Non-traditional Security Issues Research Articles

International Responses over Nontraditional Security Threats: A Comparative Analysis into Rational and Sources

Security concerns of the contemporary period have gone beyond the traditional form of existential threats caused by conventional military forces to a vast range of non-conventional security concerns, including climate change, pandemics, and cyber threats. The direct spillover effects of these non-traditional security issues do not just influence national relations but require global cooperation and a comprehensive approach. In conclusion, increased international cooperation will be essential along with the principle of equitable resource distribution and the pursuit of novel technological solutions to attain lasting resilience against NTS threats. As such pressures on human security continue to unfold, it is critical that the global community facilitate adaptive measures and strong frameworks for global security and stability. This paper represents the value added to the scientific debate on nontraditional security, as effectiveness is linked to international responses, with further recommendations for better action toward implementation.

Evaluating the Impact of Climate Change on Sustainable Economic Development: Empirical Research in the Coastal Area of Kien Giang, Vietnam

Alongside the economic growth in various coastal regions, including Kien Giang, the area faces non-traditional security issues, most notably marine environmental pollution due to the impacts of climate change. This study surveyed 130 households in several coastal regions of Kien Giang. It employed a multivariate regression model to assess the implications and quantify climate change's effects on economic activities. The findings indicate that most factors harm the financial activities of households living in these coastal regions of Kien Giang. This paper underscores the significance of addressing the adverse impacts of climate change on local economies. It highlights the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate these effects, ensuring the sustainable development of coastal communities in Kien Giang.

Ensuring energy security: situating the Bay of Bengal in cooperative architecture narrative

ABSTRACT In today’s world, the concept of security is incomplete without the concept of energy security. Unless a country has access to uninterrupted flow of energy resources, its massive stockpile of weapons and ammunition is unlikely to keep it safe. Therefore, contemporary security studies include concerns about energy security as one of the key components of non-traditional security issues. Ensuring free access to energy for all – is a top priority in the BIMSTEC region. Trans-border cooperation can help diversify energy sources, reduce average supply costs, and meet peak demands as the gap between supply and demand grows in BIMSTEC countries. The paper examines the current energy scenario in BIMSTEC, evaluates the scope of cross-border energy trade in the region. Energy security and maritime security are intertwined with each other in today’s world. The paper also addresses the broader geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic aspects of the Bay of Bengal, illustrating how maritime security is integral to ensuring energy security in the region.

Security as a Public Value

Purpose: Security would seem to constitute the most fundamental public value, and is intrinsically linked with the right to life. Keeping the public safe from internal and external threats is the primary function of governments and states. At the level of global governance, systemic security, and a guarantee of freedom from existential threats for sovereign states, lie at the heart of international law, international organizations, and the normative rules of coexistence. Yet the definition of security has evolved over time. The proliferation of threats to security, and spillover between them, has seen an expansion along the X-axis of issues. Meanwhile, consideration of an increasingly broad hierarchy of the subjects of security (those for whom security should be provided) has seen expansion along the Y-axis of referent objects in two directions from the state - upwards towards international communities and ultimately to the global biosphere, and downwards peoples, communities, and vulnerable groups and individuals. A combination of these perspectives has manifested in three of the gravest crises to face domestic and international governance policymakers: the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and the global humanitarian crisis of refugees and forced migrants. This paper traces the evolution of security public values and reflects the emergence of a holistic conceptualization of governance prescription in response. Method: This research project used a qualitative approach consisting of literature review and document analysis. The results of this study should be supplemented by quantitative and qualitative studies in the future. The literature review consists of a comprehensive assessment of scholarly academic publications from competing perspectives in the fields of political and moral philosophy, public administration, and international relations. The document survey is mainly related to the policy documentation output of national governments and international organizations, as well as media reports. Results: The research identifies how the exponential growth of security challenges, and their interlocking and cross-contaminating nature, has rendered traditional modalities anachronistic. It identifies how conceptualizations of what constitutes ‘security’ have steadily expanded to include a greater focus on human beings as the referent object, and to include a broader range of ‘threats’ to these referent objects. Questions related to state and systemic security remain relevant and interact with human-centric issues and perspectives in an increasingly complex web of insecurities. Global governance policymaking has likewise expanded to encompass non-traditional security (NTS) issues, but in doing so has shone a spotlight on the controversial dualistic nature of international organizations. In 2005, United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Kofi Annan referenced the interrelatedness of the three pillars of the UN by noting “we will not enjoy security without development, development without security, and neither without respect for human rights. Unless all these causes are advanced, none will succeed.” In doing so he neatly encapsulated the progress made by the evolution of security and governance conceptualizations, as well as ongoing challenges. Policy prescription and obligations for those who govern, therefore, must increasingly consider spillover between these diverse agendas. This has been reflected in the newly emerging discourse on the humanitarian-development-peace nexus (HDPN). The article assesses not only the promise of the HDPN, but also continued shortcomings in terms of how it is currently operationalized at the global level, two decades after Annan’s original call to action for a more integrated and human-centered approach to security and governance.

Environmental Impact of Poppy Cultivation in Manipur: Challenges to National Security

Security from external threats has always been the preserve of the State in International Relations. In the last few decades, many theories have been propounded to broaden the perception of security, as the traditional outlook of security cannot comprehend the ever-changing perspective and nature of threats in global politics. The problems of security issues as States were also witnessing newer forms of threats that were not only territorial but also social, economic, and transnational in nature. Such developments not only indicate the death knell of the traditional mode of thinking but also call for a rethinking of ‘widening’ or ‘redefining’ the concept of ‘security’. This article is an attempt to critically analyse non-traditional security threats and issues of drug trafficking and the environmental impact of poppy cultivation in Northeast India, particularly in Manipur. Furthermore, it investigates the collateral damage to national security.

Non-Traditional Security Threats in Shaping Civil-Military Relations in Nepal

The concept of security has expanded beyond traditional military threats to encompass various non-traditional security challenges. The security, stability, and defense of a nation are significantly influenced by its armed forces. However, the military entities do not operate in isolation; they are an integral part of the larger society they serve. Throughout history, military institutions have not only been responsible for safeguarding a nation’s security but also played a pivotal role in shaping societal values, norms, and cohesion. The practical realm of interactions between civilians and the military encompasses both direct and indirect engagements that ordinary individuals and institutions have with the armed forces which involves discussions within legislative bodies regarding the allocation of funds, regulations, and the utilization of the military, as well as intricate negotiations between civilian and military leaders aimed at shaping and executing national security policies. Drawing on existing literature and contextual analysis with a qualitative approach, this study provides a nuanced understanding of the intricate relationship between non-traditional security dynamics and civil-military interactions in Nepal. Commencing with an exploration of the concept of non-traditional security and its applicability within Nepal, this study identifies a spectrum of non-traditional security challenges confronting the nation. Furthermore, this paper explains the intricate interplay between non-traditional security issues and the evolution of civil-military relations in Nepal.

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM AS A COOPERATIVE SECURITY MECHANISM

The article explores the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) as a pivotal cooperative security framework in Asia-Pacific. Cooperative security, characterized by multilateralism, inclusiveness, transparency, and consensus-building, underpins the ARF’s functioning. The study delves into the ARF’s establishment during the post-Cold War era, highlighting ASEAN’s political and diplomatic gains, which fostered trust among major powers and regional actors. The authors analyse the ARF’s development, noting its primary focus on confidence-building measures, reflecting the principles of non-interference and consensus inherent in ASEAN’s norms. Key findings indicate that while the ARF has made strides in enhancing regional security dialogue, it remains constrained by its slow-moving approach to preventive diplomacy and the lack of coercive mechanisms. The Forum's ability to address traditional security challenges, such as the North Korean nuclear threat and the South China Sea dispute, is limited. Therefore, the ARF focuses on addressing non-traditional security issues, including counterterrorism and disaster mitigation. The findings show that ARF's role encompasses extending ASEAN’s cooperative security norms to the broader Asia-Pacific region, promoting transparency and fostering a collaborative security environment by means of confidence-building measures. The article posits that while ASEAN’s leadership in the ARF is more an outcome of regional circumstances than deliberate strategy, the ASEAN Regional Forum remains an important mechanism for security cooperation in Asia-Pacific.

Indonesian Leadership Policies and Strategies In Facing The South China Sea Conflict

This research examines Indonesia's role in managing the South China Sea dispute using a conceptual framework of regional leadership that involves five models of leadership role impact. Indonesia's role in the South China Sea conflict is categorized as active but with limited impact. Despite Indonesia's active involvement in South China Sea conflict resolution efforts for over two decades, its impact has not reached the expected level. Indonesia has engaged in various cooperations and diplomacy that have successfully prevented open conflicts in the South China Sea region. Nevertheless, Indonesia's role in supporting internal solutions for the disputing parties remains limited due to several factors beyond Indonesia's control. These factors include the complexity of competition with China's power, low levels of trust among member states, a lack of technical cooperation in governing the South China Sea region, and the dilemmas of defense diplomacy with countries outside the region. This research highlights that Indonesia has the potential to act as a mediator and mediator in managing the South China Sea disputes, especially in non-traditional security issues such as Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IUU Fishing). Focusing on non-traditional security diplomacy may help minimize the impact of conflicts and enhance cooperation in the South China Sea region.

보건위협의 안보화에 따른 국방-보건지출 간 상충관계 발생 요인 분석

This study analyzes statistically and empirically whether the emergence of health issues around the world is able to lead to notable change in military security. With the emergence of the concept of human security and rapid increase of health threat around the world after the Post-Cold War, There has been a number of arguments that the significance of military security based on the realist theory would be devalued by the proliferating health security agenda. In particular, there is a traditional perspective within the government expenditure named “guns and butter” theory, a trade-off relationship between defense and welfare, which refers that an increase of spending in an area inevitably leads to a decrease in another area with limited tax revenue. In this context, this study estimates the effect of changes in the proportion of health expenditure on the proportion of defense expenditure by conducting regression analysis for all countries from 2000 to 2019, utilizing the PCSE model. As a result, it was found that a trade-off appeared in countries with low economic development level and military manpower, while there is a positive correlation between both spending in case of having high values. Based on this result, the study conducted an empirical review of six countries of the Asia-Pacific region to determine whether the moderating effect is significant at the individual country level. In this analysis, it turned out that the income level and the number of active military manpower indicates a significant moderating effect. In this regard, the research implies that the level of economic development and the military manpower structure are the factors that would change the relationship between the both expenditures. Throughout the analysis, It suggests that there is compatibility between health and military security concepts as well as that changes in military or economic factors exceed non-traditional security issues in the compilation of a military budget. Ultimately, this study implies it is impossible to grasp the mutual competitiveness in the “gun and butter” debate and it is revealed that the gun overwhelms the butter. Additionally, This accentuates that the suitability of realism is still valid in spite of the emergence of the new security concept.

Southeast Asian Regionalism: An Examination of the Progress and Priorities of ASEAN through its Joint Communiqués

In pursuit of ASEAN’s objective to formalize the ASEAN Community, this article critically examines the community-building progress and the organization’s key priorities. The research is guided by two research problems. First, what are the subjects discussed in each ASEAN community pillar? Second, how are the key issues addressed in relation to each ASEAN community pillar? A thematic analysis of the joint communiqués published by ASEAN from 2004-2019 was conducted to respond to these questions. More specifically, each communiqué was tagged and analyzed, and themes were subsequently derived, enabling a comprehensive examination of each area of the ASEAN community. The article contributes significant insights into the evolving landscape of ASEAN’s cooperation and integration. The findings elucidate on the shifting dynamics and complexities that shape ASEAN’s political-security, economic, and socio-cultural communities, shedding light on the organization’s changing priorities and challenges. The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) prioritizes key growth areas, such as tourism, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), and energy. For the ASEAN political-security, its focus is on ascertaining continued peace in the region as exemplified by collaboration on non-traditional security issues. Meanwhile, the ASEAN socio-cultural community primarily centers on environmental issues, disaster response and management, and the youth. However, the advancement of the ASEAN community has faced setbacks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2021 Myanmar coup d’état. Overall, the joint communiqués manifests the different initiatives that ASEAN has taken to deepen integration and a sense of community.

SOSIALISASI PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN MENGENAI CLIMATE CHANGE MELALUI SHARING SESSIONS DI KALANGAN REMAJA DALAM PEMBAHASAN KASUS KEBAKARAN HUTAN DI RIAU

Nowadays, security issues have increased rapidly, not only regarding traditional security in the context of territorial security and military power of a country, but have expanded to non-traditional security issues. One example of a non-traditional security issue is the threat of haze pollution. Students as human beings with high intellectual and social control It is expected to contribute to society. This means that in this case, the role of students as social controllers is very important, and they are expected to contribute to the wider community in various aspects. Therefore, to realize this, the International Relations Student Association of the University of August 17, 1945, Jakarta took the initiative to hold community service activities by conducting socialization with students of SMAN 110 Jakarta through Sharing Sessions on Climate Change. This service activity is aimed at students of SMAN 110 Jakarta and aims to increase knowledge about climate change, especially the effects of forest fires, through case studies of forest fires that occurred in Riau and make it happen in everyday life.

RE-DEFINING THREAT TO NATIONAL DEFENCE: CASE STUDY OF INDONESIA-MALAYSIA BORDER DISPUTE IN WEST KALIMANTAN

The country's border areas are not immune from threats to national defense, both traditionally and non-traditionally. One of the country's border areas is Entikong, which is located in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. This area is directly adjacent to the State of Sarawak, East Malaysia. State border areas tend to be considered vulnerable to military threats such as territorial invasions. However, territorial defense can be threatened by non-traditional threats that can affect state sovereignty through the nationalism of its people. This study uses qualitative methods by analyzing primary and secondary data from field observations, interviews, and the results of focus group discussions with a number of informants who have been determined using a purposive technique. Non-traditional security problems in the Entikong area are people's economic problems, narcotics smuggling, foreign commodities, identity crises, and others that can affect state sovereignty and people's sense of nationalism. There are challenges in efforts to deal with non-traditional security issues, such as from the aspects of budget, technology, area size, to inter-agency coordination. Therefore, not only the military aspect, currently non-traditional threats need special attention. Seeing that the biggest threat is from the economic aspect, the improvements that can be made to prevent threats to state sovereignty are derived from the economic aspect and defense efforts by authorized state institutions. This requires coordination, commitment and support from the central/provincial/regional government, military and local civil society.

Corruption and Asian Values: A Cultural Approach to Understand Corruption within Asian Society

As global threat shifts from traditional security issues to non-traditional security issues, corruption is placed among the top threats to humankind since it poses danger to the development and prosperity of one state. Corruption is a social pandemic occurring across the globe, from East to West, North to South. However, Asia is a part of the world where corruption grows prolific. For this reason, this paper argues that Asian values is responsible for shaping a corrupt society within Asian social structure. Asian values create a communitarian society that respect order, authority, family and relationship. Perhaps these values are misinterpreted and undermined by community for their personal benefits. There are two dimensions that Asian values might contribute to the making of corrupt society, political and social. In politics, political system and its historical legacy appear to be substantive in shaping corrupt society. Meanwhile in social architecture, Asian values itself habituate Asian community to practice corruption in their daily activities. This research aims to verify that Asian values work as a primary element in shaping corruptive behaviour within Asian society. This research operates qualitative methods with explanatory analysis mode.

ASEAN, China and South China Sea: Alternative approach for security cooperation

This article analyzes the status quo and cooperation mechanism between ASEAN and China, mainly, the non-traditional security issues in the South China Sea space (SCS). The non-traditional security threats confronting the SCS are complex, diverse and enormous. Amongst those are transnational maritime crimes, marine disaster threat, marine ecological environmental threat, and resource scarcity. Recent trends have demonstrated that the established regimes between ASEAN and China, for non-traditional security cooperation in the SCS, are fragmented mainly due to the absence of integrated and long-term mechanisms. Three reasons hinder the acceleration of the cooperation process: interference from outside powers, insufficient mutual political trust between China and ASEAN members, claimants and divergence of interests in advancing the Code of Conduct (COC) in the SCS. This article aims to analyze the problems and the causes existing between China and ASEAN in dealing with non-traditional security cooperation. It also examines the effectiveness of the rules-based cooperation mechanisms and offers a few recommendations. It is argued that ASEAN and China should take advantage of the low sensitivity of non-traditional security issues and high-quality development of the One Belt and One Road Initiative, to construct an integrated framework based on rules jointly and order for multilateral non-traditional security cooperation in the SCS. Three possible and workable measures are recommended to facilitate non-traditional security cooperation between ASEAN and China in the SCS. Both sides, primarily ASEAN member claimants, pursue an excellent willingness to cooperate and could promote functional cooperation, promote successful maritime cooperation modes as long-term cooperation mechanisms in the SCS, focus on strengthening the capacity-building of marine governance, and comprehensively establish a multilateral cooperation mechanism in marine environmental protection and fishery resources management.

Sino-Indian Dynamics in South Asia: A Systemic Security Environment Approach

The complex strategic scenario as a resultant of the Sino-Indian dynamics in South Asia require a comprehensive outlook that encompasses various theoretical underpinnings of the broader security school in International Relations. This article bases the conceptualization of such a reality upon Tang’s formulation. He outlines four major aspects to describe an approach to ‘security complex’ or regional security architecture. These are geographical barriers, state-to-state interaction, international structure and military technology. This article examines all four aspects in a comparative analytical format. Considering the flaring up of regional tensions as a resultant of the intermingling of factors outside the realm of traditional security conceptualization, a limitation of the framework espoused by Tang is observed. The article concludes that the limitations of Tang’s formulation, that is the exclusion of non-traditional security issues, often create similar systemic pressure on the regional security system as the traditional factors mentioned by Tang and require inclusion in the systemic security environment approach.

Analysis of China's Role and Motivation in the Global Environmental Governance System Based on Neo-liberalism and Realism

With the gradual deterioration of the earth's environment, global environmental problems have become an important issue that the whole world urgently needs to solve. Nowadays, globalization cooperation among countries has been carried out in-depth and is no longer limited to the traditional economic and cultural fields. Non-traditional security issues have gradually become the mainstream of cooperation among countries. China's motivation to participate in environmental governance in the context of globalization is particularly important. This paper will use a theoretical plus case study approach to analyse their motivations to draw conclusions about the issue. At the same time, analysing China's motives for participating in global environmental governance helps us to better understand the logic of China's behaviour and its role in global governance today. The paper figured out that China has its behavioural logic, what China should do next is to let western countries know its logic and enhance cooperation in the environmental field with other entities.

Human Security and the Special Autonomy: The Solution for the Non-traditional Security Issues in Papua?

Issues of human rights violations, poverty, unemployment, low HDI, low access to education, and poor health are the most important parts of the concept of human security introduced by the UNDP report 1994. These issues have not been adequately addressed in Papua. The purpose of this study was to review the special autonomy arrangements in responding to security issues in Papua. This review was interesting to study because special autonomy has been considered irrelevant to address the human security issues in the province. Human security and special autonomy should be linearly related to each other. As such, the issues of human security should be addressed before the welfare of Papua can be improved. This study used a qualitative approach with a literature study method. The authors collected data through various works of literature in online media, official publications, and others. Meanwhile, the authors followed the Creswell concept to conduct the stages of the study, which consisted of identification of the problem, literature study, determination of study purposes and objectives, collection of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and reporting of the result. The results of the study showed that the implementation of special autonomy and the disbursement of special autonomy funds have been unable to respond to human security issues in Papua. Efforts to improve the welfare of Papua were marred by a conventional security approach. Therefore, these efforts failed to improve the welfare of Papua, triggering ongoing conflicts. Various human security issues in Papua were not addressed properly, such as issues on human rights, public services, health, HDI, economic inequality, and education, which affect its welfare.

New Developments in China’s Maritime Traffic Safety Legislation: Theoretical Background, Institutional Changes, and Potential Implications

Recent legal theories and state practice have tended to expand the conceptualization of maritime security beyond the traditional security field to encompass nontraditional security issues such as economic growth, environmental protection, and the optimal use of ocean resources. In this context, the conceptualization of maritime security in China has also undergone profound changes that have significantly influenced China’s revision of maritime traffic safety legislation. The objectives of this article are to examine the specific institutional changes in China’s new regulatory framework for maritime traffic safety, and to explore their potential implications. This article uses normative analysis to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the institutional developments in China’s new maritime traffic safety legislation, discusses how the evolution of the concept of maritime security has theoretically affected these institutional developments, and explores the potential implications of the new legislation for China’s navigational safety governance, maritime law enforcement, and cross-border maritime security cooperation.

South Korea's Investment in the U.S.-ROK Alliance: A Case Study of the New Southern Policy

executive summary: This essay argues that South Korea's deliberate efforts to find nexuses between its New Southern Policy (NSP) and the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy is an investment in insurance for the U.S.-ROK alliance. main argument South Korea has been exploring connections between its NSP and the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy at the request of, if not pressure from, the U.S. South Korea has expanded the NSP's scope to include nontraditional security and target areas in the South Pacific. This policy choice is, in part, an investment in insurance for the U.S.-ROK alliance to bolster the partnership and ensure a U.S. security commitment to the Korean Peninsula. Were South Korea not to accommodate the U.S. strategy, Washington might reduce its commitment to the alliance in response. However, adjusting to some elements of the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy also gives South Korea leeway to engage more with China without causing the perception that it is strategically tilting toward China. policy implications • As the U.S. and South Korea increase their cooperation for infrastructure investment in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and the Pacific Islands, South Korea should demonstrate its interest in coordinating in minilateral settings with Japan, Australia, and India. Doing so would create greater space for South Korea to also participate in China's Belt and Road Initiative more broadly without causing the U.S. to misperceive that South Korea is tilting toward China. • Enhancing cooperation with the Quad states in regional maritime security can give South Korea more room to engage with China in responding to regional nontraditional security issues.

Recognizing ASEAN Nations' Realization and Commitment to the Issues of Non-Traditional Security (NTS)

Objective – Issues dealing with security are perhaps the most profound issues since the end of the Cold War in the 1990s. The notion is that the state's security is no longer just threatened by war but also by other circumstances and situations that might still harm the citizen's and states' well-being. In international politics, the realism paradigm considers security challenges in the classic sense that wars and military conflicts are the sole threats to the state. This viewpoint falls under the notion of traditional security. The other concept that governs state security might be more than only weapon battles and wars, and it falls under the idea and paradigm of idealism. Methodology – This paper will highlight a few issues concerning the Non-Traditional Security paradigm (NTS). In the end, the objective of this concept paper is to see the awareness of ASEAN members on the issues of NTS and how they respond to such matters. Findings – A total of 10 informants from different backgrounds but experts in the field of NTS will involve in the study, and the data for the study shall be collected using qualitative research methods. We hope a full picture of NTS during the COVID-19 pandemic can be presented from the findings. Novelty – Thus, this study suggests the blueprint for NTS to help people understand NTS. Type of Paper: Empirical J.E.L. Classification: Keywords: Non-Traditional Security Issues, Securitization, Awareness, ASEAN Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Yaacob, N.A; Yusof, M.I; Nurudin, S.M; Zain, Z.M; Mustapa, N.A. (2022). Recognizing ASEAN Nations' Realization and Commitment to the Issues of Non-Traditional Security (NTS), J. Bus. Econ. Review, 7(2), 151–159. https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2022.7.2(4)