Nontraditional Roles Research Articles

The Women Who Reconstructed American Jewish Education 1910–1965 ed. by Carol K. Ingall (review)

Reviewed by: The Women Who Reconstructed American Jewish Education 1910–1965 ed. by Carol K. Ingall Dr. Renee Rubin Ross (bio) The Women Who Reconstructed American Jewish Education 1910–1965, edited by Carol K. Ingall. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2010. The Women Who Reconstructed American Jewish Education, 1910–1965 brings to light the stories of some key female figures of American Jewish education of the twentieth century who have not received the attention they deserve. For that alone, the book is worth exploring. The book opens with an introduction by Carol Ingall that sketches out a brief history of American Jewish education starting in the late eighteenth century, discusses the contributions and influence of Samuel Benderly and Mordecai Kaplan, and puts the contributions of influential female Jewish educators in historical and social context. The ten chapters that follow provide portraits of eleven women who were particularly influential through their work as teachers, administrators, writers, or social workers. How did these women “reconstruct” American Jewish education? Ingall argues that they “not only recast Jewish education in the progressive, experiential model of John Dewey and his followers but also implemented a pedagogy based on the primacy of Hebrew language and culture” (p. 1). These women, most of whom were connected to the wider circles of either Kaplan or Benderly (or both), were leaders and “doers” in this work. Ingall continues by describing the gendered division of labor in the world of early twentieth-century [End Page 115] Jewish education: male disciples of Benderly ended up in administrative positions or working in academia, whereas women “implemented the Jewish educational responses to the social and cultural challenges facing the American Jewish community” (p. 16). Throughout the volume, Ingall and other contributors argue that men created educational theory, whereas women put it into action. Contributors to this volume had a complex task: to address multiple frameworks of understanding these women’s lives. First, these life stories add color to our tapestry of the history of American Jewish education. Second, given that Jewish education is about transmitting Judaism from one generation to the next, this is a story of how these women used their work to build and reinforce Jewish identity, combining universalistic and particularistic elements to suit the times. And third, this is a story about gender: given the choices open to them, how did these women navigate nontraditional roles? The best essays in this volume successfully move among these three analytical lenses. Take, for example, Miriam Heller Stern’s essay on Ethel Feineman and Grace Weiner and their San Francisco settlement house for immigrant women in their teens and twenties. Stern describes how Feineman and Weiner’s endeavors as social workers, and in fact as role models and surrogate mothers, allowed them to practice an impactful form of experiential education. They used their position as powerful women to expand the possibilities for gender roles for the women at the settlement house. Similarly, Jonathan Krasner’s essay about children’s author Sadie Rose Weilerstein discusses Weilerstein’s success as an author and the contrast between her public portrayal of herself as an “accidental writer,” which Krasner attributes to her conformity to gender expectations, and her private dedication to the craft of writing. Krasner describes how Weilerstein’s writing—and even her books’ illustrations—captured the tension between Jews’ desires to assimilate, and the ways in which they were identifiably Jewish and lived primarily among other Jews. As with many of the women in this volume, Weilerstein was an informal Jewish educator: her stories modeled how American Jews might navigate between tradition and modernity. The missed opportunity of the book is that the stories are told independently of one another. Each contributor was tasked with writing about a particular woman, and each author puts forward a particular thesis about her subject’s triumphs and challenges. Yet these analyses do not build on or engage with each other, leaving readers on their own to bring the themes of these chapters together. Although Ingall draws some connections between these women in her introduction to the volume, it is not enough. By the time I “met” the third or fourth woman in this volume (not to mention the...

Mitochondrial TCA cycle intermediates regulate body fluid and acid-base balance

Intrarenal control mechanisms play an important role in the maintenance of body fluid and electrolyte balance and pH homeostasis. Recent discoveries of new ion transport and regulatory pathways in the distal nephron and collecting duct system have helped to better our understanding of these critical kidney functions and identified new potential therapeutic targets and approaches. In this issue of the JCI, Tokonami et al. report on the function of an exciting new paracrine mediator, the mitochondrial the citric acid(TCA) cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate (αKG), which via its OXGR1 receptor plays an unexpected, nontraditional role in the adaptive regulation of renal HCO(3⁻) secretion and salt reabsorption.

Integrating Patient Safety and Clinical Pharmacy Services Into the Care of a High-Risk, Ambulatory Population

Lincoln Community Health Center participated in a Health Resources and Services Administration-sponsored Patient Safety and Clinical Pharmacy Services Collaborative aimed at facilitating integration of pharmacy services proven to enhance patient safety into care provided to a high-risk, ambulatory population. The Collaborative used the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle of learning from the Model for Improvement endorsed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement to guide changes. Outcomes targeted for improvement included medication reconciliation, obesity screening and follow-up planning, adverse drug events (patient safety), and delivery of clinical pharmacy services. Primary changes that resulted from conducting 54 PDSA cycles of learning included enhanced data access, centralized medication access through formulary expansion, implemented a medication reconciliation guideline, designated a single point of accountability in the pharmacy, improved efficiency, staff performed nontraditional roles, extended the existing adverse drug event program, and improved communication. Changes made to integrate patient safety and clinical pharmacy services into the care of a high-risk, ambulatory population not only improved all targeted outcomes but also helped establish Lincoln Community Health Center as the patient's medical home.

Something Old, Something New: Evidence of Self-Accommodation to Gendered Social Change

Two studies examined how individuals adapt the self to social trends—in particular, when the social roles of the gender ingroup change, do people readily leave behind traditional roles in favor of nontraditional roles? We hypothesized that self-relevant cognitions and behaviors would accommodate to societal change, and we found that this accommodation took the shape of greater acceptance of nontraditional roles alongside continued acceptance of traditional roles. Experiment 1 included 112 undergraduates from the Midwestern U.S. who learned about social change or social stability by reading articles ostensibly published in a newspaper. Individuals who learned about social change for their gender ingroup, relative to those learning about social stability, projected greater personal success in careers, particularly for gender-nontraditional careers. Experiment 2 examined behavioral responses to social change in a sample of 198 female undergraduates from the Midwestern U.S. Participants learned about social change or social stability and then chose to view either a website focused on physical appearance (i.e., traditional choice) or leadership (i.e., nontraditional choice). Behavioral responses to social change reflected accommodation to the anticipated social structure: Individuals who learned about social change chose to view information about nontraditional rather than traditional roles. These studies provide initial experimental evidence investigating how individuals adapt the self to the social structure.

Challenges and Needs Faced by Female Combat Veterans.

This article presents findings of a study conducted to identify stressors that may contribute to mental health issues of military female veterans. Female members in the U.S. Armed Forces currently occupy more non-traditional roles; therefore deployment to combat zones, commonly reserved for males, is being taken on by females. While at the present time females serving in the military are not allowed to serve in combat occupations, the reality is that many are being placed in combat roles or environments. Consequently, many are now confronted with stressors related to combat and multiple deployments. This study was based on a descriptive, non-probability, snowball design. In cases where participants displayed a reluctance to share some information in front of counterparts who may have been at a higher or lower rank level; subsequent semi-structured, one-to-one interviews were conducted. The latter approach proved more effective in gathering important information, such as issues of military sexual trauma (MST) and issues of intimacy upon re-entering the home environment. This study was conducted before January 2013, when Defense Secretary Leon Panetta announced the lift of the ban on women serving in combat. Therefore, future studies will need to be conducted to discern how these stressors will affect them in their new role as active combatants.

Non-traditional roles of G protein-coupled receptors in basic cell biology.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key signaling proteins that regulate how cells interact with their environment. Traditional signaling cascades involving GPCRs have been well described and are well established and very important clinical targets. With the development of more recent technologies, hints about the involvement of GPCRs in fundamental cell biological processes are beginning to emerge. In this review, we give a basic introduction to GPCR signaling and highlight some less well described roles of GPCRs, including in cell division and membrane trafficking, which may occur through canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways.

Study of Some Non-Traditional Roles Ascribed to Vitamin D Include Immune-Modulating Effects and Anti-Inflammatory in Sera of Iraqi Myocardial Infarction Patients

Study of Some Non-Traditional Roles Ascribed to Vitamin D Include Immune-Modulating Effects and Anti-Inflammatory in Sera of Iraqi Myocardial Infarction Patients

A Sticky Story for Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 in Platelets

A Sticky Story for Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 in Platelets

Who Likes Bratz? The Impact of Girls’ Age and Gender Role Orientation on Preferences for Barbie Versus Bratz

ABSTRACTWhy did Bratz dolls appeal to young girls? To answer this question, sixty Israeli girls, 6–11 years old, completed Boldizar's (1989) Children's Sex Role Inventory (CSRI) and were later asked how many Barbies and Bratz dolls they have. After being shown pictures of a Barbie and a Bratz doll, they were asked as to their preference, justified their preference, and explained why girls in general like the dolls. Feminine girls indicated having a larger number of dolls of both types and all girls reported having more Barbies; yet nearly all girls reported preferring to play with Bratz. Feminine girls were least likely to offer positive descriptors of Bratz dolls. The dolls’ beauty was more often cited as reasons for younger girls’ liking both dolls, and such explanations were independent of girls’ gender role orientation. Gender role orientation did not impact any of the categories of preference justification for Barbie, but it did impact justifications for liking Bratz, with androgynous and undifferentiated girls more often citing Bratz's clothes as justifications for liking the doll. The data indicate that Bratz's appearance and clothing appealed primarily to girls with nontraditional gender role orientations.

Maureen White, MBA, RN, NEA-BC

Maureen White, MBA, RN, NEA-BC

You Say Goodbye, I Say Hello

Saying goodbye has never been a favorite part of my life. For the past eight years, beginning with RUSQ 44:3, I have been privileged to edit the readers' advisory column. What a wonderful time it has been. I have had the chance to talk with and work with some of the best writers and practitioners in the readers' advisory world. I will be forever grateful that they took the time out of their busy work schedules to put together articles for the journal, sharing their expertise and building a stronger readers' advisory community through these pieces. As I move on to take up the role of editor of RUSQ, I want to use this last column, or at least the first part of it, to both reflect and to look forward. I would be remiss in leaving not to thank several people, without whom I would not have been able to make the column as good as it has been. First would be the editors of RUSQ. I have had the good fortune to work with three superb editors. In 2004, Danny Wallace and Connie Van Fleet were generous enough to offer me the position of RA column editor for RUSQ, and to get me started in the business of finding authors and crafting articles. I learned a great deal from them about working with word counts, manuscripts, writers, and deadlines, and I am grateful for their guidance. When Danny and Connie finished their terms, I was fortunate to have the opportunity to work for Diane Zabel. For the past six years, Diane has encouraged and enthusiastically supported the readers' advisory column. The articles that have appeared in the RA column are in part a tribute to Danny, Connie, and Diane's patience and attention to detail. Any column editor would be lucky to have worked with and for three such fine readers and editors. I would also like to thank all of the authors who have written for the column. To me, their pieces reflect some of the best thinking about the intersection of reading, readers, and librarians. It is not always a simple thing to write a column to someone else's schedule and to accept editorial suggestions. Each of the authors I have worked with has done both of these things with grace and style. In developing the readers' advisory column, I was building on the work of Mary K. Chelton, who had previously edited the column. Under Mary K.'s guidance, the RA column offered the RUSQ community articles that presented practical advice about working with readers as well as examinations of the recent history and potential future of readers' advisory services in the United States. Her work was indeed a firm foundation on which to build. In the past eight years, the readers' advisory column has sought to blend theory and practice, looking not only at how to work with readers but also at why readers' advisory is essential in all sorts of libraries. Articles have covered a wide range of topics: book discussion groups (in both public and academic libraries as well as online), form-based readers' advisory, RA in library school education, theories of genre separation (one of my favorite topics), fiction and the brain, and readers' advisory and the library catalog among others. In each of these cases, and in the other articles too numerous to mention, the authors looked for new ways to approach readers and reading and began a conversation that often carried over into the broader RA world. That really is the goal, I believe, for any column, that it serve not as an ending point but as a beginning for reflection, discussion, and then application of the ideas it promotes. A real strength of RUSA is its varied and passionate membership. The opportunity to work with librarians outside your type of library is one that should not be under-valued. During my time in RUSA, and in particular as a column editor for RUSQ, I have learned a great deal from working closely with academic librarians and LIS faculty as well as with librarians in non-traditional roles. I hope that they have had the same experience in working with public librarians. …

Exploring the effect of media images on women’s leadership self-perceptions and aspirations

Across two experimental studies, the present research explores how media images depicting counterstereotypical roles for women, compared to those that depict stereotypical roles for women, affect women’s gender role beliefs (Study 1) and responses to a leadership situation (Study 2). Study 1 predicted and found that women exposed to images depicting counterstereotypical roles subsequently reported stronger nontraditional gender role beliefs than women exposed to images depicting stereotypical roles. Study 2 then directly assessed the effect of media images of women on female participants’ self-reported responses following a leadership task. Women exposed to media images of women in counterstereotypical roles reported less negative self-perceptions and greater leadership aspirations than women exposed to images of women in stereotypical roles. Moreover, negative self-perceptions mediated the relationship between media images and leadership aspirations. Implications for increasing women’s representation in the leadership domain are discussed.

Deployment Experiences of Army Nurse Practitioners

Army Nurse Practitioners (NPs) provide immediate and lifesaving care during combat operations. The most recent conflicts of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom have seen an increasing number of NP deployments. The uniqueness of these conflicts has also seen NPs being used in nontraditional roles. This study surveyed 50 Army NPs with deployment experience to explore and elucidate their clinical practices in a combat environment. Over 70% reported seeing greater than 11 patients a day with the top three diagnoses of musculoskeletal/soft tissue (noncombat), spinal pain (mechanical, sciatica), and gastrointestinal complaints. Over 74% reported having a physician available for collaboration, but 50% reported providing independent emergency care and 58% treating life-threatening injuries. The NPs in this study report standard credentialing privileges with most care falling within this realm. However, a few report nontraditional roles such as hospital admitting privileges. This study adds to the growing body of knowledge on NP practice in a combat environment, which shows increased decision making and advanced clinical skills. NPs are battlefield multipliers who bring additional skills and abilities to the combat environment.

The Perils of Being a Male Primary/Junior Teacher: Vulnerability and accusations of inappropriate contact with students

There is a perceived shortage of male teachers in education, particularly at the primary/junior (P/J) level where male teachers in Canada account for a dwindling minority. Included among the many factors inhibiting males from becoming P/J teachers are perceptions that males might be unduly vulnerable to false accusations of inappropriate conduct with pupils, frequently of a sexual nature. This paper highlights findings of research exploring the experiences of male P/J teachers in Ontario. Results of an online survey completed by 223 male P/J teachers are discussed; 28 of these teachers reported they had been suspected of having had inappropriate contact with pupils and wrote online comments outlining their experience. The findings are discussed in the context of what it means to be a male assuming a non-traditional role of working with young children in today’s milieu.

Nonclassical G Protein Coupled Receptor Kinase 5 Regulation of Angiotensin II type 1 Receptor in CATH.a Neurons

Angiotensin II type 1 Receptor (AT1R) plays a pivotal role in the development of heart failure, and as such is upregulated in a number of tissues. AT1R and other G Protein Coupled Receptors are marked for internalization and recycling via G Protein Coupled Receptor Kinase (GRK) phosphorylation. GRK5, a regulator of AT1R, has been shown previously in aorta endothelial cells to stabilize IκBα, an inhibitory element of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFκB), a protein also involved in upregulation of AT1R. We hypothesized that in CATH.a neurons, GRK5 may regulate AT1R via interaction with the IκBα/NFκB dimer. Cells stimulated with 100 nM Angiotensin II (Ang II) for 4 hours led to a significant upregulation of AT1R, p65 NFκB and GRK5 proteins (p<0.05). Overexpression of GRK5 led to a normalization of AT1R and p65 NFκB following Ang II stimulation; conversely, silencing of GRK5 heightened Ang II‐mediated AT1R and p65 NFκB upregulation by 100%. Preliminary examination of nuclear and cytosolic fractions showed that GRK5 was present in the nucleus and cytosol, and nuclear localization of GRK5 increased with Ang II stimulation. Co‐immunoprecipitation studies indicated that GRK5 and IκBα are physically associated and dissociate upon Ang II stimulation whereas GRK5 and NFκB do not associate. Together, these data suggest a nontraditional role of GRK5 as a regulator of AT1R ostensibly via its interaction with IκBα. Supported by PO‐1 HL62222.

Kamins Building the Empire: Class, Caste and Gender Interface in Indian Collieries

Contrary to popular notions of “Indian women” representing weak and tradition-bound vulnerable victims of patriarchy is the image of a female mineworker sweating in Indian collieries. It is an image that is hidden from the direct gaze of social scientists looking for “labor” or the “working class” in the mines. Conventional Western stereotypes of labor and industrial relations are characterized by hard management, wage and capital and the archetypal proletariat,1 the coal miner also tends to dominate and hides from view women in nontraditional roles such as those in mining. When women and the mines are indeed written about, women are seen as members of mining communities and their roles as miners’ wives tend to shadow the various productive roles they played and still play in and around the mines.2

Defining Adult Experiences: Perspectives of a Diverse Sample of Young Adults.

This study explored the roles and psychological experiences identified as defining adult moments using mixed methods with a racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse sample of young adults both enrolled and not enrolled in college (N = 726; ages 18-35). First, we evaluated results from a single survey item that asked participants to rate how adult they feel. Consistent with previous research, the majority of participants (56.9%) reported feeling "somewhat like an adult," and older participants had significantly higher subjective adulthood, controlling for other demographic variables. Next, we analyzed responses from an open-ended question asking participants to describe instances in which they felt like an adult. Responses covered both traditional roles (e.g., marriage, childbearing; 36.1%) and nontraditional social roles and experiences (e.g., moving out of parent's home, cohabitation; 55.6%). Although we found no differences by age and college status in the likelihood of citing a traditional or nontraditional role, participants who had achieved more traditional roles were more likely to cite them in their responses. In addition, responses were coded for psychological experiences, including responsibility for self (19.0%), responsibility for others (15.3%), self-regulation (31.1%), and reflected appraisals (5.1%). Older participants were significantly more likely to include self-regulation and reflected appraisals, whereas younger participants were more likely to include responsibility for self. College students were more likely than noncollege students to include self-regulation and reflected appraisals. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

The 5th International p63/p73 workshop: much more than just tumour suppression

The 5th p63/p73 workshop was held in Lyon, France, at the International Agency for Research on Cancer, from September 12–14, 2011, with 62 oral and 24 poster presentations. This year's workshop highlighted the multitude of actions exerted by p63 and p73, especially non-traditional isoform-specific roles, as well as the description of several mutant mouse models and genome-wide association studies, improving our understanding of diverse topics like development, metabolism, cancer initiation and invasion. The workshop clearly demonstrated that research on the different p53 family members is more intertwined and complex than ever thought before. Much like the city of Lyon, a mixture of modern technology and historical wonder, the p63/p73 fields continue to blend together our understanding of how development and disease complement one another.

Gender roles and infant/toddler care: Male and female professors on the tenure track.

This study seeks to determine the association between gender role attitudes about childcare, utilization of parental leave policies and parental/infant preferences, on the one hand, and the distribution of childcare in the families of assistant professors with children under two on the other. Both utilization of paid parental leave policies by men and men’s belief in non-traditional gender roles are associated with higher levels of participation in parenting tasks. However, even those male professors who take leave and believe in nontraditional gender roles do much less childcare relative to their spouses than female professors do. This result holds even when the male professor’s wife works full time. Our results suggest that one reason why female professors do more childcare may be that they like it more than men do. The association of enjoyment of childcare with gender role attitudes or leave-taking status is not statistically significant, which suggests that sex differences in the enjoyment of childcare will not be easily changed by changes in policies or gender role ideology. Accordingly, when exploring the stickiness of gender roles with respect to infant and toddler care, it would seem prudent to consider biological and evolutionary explanations as well as those focusing on institutions and gender ideology.

Cysteinyl Cathepsins: Multifunctional Enzymes in Cardiovascular Disease

Until recently, the role of lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsins in intracellular protein degradation was believed to be mainly restricted to scavenging. However, recent studies have revealed nontraditional roles for cysteine protease cathepsins in the extracellular space during the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Although the precise mechanisms are unknown, data from animal studies suggest that members of the cathepsin family, like other extracellular proteases, contribute to extracellular matrix protein remodeling and interstitial matrix degradation, as well as to cell signaling and cell apoptosis in heart disease. Inflammatory cytokines and hormones regulate the expression and secretion of cathepsins in cultured cardiovascular cells and macrophages. Serum levels of cathepsins L, S, and K and their endogenous inhibitor cystatin C may be useful predictive biomarkers in patients with coronary artery disease and cardiac disease. Furthermore, in vivo pharmacological intervention with a synthetic cathepsin inhibitor and cardiovascular drugs (including statins and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists) has the potential for pharmacologic targeting of cathepsins in cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on cathepsin biology (structure, synthesis, processing, activation, secretion, activity regulation, and function) and the involvement of cysteinyl cathepsins in the pathogenesis of several heart and vessel diseases, especially with respect to their potential application as diagnostic and prognostic markers and drug targets to prevent inappropriate proteolysis in cardiovascular disease.