Non-timber Products Research Articles

Natural resources used in the traditional medicine of the Marinaú community, Caxiuanã forest, Brazil.

The diversity of Conservation Units in Brazil, ranging from Strict Protection areas like National Parks to Sustainable Use areas such as National Forests, supports the coexistence of human populations with extensive traditional knowledge of local natural resources. This traditional and local knowledge plays a crucial role in their subsistence and has significant potential to contribute to bioprospecting initiatives, as well as to enhance research and strategies for biological conservation. The São Sebastião de Marinaú community, situated within the Caxiuanã National Forest, offers valuable opportunities for ethnobiological studies. The field study was carried out with 48 informants from the São Sebastião de Marinaú Community, Caxiuanã National Forest (CNF), Brazil, a Sustainable Use Conservation Unit. It involved participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and guided tours. Indices of Use Value (UV), Fidelity Level (FL), and Consensus Factor (ICF) indicated plant species with therapeutic potential. A total of 944 uses associated with 154 plants and 21 animals were reported. Statistical tests pointed out that factors such as gender and age are not determinants in the richness of known plants among the residents. The plants are distributed among 59 botanical families and 126 genera. They predominantly use species native to Brazil (69%), among which 47 are endemic to the Amazon. The medicines are prepared mainly by decoction of leaves and bark. According to UV, veronica (Dalbergia monetaria L.f.) was the most important. The animals used are all vertebrates, and paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766,) was the most cited. Bile and lard are the parts most used in the recipes. They mentioned 116 diseases, especially those of the digestive system. The ceruzeiro (Allantoma lineata (Mart. ex O.Berg) Miers) had a high consensus of local use, and no additional studies on this species exist. This study underscores the vital role of traditional communities in sustainable conservation units, as their involvement is crucial for preserving plant and animal species essential to local traditional medicine. Such research also promotes the recognition of non-timber products as valuable raw materials with potential applications in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Additionally, mapping the occurrence and use of species in vulnerable conditions aids in developing effective conservation strategies for these resources.

Intraspecific variation in leaf (poly)phenolic content of a southern hemisphere beech (Nothofagus antarctica) growing under different environmental conditions

Nothofagus antarctica (G.Forst.) Oerst. (Ñire) leaves are a valuable source of (poly)phenolic compounds and represent a high-value non-timber product from Patagonian forests. However, information on the variability of their chemical profile is limited or non-existent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the (poly)phenolic variability in Ñire leaf infusions. To this end, different tree populations growing under different temperature regimes and soil characteristics were considered. Interestingly, a cup of Ñire leaf infusion could be considered as a rich source of quercetin. Significant differences in the (poly)phenolic content, especially in flavonoid conjugates and cinnamic acids, were found among the populations studied. These results suggest metabolic variability among the forests studied, which could be related to the species response to its growing conditions, and also provide some clues about the performance of N. antarctica under future climate scenarios. The N. antarctica forests growing in environments with lower frequency of cold and heat stress and high soil fertility showed better infusion quality. This study showed how a South American beech interacts with its local environment at the level of secondary metabolism. In addition, the information obtained is useful for defining forest management strategies in the Patagonian region.

Assessing livelihood dependency on forestry products during COVID-19 period

Background: The importance of forest in improving human welfare is recognized worldwide. Both natural and artificial forests provide basic needs such as fuel wood, timber, industrial wood and non-timber products. They also provide employment, income and foreign exchange hence contributing to social and economic development. Equally important are the environmental benefits of forest. But as covid 19 came people lost their job, their movement was restricted as a result an increase dependency on forest products for survival increases in developing countries. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to unearth impacts of covid 19 has on the forest products of people living around zomba plateau forest reserve. The general objective of the study is to assess livelihood dependency on forest product during covid 19 period. Method: Specifically, the study will identify and assess which forest products were frequently accessed during covid 19 and analyze the contribution of forest products on household income during the pandemic period. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used to collect data. The target population for the study consisted of residents of Mtendere village. The sample size was 59. Data were collected using self- administered questionnaire and interviews. Qualitative and quantitative data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and excel package respectively. Result: The results of the study indicate that there was an increase dependency of forest products during covid 19 period and such that the contribution the contribution of forest products to household income dwindles during this period. Conclusion: The study further recommends to build the resilience of forest- dependent communities to future shocks and crises. This can be achieved through the implementation of social safety nets, or savings and credit programs. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on community dependence on forest products and finds changes in forest resource use patterns during the pandemic. It provides new insights into the resilience of forest-dependent communities in the face of global crises. It offers practical recommendations for building community resilience through social safety nets and credit savings programs.

Sustainable forest management for timber and non-timber resources in the Amazon forest under concession

The Amazon biome is one of the largest in terms of area and biodiversity. It provides impressive ecosystem services that are crucial to planetary functions, for example global precipitation patterns. Besides, it provides important timber and non-timber products that are crucial for local communities and even international markets. The aim of this study was to conduct a phytosociological analysis to select the species with important ecological functions and with commercial interest for timber and non-timber forest products (NTFP). Forest inventory data were collected were collected from 4 Annual Production Units (APUs) at the Paru State Forest. The 5 species with highest Importance Value Index (IVI) were: Chrysophyllum lucentifolium, Micropholis venulosa, Handroanthus serratifolius, Handroanthus impetiginosus and Manilkara huberi. These species presented commercial volume in the diameter classes of 40 to ≥ 170 cm. The species providing NTFP (Carapa guianensis, Bertholletia excelsa and Copaifera guianensis) presented IVI in the 1, 9, and 34 positions, respectively. The species Carapa guianensis presented more individuals in the 40 and 80 DBH classes. Bertholletia excelsa was the only one presenting individuals with DBHs exceeding 140 cm. Copaifera guianensis was the less common species. We concluded that all the 5 species producing timber are viable for sustainable forest management. Regarding the non-timber forest species, forest management need to be focused in Carapa guianensis and Bertholletia excelsa.

Socio-economic contributions and determinants of locals engagement with Boswellia papyrifera in lowland woodlands in Burie Zuria district, Ethiopia

Ethiopia's lowland woodlands are comprised of the major gum and resin-producing genera Acacia, Boswellia, and Commiphora. Boswellia papyrifera is primarily found in the degraded drylands, Burie Zuria district is the existence of the species; however, limited information is available on the woodland socio-economic contribution and determinants of locals' use of woodlands for their livelihoods, particularly Boswellia papyrifera. So to fill this gap, the study was conducted to examine the locals' socio-economic benefits from the woodland and to identify the determinants of locals' engagement in the collection of the benefits for better wise use and conservation policy implementation. The data was collected from household interviews, focus group discussions, and key informants. Species' socio-economic benefits were analyzed through descriptive statistics, whereas determinants of local's willingness to use woodlands were analyzed through an econometric model. The dependent variable used was annual income gained from the woodland and explanatory variables taken were gender, marital status, livestock number, family size, land holding size, age of the respondent, education level, wealth status, perception of local communities towards forest cover change, and distance from woodlands to the household's residence. Based on the results, the total annual income derived from the woodland by the sampled households' was a mean of 1759.45 USD. The result shows the woodland species shares 14.37 % of the total annual income, but because of legal investors Boswellia papyrifera had no contribution to this share. However, the local communities use woodlands for their livelihoods due to explanatory variables, and the usage percentage shows significant differences. The multiple linear regression results showed that the model was significant at a 5 % probability level, and 95.9 % of the variation was due to the explanatory variables. Age of respondent, family size, total land holding size, and education level showed positive and statistically significant relations to annual income derived from the woodland while other remaining variables showed non-significant. The result concludes that the species contributes significantly to local communities' livelihoods and engagement in gathering timber and non-timber products. The study recommended that awareness about the use of non-timber products in addition to forest products be created among the locals, and policies related to woodland sustainability and conservation should also be implemented.

An alternative Silvicultural approach in managing logged-over forests

Based on the reality of production forest management so far, logged-over forest improvement activities generally have received less attention, giving rise to the notion that the management of logged-over areas is not being taken seriously. In general, regeneration and maintenance of remaining stands as a component of the silvicultural system has not been carried out. Silviculturists must address these developments and respond to rapidly changing expectations and global paradigm shifts in how forests are viewed. Silviculturists are challenged to develop silvicultural practices, including silvicultural systems that support the function and dynamics of forest ecosystems, and maintain biodiversity and ecosystem resilience while providing needed wood and non-timber products. In the context of production forest management, the adaptation differences of commercially valuable species in terms of their position in the natural vegetation development stage can be used as a consideration in the development of silvicultural system determination. Thus, the choice of silvicultural system to be applied reflects the condition of the forest. Alternative silvicultural approaches are characterized by several aspects, including selective cutting, diversity, and combination of mixed species with natural regeneration, and avoidance of intensive site-preparation methods.

Inoculation strategies for agarwood-producing species in Asia: A systematic review

Agarwood is a highly valued non-timber product naturally grown in South and Southeast Asian countries and is a valuable ingredient of incense, perfume, and medicines. It is a highly protected tree species and a lucrative investment for cultivation and production due to its high price. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the different inoculation strategies and examined the available agarwood-producing species in the literature. The published articles were extracted from the Web of Science database of the initial search of 184 records. Articles were screened according to the title, abstract and full text. A total of 37 eligible articles were qualified for review. Data extracted were synthesized and analyzed by vote counting, frequency count, and percentages, as well as figures and tables. Results revealed that the oldest article in the review was from 2005, and the most recent article was from 2022. China was the highest number of publications as of 2022. Among agarwood-producing species, Aquilaria sinenses was the widely utilized specimen for agarwood experiments, while Aquilaria malaccensis was the country-diverse species in the review. Further, fungal inoculation was the most widely used as agarwood inoculation strategy. Finally, this review highlighted the need for further agarwood studies.

Harnessing the full potential of a global forest-based bioeconomy through non-timber products: Beyond logs, biotechnology, and high-income countries

An increasing number of countries are developing and implementing novel approaches to transition to a forest-based bioeconomy. These innovations present opportunities for rethinking and repositioning the forest sector in many countries, making them more relevant to key contemporary global challenges, including sustainably managing forests for biodiversity conservation, poverty alleviation, and climate change mitigation. This requires expanded scholarship and refocused interventions and policies, moving beyond current associations of bioeconomies with timber, biotechnology, and high-income countries. Harnessing the economic potentials of widely harvested, sustainably sourced, and appropriately processed non-timber products is key to full realization of a forest-based bioeconomy. In this commentary, we draw on recent scholarship to illustrate this potential across a range of countries, products, and experiences. We present evidence that forest products other than wood contribute significantly to local and national economies and contend that obstacles impeding the transition to inclusive forest-based bioeconomies can be overcome. To support development and implementation of a globally oriented functional forest-based bioeconomy, that can be pursued in different ways at the national level, research is needed to support: non-timber product integration into nominal and functional forest law and bioeconomic policies; implementation pathways that vary with priorities, e.g. integrating indigenous knowledge or focused on poverty alleviation; national-level short-listing of priority species; realizing opportunities for non-timber product, process, and functional upgrading; and implementation of standardized data collection procedures at subnational, national, and international levels.

The Effects of Off-Farm Employment on Non-Timber Forest Product Plantations

Non-timber forest product plantations (NTFP plantations), also known as “economic forests” in China, refer to forest plantations cultivated for the production of non-timber products such as fruits, nuts, oils, seasonings, and medicinal materials. With a rapid increase in the total area in the past two decades, NTFP plantations have become an important type of forestland use in China. The shift of agricultural labor to the non-agricultural sector caused by rising salaries in China will inevitably have a great impact on land use, forestry, and agricultural production. To understand the effects of off-farm employment on the development of NTFP plantations in China, a total of 709 valid household questionnaires from Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces were collected. Heckman’s two-stage model was employed in the empirical analysis. The results of the study show that off-farm employment has a significant positive effect on both the probability that a household has planted NTFP plantations and the plantation area. Households engaged in off-farm employment would prefer to plant NTFP plantations. Moreover, the higher the degree of participation in off-farm employment, the more likely households are to choose to plant NTFP plantations. The area of NTFP plantations would increase with the increase in off-farm employment degrees. Besides, the age and education level of the household head show a positive effect on the NTFP plantation planting. The implication of the results is that with a continuing increase in the proportion of off-farm employment, NTFP plantation cultivation could also continue to expand. Funds are still an important constraint for households to choose to plant NTFP plantations. Therefore, if policymakers want to promote the development of NTFP plantations on collectively owned forestland, they should first resolve households’ financial constraints.

Integrated Management Facilitates Soil Carbon Storage in Non-Timber Product Plantations in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

The Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) in China has extensive non-timber product plantations (NTPP), in which integrated management based on intensive fertilization and weeding were required to maintain and improve yields for a long time. Uncertainties still existed regarding the compound effects of environment and the long-term integrated management on soil organic carbon content (SOC) in NTPP. Data from 341 sampling plots covering six primary NTPP types were collected to investigate the influence of environment and management on topsoil (0–10 cm) SOC of NTPP using a coupled algorithm based on machine learning and structural equation modeling. Results showed significant differences and spatial variabilities in SOC content among different types of NTPP. Integrated management accounted for approximately 53% of the accumulation of topsoil organic carbon, surpassing the total contribution of topography, climate, vegetation, and soil properties in NTPP of TGRA. SOC content increased with available nitrogen for NTPP at all altitudes in TGRA. The study highlighted the potential of enhancing SOC storage through adaptive integrated management in NTPP of vast areas. Improving soil organic carbon stock in large area of non-timber production plantations would benefit the realization of carbon neutralization in next decades.

In a nutshell: exploring single tree parameters and above-ground carbon sequestration potential of common walnut (Juglans regia L.) in agroforestry systems

Although agroforestry systems (AFS) provide numerous ecosystem services and are a recognized strategy for climate change mitigation and adaptation, knowledge on the woody component is lacking. Single tree data could improve planning, management and optimization of AFS. One tree species which is of great interest due to its valuable timber and non-timber products is walnut (Juglans regia L.). We used terrestrial laser scanning data to fit quantitative structure models (QSMs) for 65 walnut trees in AFS with diameter at breast height (DBH) ranging from 1 to 77 cm. Based on the QSMs, volumetric information as well as height and crown parameters were derived. By combining the volumetric data with bark and wood density followed by carbon and nutrient concentration, whole tree biomass, nutrient and carbon content were derived. To enable the application of our results, we modeled allometric relationships based on the DBH. The maximum crown projection area of a tree was more than 340 m2, the maximum leafless above-ground dry biomass was 7.4 t and the maximum amount of stored carbon was 3.6 t (in metric tons). A modelled AFS comprising 15 trees per hectare with a target DBH of 60 cm projects at the end of its 60-year rotation period an above-ground tree volume of more than 100 m3, about 60 t of dry biomass and roughly 30 t of sequestered carbon. By producing allometric functions, we provide much needed information for small-scale modelling of AFS.

The Value Network for Madhya Pradesh Minor Forest Produce Federation: Facing Off Product Diversification Dilemma

Commercial forestry sector in India is largely state owned. Madhya Pradesh is a unique state in India in the sense that two different forms of the organizations are working for timber and non-timber production in the state. It’s notable that Government of India has endorsed this model of doing commercial forestry and advised all the states in the country to adapt this model. It becomes important then to review the business model of the state’s forest resources especially the non-nationalized forest produce which is open for private sector. Unlike leading India based business entities like Patanjali, Dabur and Himalaya, the income generated through the network of the MP Minor Forest Produce (MFP) federation (which is government supported entity) is majorly distributing the profits among the collectors of the herbal produce. The thriving of this federation network is essential for the sake of livelihood, conservation and public health. These outcomes are relevant in the context of achieving the sustainable development goals. An independent consultant Mr. Darpan Kumar (pseudonym) analyses the business choices available in the industry and the state of strategic direction of the federation. The study presents the product/business diversification dilemma.

Carbon storage in tree biomass dispersed in pastures in the arid Caribbean region of Colombia

Aim of study: To determine the importance in terms of carbon sequestration of dispersed trees in pasture lands as a greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation measure. Area of study: The study was carried out in the municipality of Agustin Codazzi (Cesar Department, Colombia), between October 2020 and March 2021. Material and methods: We characterized 43.57 hectares dispersed amongst sixteen plots and all trees with a diameter at breast height > 10 cm were measured. Allometric equations were used to estimate aboveground biomass storage and species were classified in terms of use: timber products (TP) and non-timber products (NTP). Main results: A total of 750 trees were registered, 10 families and 28 species, of which NTP and TP represented 60.71% and 32.1% respectively. Aboveground carbon stock in trees in pastures was estimated at 7.15 + 4.8 Mg C ha-1. The most abundant species were Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. and Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Research highlights: NTP species present a high potential for carbon storage and provide livestock assets. Placing value on carbon storage in rangelands can offset the low opportunity cost of trees in pastures by providing incentives for carbon storage, conservation, and recovery of threatened species.

Potential of non-timber agroforestry products for livelihood of Taubuid in Sitio Tamisan, Poypoy, Calintaan, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines

Employing descriptive method, this study explored the potential of non-timber agroforestry products as sources for livelihood of Tau-buid in Sitio Tamisan, Poypoy, Calintaan, Occidental Mindoro. A total of 80 Tau-buid were interviewed using an interview schedule. Data gathered were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and rank. The Tau-buid respondents were mostly males at prime working age; married with household as source of labor; speak local languages; no formal education; cultivate own farm; and affiliated to an organization. They obtained food and income from fruits, cereals, root crops, vegetables, honey, pig, chicken, bassinet, cogon, bilao, bulrush, bamboo, broom, and basket from forest and agroforestry farms. Banana, rice and cassava were top three food products while bassinet, cogon and bilao were the three non-food products, which have the potential to become livelihood activities of the Tau-buid. Nevertheless, they had problems on weeds, rats and birds, pest and diseases, drought, and wildfire. Hand weeding; use of “binsik”; crop rotation and diversification; water harvesting facility; and fire breaks were suggested solutions. Training and seminars to capacitate the Tau-buid deems necessary, such as in processing of products; which may be provided by concerned organizations. High value products out of non-timber products would offer high income.

Assessing the carrying capacity of mangroves as raw materials for culinary products: Case study in Serdang Bedagai, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Purwoko A, Susilowati A, Situmorang AI. 2023. Assessing the carrying capacity of mangroves as raw materials for culinary products: Case study in Serdang Bedagai, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 250-257. Many studies have focused on the ecological and socio-economic benefits of the mangrove ecosystem, yet limited information is available regarding the potential uses of non-timber products from mangroves for creative culinary products. This study aims to assess the production and carrying capacity of raw materials derived from mangrove vegetation to make processed food products using a case study from mangrove ecosystem in Kampung Nipah Mangrove Tourism Area, Sei Nagalawan Village, Perbaungan Sub-district, Serdang Bedagai District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. In doing so, we analyzed the species composition and abundance of mangrove vegetation to result in the production potential of raw materials used for culinary purposes. Ten mangrove species were recorded in the studied area with Acanthus ilicifolius, Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina were the most important species at the seedling, sapling and tree level, respectively. The Kampung Nipah Mangrove Tourism Area utilizes three mangrove species as raw materials for food, namely A. marina, Soneratia caseolaris, and A. ilicifolius which are used as raw materials for making mangrove dodol (a sweet toffee), fruit syrup, and crackers, respectively. Based on the abundance of species used for mangrove culinary products, the abundance of A. marina and A. ilicifolius are highly available, while S. caseolaris is scarce. These results imply that the abundance of A. marina and A. ilicifolius is sufficient for dodol and crackers production, yet the abundance of S. caseolaris is not sufficient as raw material for syrup processing. Therefore, it is necessary to enrich the population S. caseolaris to support the production of mangrove syrup.

Terminological basis and perspectives of the use of non-timber products of the forests of Ukraine

In the forests of Ukraine, forestry should be carried out on the principles of continuous and rational use of forests through integrated usage of their resources. Thus, there is a need to distinguish and correctly understand the forestry terms. To harmonize terminology, relevant regulations, as well as Ukrainian and foreign literature, were examined. General scientific theoretical methods – analysis and synthesis – were applied to work with information sources. The paper substantiats the employment and understanding of terminology related to the usage of forest resources. The definition and interpretation of the terms “secondary forest use”, “non-tree forest resources”, “non-timber forest resources” in current legislative and regulatory acts, the explanatory dictionary of the Ukrainian language, the state standard of Ukraine, the Ukrainian encyclopedia of forestry, Ukrainian and foreign forestry literature were summarized. The authors proposes to divide forest resources into woody, non-tree, and non-timber ones, followed by coordination of such classification among forestry scientists and practitioners. The largest volumes of harvesting among secondary forest materials and secondary forest uses for 2010-2020 were established. The distribution of income received according to types of non-timber products of the forest and in the context of regional departments of forestry and hunting for 2021 was analysed. The paper presents the types of wild fruit, medicinal plants and mushrooms common in Ukraine. Promising species for plantation cultivation were proposed. Areas of obtaining added income from the sale of non-timber products of forests were generalized. The analysis and prospects of using non-timber forest products, which can serve as a theoretical and practical basis for sustainable management of multifunctional forestry in Ukraine, were presented. The obtained results can be used for harvesting non-timber products of forests, considering the regional characteristics of the country

Stem cuttings assessment for domesticating the medicinal melliferous plant, Combretum micranthum G. Don. in the Republic of Benin

Combretum micranthum is a medicinal and melliferous plant from the dry tropical regions where it is threatened with extinction and it urges to develop suitable methods for its sustainable domestication. The challenges of producing seedlings from the seeds of the species make stem cutting, a potential approach for its domestication and this research evaluated the possibility to use such cuttings for seedlings production at a nursery located in the northern part of the Republic of Benin by determining the most effective season to harvest the stem cuttings, the parts of the branch which could yield the best rate of vigorous seedlings and the optimal transplantation time. An experimental dispositive of 4 plots of 35 cuttings of 25 cm long of the categories named A, B, C and D from the base to the apex of the branch was repeated in two seasons. The first trial consisted of cuttings harvested during the end of the dry season and the second trial was carried out with cuttings that were harvested at the heart of the rainy season. The results showed that the dry season cuttings yielded the best vigorous seedlings rate (46% against only 6% for those harvested in the rainy season). Basal cuttings of the dry season had the best survival rate at 49% while apical cuttings from the same season had the best vigorous seedlings rate at 43% versus 23% for the basal cuttings. Intermediate cuttings yielded low vigorous plantlet rates. The optimum nursery time was 90 days regardless of the harvest season. Dry season stem cuttings, based on basal and apical cuttings were the best approach for domesticating C. micranthum. The technology did not require any root activator and the vigorous seedlings were available during the relevant reforestation rain season. Keywords: Forestry, medicinal plant, melliferous plant, non-timber product, nursery, seedling, stem cutting.

The agricultural sector of the economy of Ukraine in the minds of increasing turbulence

The article analyzes and systematizes the main problems of the development of various formations at the current stage in the conditions of increased turbulence, which is accompanied by the destruction of existing socio-economic systems and the emergence of new ones characterized by a higher level of self-organization. It has been established that chaotic development has now become a permanent characteristic of the functioning of various countries, system entities and economic actors, and their survival in such difficult conditions is mediated by the emergence of order from disorder and vice versa. Changes and shifts in the agrarian sphere were, are, and will be especially complex and disorderly, where the natural and climatic, elementary soil and biological processes of growing agricultural products converge and interact at different levels and even at different times, in combination with the provision of their necessary resources, and as well as compliance with the optimal terms for harvesting a ripe crop. Attention is focused on the fact that the agricultural sector is permanently affected by shifts, challenges and turbulences occurring in the external environment, both directly in Ukraine and abroad. It was established that the sustainability of the agro-food complex in the conditions of intensification of turbulence lies in the ability to expand reproduction and ensure the growing needs of society in food, as well as overcoming the impact of threats and crises. It was found that the evaluation parameters of the sustainability of primary production and the food industry can be the production potential of the agricultural sector or its components (the sections, groups and classes of production units accepted in statistics), the scale of production and the structure of producers who perform work (produce goods, provide services) . The quantitative structure of producers at the end of the period is not less than at its beginning. The main absolute data and calculated indicators that were used in the selection of sustainable sections, groups and classes of production units were summarized, and the key characteristics of their development for 2010-2020 were systematized. It was established that the following groups of production units were sustainable in primary production: cultivation of perennial crops (01.2), plant reproduction (01.3), mixed agriculture (01.5), hunting, trapping and related services (01.7), forestry and other forestry activities (02.1), collection of wild non-timber products (02.3 ). In the food industry, the following statistical groups belong to the stable: 1) section: production of tobacco products (12); 2) groups: processing and canning of fruits and vegetables (10.3), production of oil and animal fats (10.4), production of dairy products (10.5), production of ready animal feed (10.9); 3) classes (arising from the differentiation of two multi-product groups: 10.8 Production of other food products and 11.0 Production of beverages): production of cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery (10.82), production of tea and coffee (10.83), production of spices and seasonings (10.84), production of ready-made food and meals (10.85), production of baby food and dietary food products (10.86), production of other food products, n.e.s. (not classified in other groups) (10.89), production of cider and other fruit and berry wines (11.03), production of beer (11.05). It was established that standard statistical groupings classified as stable can be combined and differentiated according to the following types of development (along the lines of actors/employees): a) the contingent of production units increased/maintained and the number of employees increased; b) the quota of production units increased/maintained, and the number of employees decreased; c) the number of production units increased/ maintained, the number of employees decreased, but the number of employees in SE increased; d) the number of production units and the number of employees increased, but the number of employees in the SE decreased. Systematized and summarized key areas of activity and features of intragroup transformations that influenced the formation of development trends of united standard groups of various orientations. Key words: market turbulence, trends and types of development of standard statistical groups, production units, primary production and food industry.

Enfoque de paisaje para apoyar el manejo forestal sostenible en la región Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, México

Forest landscape structure comprises a mosaic of natural and human-modified units, which when well depicted, may help to plan and implement forest management policies, which commonly assume territorial homogeneity. Usually, forest policies lack the use of spatial tools that can help scale up conservation program in heterogeneous forested landscapes. This paper applied a conceptual-methodological framework as baseline to guide regional strategies and scale-up community collective action based on local forestry ejidos and communities. The study case was conducted in the Mixteca Alta, a forestry region in Oaxaca, Mexico, where common property prevails. Zoning was made based on biophysical, social, and forest management criteria. A total of 97 communities were surveyed and the region was disaggregated into five zones based on precipitation, watersheds, community forest management experience and level of regional collective action. Each zone was recognized as having different forestry potentials and intervention needs, ranging from restoration to timber and non-timber product management. This zoning proved the potential to guide forest projects and promote joint regional forest development. The potential use of landscape zoning was discussed in the light of the current need for scale-up forest policies.

Sustainable utilizations of Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Wedd) in Tamansari Village, West Java-Indonesia

Forest plays an important role in producing timber and non-timber product to fulfill human beings’ prerequisites and live hood, a source of income for many communities and becomes the solutions to any other challenges. The community in Taman Sari Village cooperates with Gunung Halimun Salak National Park through a conservation partnership program to cultivate and commercialize pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Wedd) in the traditional zone. This species is known as indigenous fresh aromatic vegetable and contain valuable potential phytochemical such as antibacterial and anti-cancer. Pohpohan is traditionally cultivated by the community since the 1980s in Tamansari village, this culture is still practiced by the community who join as member of the Kelompok Tani Mandiri (KTM). This study aims to document and analyze the sustainable traditional cultivation of pohpohan in Tamansari village by collaborating with all members (56) of the KTM. The study applied mixed qualitative and quantitative methods, to gain more understanding of the community dynamic. Generally, the cultivation and utilization of pohpohan are managed traditionally using manual tools such as hoes and sickles. Yet this approach is considered as environmentally friendly and resourceful for their limited land. A total 34% of pohpohan farmers are in the age class 55-65, indicates the importance of regeneration to verify its sustainability.