings). The deposition method changed in 2010 from slurry subaquatic deposition to sub-aerial thickened tailings stack (vertical expansion) in co-deposition with potentially acid-generating (PAG) waste rock. X-ray fluorescence analysis have shown copper and zinc grades variation in the waste rock between 0.12 and 0.4%, and 0.1% and 0.3%, respectively, and concentrations up to 0.6% and 1.3% of copper and zinc, respectively, in the tailings. Mineralogically, the tailings consist mainly in pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, ± arsenopyrite, ± tetrahedrite-tennantite, and gangue minerals such as quartz, phyllosilicates, carbonates, and some oxides, and have a non-uniform particle size distribution ranging between 1 and 100 µm. The waste rock fraction is millimetric to centimetric in size and is formed by the local host rocks, mineralogically consisting in quartz, chlorite (clinochlore and chamosite), calcite, and variably abundant disseminated sulfides, largely dominated by pyrite. Both mining residues might be envisaged as materials with valorization potential both for base metal recovery (tailings) and/or as non-metallic raw materials for construction or other applications (waste rock).Graphical Abstract

A novel GPGPU-parallelized contact detection algorithm for combined finite-discrete element method

This paper presents a novel algorithm for contact detection for the three-dimensional combined finite-discrete element method (3D FDEM). The contact detection consists of two phases, neighbor search and fine search. Both phases are fully parallelized with Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). In contrast to the non-binary search (NBS) algorithm, the proposed neighbor search algorithm is not sensitive to the element size distribution. To avoid the algorithm being performed at every step, an efficient GPGPU (general purpose graphic processing unit) -parallelized velocity reduction algorithm is employed. For the fine search, the concepts of “positive faces” and “positive edges” are proposed, and the process is considerably simplified and runs faster than the 3D separation axis algorithm. Numerical tests are performed to validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. The result shows that for both phases, the computation time is linearly proportional to the number of potential contact pairs regardless of the element size distribution. Furthermore, by using NVIDIA Telsa V100, the resultant overall speed-up ratios of the proposed contact detection algorithms relative to the original Y3D version for uniform and non-uniform element size distributions can reach up to 1982.6 and 13,894.7, respectively. For both quasi-static and dynamic problems, the simulated fracture patterns are in good agreement with the results generated by the NBS algorithm. The proposed methodology can be also employed for 2D FDEM and discrete element method (DEM).

Evaluation of In(Ga)As capping in a multilayer coupled InAs quantum dot system: Growth strategy involving the same overgrowth percentage

Strain-coupled multilayer Quantum Dot (QD) structures draw a great attention these days because of their superior optical and device performance. However, these coupled multilayer QD structures have limitations such as non-uniform QD size distribution, defects, and dislocations due to the propagation of strain in QD layers. Furthermore, the carrier relaxation lifetime must be improved in these coupled QD structures for sought-after device performance. This study serves for three main purposes. Firstly, we have utilized a growth strategy to maintain the overgrowth percentage such that the Stranski-Krastanov (SK) QD dimensions in every layer is same for all the multilayer structures. Secondly, these multilayer SK QDs are made to electronically couple with the Sub-monolayer (SML) QDs in such a way that the carrier relaxation lifetime can be increased, that could ameliorate the photoconductive gain and the responsivity. Lastly, the amount of cumulative strain generated inside QDs can be reduced by the incorporation of In0.15Ga0.85As strain reducing layer (capping layer) in a multilayer structure. Five different multilayer structures with single (x1), bi (x2), penta (x5), hepta (x7), and ten-layers (x10) of SK QDs electronically coupled to six stacks of SML QDs are used in this study. Photoluminescence (PL) studies reveal that the SK QD dimensions is maintained to be the same in all multilayer structures due to the proposed growth strategy, which is also observed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Photoluminescence excitation (PLE) analysis shows the match of excited states of SK QDs to the ground state of the SML QDs, aiding the carrier tunnel phenomena. The ω/2Ө measurements from high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) is carried out to calculate the overall strain in the grown heterostructures. The optical properties and the strain components obtained from the nextnano simulation tool are in good agreement with the experimental results. Thus, coupled multilayer QD structures with a growth strategy in the current study would be more suitable for the realization of quantum dot infrared photodetectors and intermediate band solar cell applications accommodated with high device efficiency.

Effect of Particle Size on the Aerobic and Anaerobic Digestion Characteristics of Whole Rice Straw

The effect of reducing particle size on physical properties, the methane yield and energy flow were investigated through the biochemical methane potential (BMP) experiment of aerobic-anaerobic digestion (AAD) of rice straw (RS). The whole straw was crushed through four sieves of different aperture sizes (1, 3, 5, and 7 mm) to obtain the actual and non-uniform particle size distribution (PSD). The results indicated that the actual particle sizes were normally or logarithmic normally distributed. Reducing particle size could significantly promote the aerobic hydrolysis and acidification process, increase the content of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from 4408.78 to 6225.15 mg/L and the degradation of volatile solids (VS) from 40.56% to 50.49%. The results of path analysis suggested that particle size reduction played an important role in improving lignocellulosic degradability, which was the main factor affecting methane production with the comprehensive decision of 0.4616. The maximum methane production obtained at 1 mm sieve size was 176.47 mLCH4g−1 VS. The phyla of Firmicutes (61.5%), Proteobacteria (9.3%), Chloroflexi (8.3%), Bacteroidetes (4.1%), Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast (4.6%) were mainly responsible for VFAs production and lignocellulose degradation. However, the net negative energy balance was observed at the 1 mm sieve size due to the increased energy input. Therefore, the optimum sieve size for AAD was 3 mm.

Implication of Non-Uniform Anode Particle Morphology on Lithium-Ion Cell Performance

The present works deals with the implications of non-uniform anode particle morphology on charging and discharging characteristics of Lithium-ion cell, especially for ultra-fast charging applications. The one-dimensional isothermal model is employed to analyze the effect of C-rate, porosity, tortuosity, and particle geometry for a range of non-uniform anode particle size distribution numerically. Our study reports that the value of capacity and specific power of the cell is found to be maximum when the particle size decreases along the electrode length. In contrast, capacity and specific power are minimum when anode particle size increase along the anode length. Moreover, a significant improvement in the performance of the Lithium-ion battery is found at ultra-fast charging when non-uniform particle distribution is employed. Additionally, a strong interplay of particle distribution and microstructural attributes viz. porosity and tortuosity on cell performance are revealed for the charging-discharging cycle. Further, the capacity of the cell is found to be maximum when the particle geometry is spherical. We anticipate that the results can inspire further improvement in ionic transport for ultrafast charging with non-uniform microstructure in the Li-ion cell.

Investigation of Radiative Properties of a Multi-particle Cloud with Non-uniform Particle Size Distribution

Particle systems involve numerous fields such as combustion, oceanography, photocatalysis, and atmospheric science, among others. In fact, most of these systems were in the form of multi-particle systems composed of different types of particles. In most previous studies, the influence of the type of element on radiative characteristic parameters was not considered, or the effective medium theory was adopted, which led to large calculation errors. In this paper, the differential-integration algorithm developed based on the Mie theory was used to calculate the radiative characteristics (extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient, scattering phase function, asymmetry factor) of a multi-particle system with non-uniform size distribution, and the Monte Carlo ray-tracing (MCRT) method was used to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE). SiO2 particles and polystyrene particles were investigated and subsequently divided into two categories: submicron particles (χ >1) and nano particles (χ >1) according to the size parameter. The radiative characteristics and spectral transmittance of particles with different volume fraction ratios and different particle sizes in the multi-particle system were also investigated. The results of the proposed method were compared to those of experimental tests to verify the accuracy of the algorithm. The maximum relative transmittance error decreased from 30.1% to 0.77%, and the average error decreased from 18.78% to 0.67%.

Euler–Lagrange study of bubble breakup and coalescence in a turbulent boundary layer for bubble drag reduction

By injecting bubbles on the surface of ships or underwater vehicles, friction resistance can be effectively reduced. This technique is known as bubble drag reduction (BDR). The Euler–Lagrange method has been proved to be an effective numerical method in the study of the BDR mechanism. Bubble diameters were uniform in previous Euler–Lagrange simulations. However, many experimental results indicated that there is a nonuniform bubble size distribution under the action of turbulence, which affects the drag reduction significantly. In this paper, the authors developed a Euler–Lagrange code with the ability to simulate bubble breakup and bubble coalescence. The process of BDR on a flat plate is simulated by injecting bubbles into a turbulent boundary layer flow. Diameters of the bubbles are the same when they are injected into the flow field. During the simulation, bubbles of varying sizes can be clearly simulated in the evolution process due to breakup and coalescence. The drag reduction effect and bubble size distribution are validated by comparison with previous experimental data. Numerical results with and without breakup and coalescence models are discussed in detail to illustrate the advantage of the present algorithm. Moreover, bubble size distribution, bubble trajectory, and bubble induced turbulent modulation are analyzed in detail to explain the mechanism and its relationship with bubble size distribution.

Quality Control of Nanoemulsion: by PDCA Cycle and 7QC Tools.

Despite several quality management tools, none or very few systematic operations are taken into account to assure the quality of the pharmaceutical products. Plan Do Check Act (PDCA) analysis is performed based on the problems encountered during product development. In each step, some of the quality control tools are used for better maintenance of corrective and preventive actions. However, systematic use of these tools has still not been made. Here we present an example of nanoemulsion that will help justify the correct or systematic use of all the seven quality control tools in each section of the PDCA cycle for better execution of Corrective and Preventive Actions (CAPA). The major limitations associated with the nanoemulsion i.e. non-uniform size distribution, lower encapsulation efficiency, lower magnitude of zeta potential, non-scalable and expensive synthesis procedures, are taken into consideration. This review summarizes the productive use of 7 QC tools in the PDCA cycle to ensure the optimum quality of nanoemulsion in an industry.