Non-uniform Particle Research Articles

High‐performanceMoO3supercapacitor electrodes: Influence of reaction parameters on phase, microstructure, and electrochemical properties

A simple solution combustion technique was employed to synthesize nanocrystalline MoO3, and the influence of the fuel-to-oxidizer ratio (F/O ratio, from 1:2 to 1:5) and pH (from 5 to 9) was investigated on the phase, particle size, and morphology, while keeping the combustion temperature constant at 500°C. By varying the F/O ratio and pH, different phases, namely, triclinic, monoclinic, hexagonal, and orthorhombic, were produced. The morphological features were observed to change from agglomerated nonuniform particles to uniform rod-like morphology, with particle sizes ranging from 50 to 100 nm. Based on the microstructural and electrochemical results, 1D α-MoO3 single-phase nanorods synthesized at a F/O ratio of 1:5 and pH = 7 delivered a high specific capacitance of 814 F/g at 1 A/g current density with excellent cycling stability.

Firmly-supported porous fabric fiber photocatalysts: TiO2/porous carbon fiber cloth composites and their photocatalytic activity

The use of a support may overcome the limitations of nano-photocatalysts (poor recyclability, secondary pollution, and agglomeration that decreases photocatalytic activity); however, supports such as fibers, fabrics, films, and foams, still exhibit many defects (low loadings, non-uniform particle loadings, and insufficient loading firmness). In this study, we fabricated TiO2/porous carbon fiber cloth through a microwave hydrothermal method and thermal reduction. The highly porous structure of fiber could provide abundant space to firmly-supported TiO2 nanoparticles. Therefore, the results showed that large amounts of TiO2 were uniformly and firmly loaded onto the porous carbon fiber cloth, and the obtained composite exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity. The initial loading rate reached 51 wt.%. Even after 10 photocatalytic cycles, the pollutant degradation rate exceeded 95%, and 55% of TiO2 was retained, showing its stability. This investigation provides a method to prepare supported photocatalysis, which can greatly promote their practical applications for wastewater treatment.

SINTESIS NANOPARTIKEL PERAK (NPAg) DENGAN BIOREDUKTOR EKSTRAK BIJI JARAK PAGAR DAN KAJIAN AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERINYA

The redox analysis as indicated by a change in color from yellow to reddish-brown was measured at the optimum wavelength of 405 nm with the highest redox result of 480 nm obtained in the NPAg-S sample. The optimal absorption wavelength changes according to the characteristics of the NPAg produced, but is generally in the range of 400-500 nm. Analysis of the active groups with the FTIR instrument showed active groups (OH, CH aldehyde, vibrations of CN bonds in the amine group, amide I groups from proteins, and CO double bonds in the 4000-1500 cm-1) zone. Additionally, in the identification zone 1500-600 cm-1 the formation of CN bond vibrations and the presence of an amide I group from the protein was found. Photographs at 10.000 and 15.000x magnification showed that the morphology of the distribution of NPAg in the jatropha seed extract solution was polydisperse and in the form of fibrous balls with non-uniform particles and tended to agglomerate. The distribution and size of the particles measured using the Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) instrument showed that the particle size ranged from 33-116 nm. NPAg-S samples at two concentrations (1 and 2%) showed inhibitory activity for all types of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Analysis of the particle size distribution using PSA showed that the particle size of the NPAg-S sample was 33.8 nm, which was smaller than the NPAg-K sample of 44.8 nm. Antibacterial activity is strongly influenced by the particle size of a sample. Small size silver nanoparticles have a large surface area to interact with bacteria as compared to large silver nanoparticles, thus they can provide a greater antibacterial effect.

A new methodology of thermal performance improvement and numerical analysis of free-falling particle receiver

Free-falling particle receiver is a promising candidate for the receivers in the 3rd-generation concentrated solar power plants. In this paper, an integrated numerical model is established by combining the complete Monte Carlo ray-tracing method and finite volume method to investigate the complex energy conversion processes of the receiver. Based on the model, influential effects of key parameters on the receiver efficiency (η) are analyzed including the particle release location and the solar absorptivity of cavity walls. Then, the variation of η in a day is obtained. In the end, to further improve η, a novelty methodology called ‘non-uniform particle mass flow rate control’ is proposed based on the ‘optical-thermal matching’ principle to accommodate curtain opacity to non-uniform solar irradiation. The results present that the center of the top cavity wall is the optimum location to release particles. The reduction of the solar absorptivity of cavity walls can significantly improve η. Compared with molten salt receivers, the operating time per day of the particle receiver is shorter under the condition of high temperature. The proposed non-uniform mass flow control approach can improve η by a maximum value of 2.7 percentage points. The results indicate that the integrated numerical model established in this paper can accurately predict the optical-thermal performance of the free-falling particle receiver, and can be applied to the design and optimization of free-falling particle receivers.

Physical–Chemical Characterization of the Neves Corvo Extractive Mine Residues: A Perspective Towards Future Mining and Reprocessing of Sulfidic Tailings

Neves Corvo is an underground high-grade Cu–(Sn)–Zn mine, located in the Portuguese part of the world-class Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), which is currently producing copper, zinc, and lead concentrates. The operation is owned by SOMINCOR, a subsidiary of Lundin Mining, with a maximum capacity of 2.6 Mtpy for the copper processing plant and 1.0 Mtpy for the zinc processing plant. From 2010 till end of 2019, the mine has accumulated 7.3 Mt of waste rock and 17 Mt of thickened tailings. These mining residues are stored in Cerro do Lobo Tailings Management Facility (Cerro do Lobo TMF), which completes a volume of 47 Mt since the beginning of the operation in 1989 (30 Mt are slurry tailings). The deposition method changed in 2010 from slurry subaquatic deposition to sub-aerial thickened tailings stack (vertical expansion) in co-deposition with potentially acid-generating (PAG) waste rock. X-ray fluorescence analysis have shown copper and zinc grades variation in the waste rock between 0.12 and 0.4%, and 0.1% and 0.3%, respectively, and concentrations up to 0.6% and 1.3% of copper and zinc, respectively, in the tailings. Mineralogically, the tailings consist mainly in pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, ± arsenopyrite, ± tetrahedrite-tennantite, and gangue minerals such as quartz, phyllosilicates, carbonates, and some oxides, and have a non-uniform particle size distribution ranging between 1 and 100 µm. The waste rock fraction is millimetric to centimetric in size and is formed by the local host rocks, mineralogically consisting in quartz, chlorite (clinochlore and chamosite), calcite, and variably abundant disseminated sulfides, largely dominated by pyrite. Both mining residues might be envisaged as materials with valorization potential both for base metal recovery (tailings) and/or as non-metallic raw materials for construction or other applications (waste rock).Graphical Abstract

Modelling of Furnace Tapping with Uniform and Non-Uniform Porosity Distribution

Tapping flow rates depend on various in-furnace conditions such as the metal and the slag build-up in the furnace and the permeability of the particle bed formed by the unreacted coke. A framework to simulate the flow of the metal and the slag during tapping and production periods is presented in this research. The flow of the metal and the slag is simulated using a multiphase volume of fluid (VOF) approach. The effect of particle bed permeability is included by adding the Ergun equation to the momentum transport equation for both uniformly and non-uniformly distributed particle beds. In this research, the effect of permeability on the tapping flow rates of the metal and the slag are presented. Due to the presence of a single tap-hole, the metal tapped during the tapping process could either be the metal produced in the vicinity of the tap-hole or in other regions. It was seen that decreasing the uniformly distributed permeability decreased the flow rates of the metal and the slag at the tap-hole and consequently it took more taps to reach a steady state, whereas the flow rate of the metal is lower and that of the slag is higher for non-uniform distribution of permeability compared to the uniform distribution. The metal is equally tapped from all regions of the furnace at steady state for uniformly distributed particle bed, whereas more metal produced near the tap-hole is tapped compared to other regions for non-uniform particle bed distribution.

Investigation of the hydrodynamics in the regenerator of fluid catalytic cracking unit integrated by chemical looping combustion

Oil refineries are responsible for 4–6% of global CO2 emissions, and 20–35% of these emissions released from the regenerator of Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) units, which are the essential units for the conversion of heavier petroleum residues (vacuum gas oil) into more valuable products. Chemical looping combustion (CLC) has been recently proposed to mitigate the CO2 emissions released from the regenerator of FCC units with a lower energy penalty. However, a detailed experimental and modelling investigation is still necessary in order to identify the hydrodynamics in the regenerator of chemical looping combustion integrated with fluidised catalytic cracking (CLC-FCC). A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) study was conducted to understand the hydrodynamic behaviours of gas-solid two-phase flow in the regenerator of the CLC-FCC unit, based on a three-dimensional multiphase model (Eulerian-Eulerian) with the kinetic theory of granular flow.The results provide a useful insight into regenerator hydrodynamics, in terms of oxygen carrier modified FCC catalysts and FCC coke distribution profiles, in the regenerator of CLC-FCC. The conventional drag models (Syamlal-O'Brien and Gidaspow) predict a bed density profiles of a dense phase (250–300 kg/m3) at the dense phase (0–0.25 of h/H), and a dilution phase from h/H = 0.25 to 0.50 of regenerator. The bed density profile is indistinguishable from the industrial data provided for conventional FCC regenerators. The fluidisation gas (CO2) passes through the centre of the regenerator where the fluidisation gas splits the catalyst particles from the centre to the walls, to create a dilute particle phase in the centre and a dense particle-phase near the wall, which is one of the characteristic flow regimes in circulating fluidised bed reactors. The particles in the centre demonstrate an upward flow trend with a particle velocity above 3.0 m/s while the dense particles near the wall tend to go down with relatively low particle velocity of <0.5 m/s, which creates vortexes and a non-uniform particle distribution in the regenerator. The distribution of the fluidising gas provides better mixing of solid particles in the entrance and the optimisation of the superficial gas velocities (1.0 m/s) to create a distributed flow regime with developed vortexes through the dense and dilute phases. Furthermore, the laminar and turbulent flow models demonstrated no significant differences in terms of axial bed density profile in the regenerator of the CLC-FCC concept. These findings demonstrated that the hydrodynamics of catalysts in the CLC-FCC regenerator successfully predicted with CFD modelling and the prediction results aligned well with the conventional FCC regenerator.

Incipient flow velocity of non-uniform sediment particles by considering the additional mass force

The sediments on the natural seabed are generally non-uniform particles. The incipient motion of non-uniform sediment particles has always been a key problem in the ocean engineering. In this paper, the incipient flow velocity of non-uniform sediment particles by considering the additional mass force is studied by means of mechanical analysis and comparative verification. Firstly, the mechanical model of non-uniform sediment particles is established in consideration of the seepage force, cohesion and the additional mass force caused by non-uniformity. Combined with the randomness of the position of non-uniform particles on the bed surface and the relative exposure degree of non-uniform particles, a systematic and comprehensive formula of the additional mass force is proposed. The mechanical equilibrium equations of critical incipient motion of the non-uniform sediment particles are established, and the critical incipient flow velocity of sediment particles under sliding instability and rolling instability are derived. Then, the accuracy and validity of the proposed formulas are verified by comparison with the results of flume test, field measurement and other formulas. Finally, the influence factors of the incipient flow velocity of non-uniform sediment particles are analyzed, and the change laws of influence factors are obtained. The results show that: 1) The incipient motion form of sediments on the natural seabed is generally the rolling instability. 2) The incipient flow velocity of sediment particles decreases first and then increases with particle diameter. 3) The incipient flow velocity of sediment particles increases with the dry bulk density. 4) The incipient flow velocity of sediment particles decreases with the increase of hydraulic gradient and relative exposure degree.

Effect of Particle Size on the Aerobic and Anaerobic Digestion Characteristics of Whole Rice Straw

The effect of reducing particle size on physical properties, the methane yield and energy flow were investigated through the biochemical methane potential (BMP) experiment of aerobic-anaerobic digestion (AAD) of rice straw (RS). The whole straw was crushed through four sieves of different aperture sizes (1, 3, 5, and 7 mm) to obtain the actual and non-uniform particle size distribution (PSD). The results indicated that the actual particle sizes were normally or logarithmic normally distributed. Reducing particle size could significantly promote the aerobic hydrolysis and acidification process, increase the content of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from 4408.78 to 6225.15 mg/L and the degradation of volatile solids (VS) from 40.56% to 50.49%. The results of path analysis suggested that particle size reduction played an important role in improving lignocellulosic degradability, which was the main factor affecting methane production with the comprehensive decision of 0.4616. The maximum methane production obtained at 1 mm sieve size was 176.47 mLCH4g−1 VS. The phyla of Firmicutes (61.5%), Proteobacteria (9.3%), Chloroflexi (8.3%), Bacteroidetes (4.1%), Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast (4.6%) were mainly responsible for VFAs production and lignocellulose degradation. However, the net negative energy balance was observed at the 1 mm sieve size due to the increased energy input. Therefore, the optimum sieve size for AAD was 3 mm.

Understanding the Electrochemical Performance of Hybrid Na(2-x)LixFeP2O7 (x= 0, 0.6) Cathode Materials

The need for green energy is increasing every year, and renewable energy and efficient storage require large-scale lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The use of LIBs has resulted in declining lithium (Li) reserves, which effectively increases the cost of current LIBs. Na ion batteries (NIBs) have been proposed as an alternative to the LIBs as it displays similar properties to them. However, Na ions (Na+), possessing higher ionic radii, and lower energy density than Li ion (Li+), the NIBs have limited commercialization potential. One proposed solution is the development of hybrid cathodes, where the cathode has both Li+ and Na+ in the structure and can be active in both Li and Na cells. The current work describes the development of hybrid cathode material in which the substitution of Li+ for Na+ in the configuration of Na(2-x)LixFeP2O7 (x=0,0,6) is considered to form Na1.4Li0.6FeP2O7 cathodes. The solid-state technique was used for the synthesis of Na(2-x)LixFeP2O7 (x=0.6) cathode. Structural analysis indicates the formation of phase pure crystalline materials with non-uniform and sub-micron particles. It is also noticed that the original triclinic structure of Na2FeP2O7 is preserved with the substitution of Li+. It is also revealed that Na1.4Li0.6FeP2O7 shows improved thermal stability up to 550°C when compared to Na2FeP2O7. The electrochemical performance of Na2FeP2O7 and Na1.4Li0.6FeP2O7 is investigated using various electrochemical characterizations. Both Li and Na half cells show electrochemical activity for Na1.4Li0.6FeP2O7 with decent cyclability. However, Na1.4Li0.6FeP2O7, suffers from lower electrochemical efficiency when compared to Na2FeP2O7. This could mainly be due to the lattice distortion upon substituting larger Na+ ions with smaller Li+ ions. Nevertheless, Na1.4Li0.6FeP2O7 hybrid cathode material can be used as a reference to synthesize new cathode materials with improved efficiency.

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and phase transition of Ehrenfest urns with interactions

Ehrenfest urns with interaction that are connected in a ring is considered as a paradigm model for non-equilibrium thermodynamics and is shown to exhibit two distinct non-equilibrium steady states (NESS) of uniform and non-uniform particle distributions. As the inter-particle attraction varies, a first order non-equilibrium phase transition occurs between these two NESSs characterized by a coexistence regime. The phase boundaries, the NESS particle distributions near saddle points and the associated particle fluxes, average urn population fractions, and the relaxational dynamics to the NESSs are obtained analytically and verified numerically. A generalized non-equilibrium thermodynamics law is also obtained, which explicitly identifies the heat, work, energy and entropy of the system.

Formation of pure nanoparticles with solvent-fractionated lignin polymers and evaluation of their biocompatibility

This study aimed to determine the effects of lignin characteristics (mainly molecular weight, functional groups, and internal linkages) on nanoparticle formation. First, five different lignin fractions (Mw 1460–12,900) were obtained from commercial kraft lignin (KL) by sequential solvent extraction. Functional groups and internal linkages were determined in lignin fractions, each fraction consisting of different levels and ratios. Second, spherical lignin nanoparticles (i.d. 193–1039 nm) were synthesized by nanoprecipitation at different pre-dialysis concentrations (1, 2, 4, and 6 mg mL−1 THF) with the different fractions (F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5). The study revealed that larger particles consisted of lignin fractions of lower molecular weight and higher phenolic group content (KL-F1 and F2), while smaller but non-uniform particles were produced from fractions of higher molecular weight and lower phenolic group content (KLF4 and F5). Every zeta potential value of the particle exceeded −35 mV. The nanoparticles from raw kraft lignin exhibited no significant cytotoxicity, hemotoxicity, and hypersensitivity. This study revealed that molecular weight and hydroxyl group content in the lignin highly correlated with nanoparticle properties. The present kraft lignin nanoparticles have potential for use in various polymer-based nanotechnology.

Implication of Non-Uniform Anode Particle Morphology on Lithium-Ion Cell Performance

The present works deals with the implications of non-uniform anode particle morphology on charging and discharging characteristics of Lithium-ion cell, especially for ultra-fast charging applications. The one-dimensional isothermal model is employed to analyze the effect of C-rate, porosity, tortuosity, and particle geometry for a range of non-uniform anode particle size distribution numerically. Our study reports that the value of capacity and specific power of the cell is found to be maximum when the particle size decreases along the electrode length. In contrast, capacity and specific power are minimum when anode particle size increase along the anode length. Moreover, a significant improvement in the performance of the Lithium-ion battery is found at ultra-fast charging when non-uniform particle distribution is employed. Additionally, a strong interplay of particle distribution and microstructural attributes viz. porosity and tortuosity on cell performance are revealed for the charging-discharging cycle. Further, the capacity of the cell is found to be maximum when the particle geometry is spherical. We anticipate that the results can inspire further improvement in ionic transport for ultrafast charging with non-uniform microstructure in the Li-ion cell.

Porous 3D graphene/multi-walled carbon nanotubes electrodes with improved mass transport and kinetics towards VO2+/VO2+ redox couple

Conventionally, production of 3D graphene (3DG) results in non-uniform particle size and random structures. Although important, the effect of the 3DG particle size on the kinetics of CNT electrodes toward the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) electrolyte has not been investigated. Herein, we manipulate in-lab fabricated CNT sheets with variable particle sizes of electroactive porous 3D graphene (3DG) additives, resulting in variable porous characteristics due to the spacing effect of the 3DG within the as-fabricated CNT fibers. We show that the particle size of 3DG affects both the kinetics and the mass transport capabilities of buckypaper electrodes. The results show that the 3DG additives did not only act as spacers between the CNT fibers opening up channels for increased mass flow to occur, but also improved the heterogeneous rate constants of the reactions. The improvement in kinetics, however, became more significant as the 3DG particle size decreased. Nevertheless, the results also suggest that the use of electroactive materials with controlled particle sizes is a promising strategy for the preparation of porous CNT materials for VRFBs.Graphical abstract [Display omitted]

Rheology of a dense granular bed penetrated by a rotating impeller

Understanding of the rheological behaviour of fully three-dimensional and non-uniform particle flow is of great interest. We analyse the resistance exhibited by a granular bed as a rotating impeller is penetrated into it, from which the rheological characteristics of the bed are deduced. For this end, the transient rheological response of both spherical and rodlike particles is simulated by Discrete Element Method. Transition from quasi-static to intermediate flow regime of rodlike particles is found to occur at a much larger shear strain rate than that of spherical particles. The relationship between the bulk friction coefficient and the inertial number is not monotonic. The viscosity of particle flow is inferred from the blade torque and is related to the inertial number and granular temperature, for which a power law is obtained covering both quasi-static and intermediate flow regimes. It can be used for obtaining flow field in complex geometry and dynamics using continuum mechanics by Computational Fluid Dynamics.

Preparation and properties of carbonated steel slag used in cement cementitious materials

Attributable to the advantages of low cost, easy availability and high density, et al., steel slag has become the research focus of the cement concrete industry. In this paper, the indirect carbonation process of steel slag is studied, the cementitious materials are prepared by replacing part of cement with carbonated steel slag, the mechanical properties and volume stability of the cementitious materials were studied. The reasons for the influence of carbonated steel slag on the properties of cementitious materials are explored from the hydration properties. The results show that carbonation reaction can reduce the content of free calcium oxide in steel slag. The carbonation products are mainly calcite and are in the form of non-uniform particles and carbonation layer morphology. The volume stability of cementitious materials containing carbonated steel slag is improved effectively due to the consumption of the expansion phase. Although the silicate phase in steel slag will be carbonated, the calcium carbonate produced by carbonation fills the microcracks or pores of the cementitious materials, or becomes the core of the hydration product, which significantly improves the 28-day strength of the cementitious materials.

Investigation of Radiative Properties of a Multi-particle Cloud with Non-uniform Particle Size Distribution

Particle systems involve numerous fields such as combustion, oceanography, photocatalysis, and atmospheric science, among others. In fact, most of these systems were in the form of multi-particle systems composed of different types of particles. In most previous studies, the influence of the type of element on radiative characteristic parameters was not considered, or the effective medium theory was adopted, which led to large calculation errors. In this paper, the differential-integration algorithm developed based on the Mie theory was used to calculate the radiative characteristics (extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient, scattering phase function, asymmetry factor) of a multi-particle system with non-uniform size distribution, and the Monte Carlo ray-tracing (MCRT) method was used to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE). SiO2 particles and polystyrene particles were investigated and subsequently divided into two categories: submicron particles (χ >1) and nano particles (χ >1) according to the size parameter. The radiative characteristics and spectral transmittance of particles with different volume fraction ratios and different particle sizes in the multi-particle system were also investigated. The results of the proposed method were compared to those of experimental tests to verify the accuracy of the algorithm. The maximum relative transmittance error decreased from 30.1% to 0.77%, and the average error decreased from 18.78% to 0.67%.

Functionally graded adhesive joints using magnetic microparticles with a polyurethane adhesive

The present work focuses on using a recently proposed method to create functionally graded adhesive joints using a polyurethane adhesive and iron microparticles. Functionally graded joints were created with the application of a suitable magnetic field in the centre of the overlap region. This field is able to move the iron microparticles and create a tailored particle distribution. The main goal of this work was to create a particle concentration gradient that changes from particle rich in the middle of the overlap to poor in the ends. Consequentially, the stiffness of the resulting composite is made to vary along the bondline. A numerical simulation was performed to determine the optimal distance between the magnet and the adhesive layer as well as the application time of the external magnetic field. In order to assess the influence of the iron particles on the adhesive, different particle amounts were experimentally considered and two particles distributions were evaluated (uniform and graded distributions). The predicted particles trajectories were validated through a study of the single lap joint (SLJ) fracture surfaces, showing that the magnetic particles follow the magnetic field lines towards the middle of the overlap. Also, by observing the same fracture surfaces, the recently proposed method was validated, a non-uniform particle distribution. Finally, SLJs containing 1% of iron microparticles with a graded distribution were found to exhibit the best mechanical performance. Thus, this method has been demonstrated to be a viable technique to enhance the mechanical properties of bonded joints, leading to a more uniform stress distribution along the bondline.

The key attributes of processing parameters on semi-solid metal casting: An Overview

Commercialization of the developed technology is a prime factor for any nation and sector to retain its existence in this global economy. Day by day the technological advancement touching new high in various sectors like the automobile and aircraft industries but high design efficiency is achieved only when it is complemented by appropriate material. In the list newer addition is MMCs (Metal Matrix Composites) which are favorable because of their lower cost achieved by cheaper reinforcement, easy processing, and capabilities of mass production. In recent days, the importance of semi-solid casting has been well accepted among various processing routes for aluminum alloys despite many challenges in terms of process parameters like porosity, agglomeration, non-uniform reinforcement particle distribution, low wettability, and engulfment, and this is a main consideration for the present work. Semi-solid casting is considered to be one of the most important and effective manufacturing processes of aluminum alloy for viable mechanical and metallurgical properties in the current perspective of product requirement and competitiveness. A glimpse of the current status is presented, which shows the potential of the process which can be utilized by the industries for several benefits. In a nutshell, it can be found that process has the capability of alteration by the use of different scraps and also have flexibility according to the processing parameters like stirring, pouring temperature, type of reinforcements, etc.

Gray Box Time Variant Clogging behaviour and Pressure Drop Prediction of the Air Filter in the HVAC System

Identification and prediction of clogging behavior in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters is crucial to avoid issues such as system overheating, energy waste, lower indoor air quality, etc. Researchers are focusing more on the particle loading characteristics of a filter medium in a laboratory environment under steady-state conditions, fixed particle concentrations, area of porosity, dust feed and volumetric flow rate. However, recent research still shows uncertainties in modeling as well as the implementation problems of constructing the HVAC laboratory test bench and equipment. In addition, subjects such as non-uniform particle deposition depreciation of the condition and various type of mechanical filters such as fibrous, fabric, granular, and membrane filter or electrostatic filters which typically used in HVAC systems perform under some assumptions and still need more research. The studies become even more difficult acquiring a large number of time-varying and noisy signals. Another approach among studies is data-driven knowing that Building Automation System (BAS) is not equipped with appropriate sensor measuring the clogging, it is needed to drive the clogging mathematical model from the pressure drop signal. This paper bridges the gap between particle-size study and black box modeling of HVAC filter which has not received much attention from authors. The proposed method assumes that the pressure drop is the result of two time-varying functions; f(t), which represents the dynamics of clogging and, g(t), which refers to dynamics of remained terms. The exponential and polynomial of second order functions are proposed to express the clogging behavior. The software package based on Particle Swarm Optimization Artificial Bee Colony (PSOABC) algorithm, is developed and implemented to estimate the coefficients of the clogging functions based on smallest RMSE, high coefficient of correlation and acceptable tracking. Five Air Handling Unit (AHUs) are selected for practical verification of the model and the results show that the applied method can successfully predict clogging and pressure drop behaviour of HVAC filters.