Non-timber Products Research Articles

ОСНОВОПОЛОЖНИКИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКИ ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ЛЕСНОЙ ШКОЛЫ

The article discloses the information of the scientific life of the founders of economic science in Voronezh forestry school. In Voronezh Forestry Institute at the Faculty of Forestry, students studied economic disciplines at the Department of Forest Taxation, from which in 1933 the Department of Economics, Organization and Planning of Socialist Forestry was separated under the leadership of G.P. Motovilov, who later became the director of the institute. Professor Voronin I.V. made a huge contribution to the development of economic science in the country and in Voronezh forestry school. He was the developer of the concept of "forestry production" and combined three different types of products in this concept: wood, non-timber products and services for other industries. He created a concept for the economic assessment of forest resources, efficiency and human resources of the country's forestry enterprises. He created textbooks for Russian universities on Economics, organization and management of agricultural enterprises. Outstanding scientists and teachers of higher education worked under the guidance of Professor Voronin I.V.: professors Ilyev L.I., Bychkov V.P., Kontsevoy P.Ya., associate professors Veretennikov A.T., Tryanov M.A., Egorov V.N., Kulikov M.A. ., Voronina V.F., Koretsky N.E., Kazantseva N.V., Panischeva L.I., Bezrukova T.L. They showed an example of selfless devotion to the development of economic science in the University, which is currently being continued by professors, doctors of Economics, who (with the results of their scientific research and educational developments) contribute to the development of economic science and educational process at Voronezh Forestry School

Variability in fruit traits and anthocyanin content among and within populations of underutilized Patagonian species Berberis microphylla G. Forst.

BACKGROUND: The Berberis microphylla (calafate) is an evergreen shrub considered a non-timber product from the Patagonian forest, relevant for the diversification of agrifood production, particularly interesting since its black–blue fruits are extremely rich in phenolic compounds. OBJECTIVE: The main objectives were to: (1) quantify the variability of fruit traits, anthocyanin content, efficiency of the reproductive shoots and leaf nutrient content within the set of 34 B. microphylla wild accessions from Tierra del Fuego Island, Argentina, (2) calculate the coefficients of correlation between variables and (3) detect relationships between the genotypes. METHODS: Plants growing near Ushuaia city (n = 12), bordering Fagnano lake (n = 12) and central area of the Tierra del Fuego Island (n = 10) were selected. RESULTS: A significant variability in fruit traits, anthocyanin content and the efficiency of reproductive shoots among and within the three populations was assessed, a result with great relevance for breeding purposes. Phenotypic plasticity was related with the environmental conditions, i.e. air temperatures for each population during the three monitored growing seasons. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, results indicate that yearly environmental factors play a relevant role in phenotypic variation of both individual plants and populations, thus confirming the complexity of wild species evolution and domestication processes.

Genetic variation in resin yield and covariation with tree growth in maritime pine

The potential of pine resin as a renewable non-timber product is furthering the socioeconomic relevance of the resin industry in Europe, where maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) is the main tapped species. Characterizing maritime pine genetic resources in terms of resin yield potential and its covariation with tree growth is crucial to implement efficient tree breeding programs aiming to maximize resin yield without negatively impact tree growth. We explored genetic variation in resin yield and tree growth among provenance regions, populations within regions, and families of maritime pine. We used a progeny trial located at Central Spain to estimate additive genetic variation and heritability of resin yield, and a common garden located at Northwest Spain to explore variation among provenance regions and populations within regions. Resin yield was assessed in both trials with and without sulphuric-based stimulant paste. Association between growth and resin yield at different levels (phenotypes, families, populations and provenance regions) was also explored. Growth and resin yield were highly variable within populations, with narrow-sense heritability estimates being particularly high for resin yield (hi2 = 0.49). Growth varied significantly across provenance regions and populations within regions, while resin yield was only variable among provenance regions. Genetic variation in resin yield was similar in trees with and without stimulant paste. We did not find evidence of genetic correlations between growth and resin yield. However, at the phenotype level resin yield and growth were significantly correlated, although the sign of such association switched between trials. Across provenance regions, growth and resin yield where negatively correlated. Altogether, the high narrow-sense heritability estimate, the highly consistent genetic variation and the lack of negative genetic correlation with growth evidence the opportunity for implementing breeding programs to increase resin yield in maritime pine forests.

Women’s Perception of the Effects of Community and Social Development Project (CSDP) on their Livelihood Activities in Ondo State, Nigeria

The study was carried out to investigate the women’s perception of the effects of Community and Social Development Project (CSDP) on their livelihood activities in Ondo State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to randomly select 120 respondents from three benefitting Local Government Areas in the state. Primary data were collected with the aid of interview schedule and analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, mean as well as Chi square. The mean age of the respondents was 42 years. Most (70.8%) of the respondents were married with mean household size of 6 persons, were ordinary members of social groups (73.3%) and were farmers (46.7%) with and a mean monthly income of ₦18,000.00. Most (60.2%) of the respondents had agricultural value chain activities as their livelihood activities. The study revealed that the respondents had positive perception of CSDP projects such as construction of; potable water supply project (4.01), road/bridge (4.04), health and maternity centre (4.01), community hall/viewing centre (4.06), skill acquisition centre (4.21), market (4.10). There was a significant association between CSDP micro-projects and selected livelihood activities such as crop production (χ2Cal =13.2), livestock production (χ2 Cal =39.8), farm produce processing (χ2Cal =4.3), gathering of wood (χ2Cal =5.4), petty trade (χ2Cal =21.0) and gathering of non-timber products (χ2Cal =4.6). Women’s perception of effects of CSDP projects on their livelihood activities was favourable. Therefore, the study recommends that development strategies and plan should be well structured by the government to improve the livelihood activities of women especially agriculture for improved income and livelihoods.

Tenure reform for better forestry: An unfinished policy agenda

The global community is currently grappling with multiple and overlapping social and environmental threats. These include the climate emergency, COVID-19 and the threat of widespread hunger, and the accelerating loss of biodiversity. All of these threats point to an urgent need to restore and sustainably manage land and forests. Studies are pointing to the critical role of tenure reform, and in particular strengthening collective forest tenure, as an effective means to reduce deforestation, mitigate climate change, restore ecosystem services and maintain biodiversity. Since the 1970s, countries worldwide have attempted to better recognize the customary rights of local communities. Yet despite over 40 years of effort, collective forest tenure reforms have yielded only moderate results. This article draws on recent assessments conducted in 23 countries by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on community-based forestry and associated forest tenure regimes based on the internationally endorsed Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure (the VGGT). The findings suggest that governments are increasingly giving legal recognition to community rights to use both timber and non-timber forest products for commercial purposes. Yet, the tenure provided to collective forestry is less robust than that held by companies and smallholders in a number of ways. These include fewer legal protections, more barriers to the use of these rights, inadequate access to justice, and less administrative support in documenting rights. Furthermore, in many cases the existing community forestry legal provisions are not implemented. The relatively successful cases suggest that with robust tenure, communities and smallholders can be potent vehicles for moving towards sustainable forest management and mitigating climate change, improving local livelihoods, contributing to timber and non-timber product economies, and achieving several of the Sustainable Development Goals. But for this, governments will need to strengthen community and local rights within their legal frameworks and mainstream implementation in government policies and practices. Non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations, donors, research institutions and academia can provide important support through policy implementation, research, and ensuring inclusive policy formulation processes.

Trocas gasosas de <em>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</em> Dehnh sob influência de água salobra

In view of the increasing expansion of the use of wood and non-timber products from the Eucalyptus genus, the identification and impact caused by the salinity of Brazilian soils in the development and growth of the species are of fundamental importance for a better utilization of salinized areas in the country. In order to contribute to the understanding of this problem, the present work evaluated the effect of different levels of salinity (brackish water) on gas exchange in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh plants. The levels analyzed were: 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 µM NaCl. A completely randomized design with 10 replicates (plants) was used, in which the gaseous exchanges were evaluated with the aid of a portable photosynthesis meter (IRGA), determined the values of photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), rate transpiration (E), the relation between the intercellular and atmospheric concentration of CO² (Ci / Ca) and water use efficiency (WUE). Initially the seedlings did not undergo physiological changes, showing a certain tolerance of the species to high levels of salinity. Reduction in gas exchanges was only more noticeable after reapplication of the salt (after 7 days). Due to the results obtained, high tolerance of the species to salinity is observed.

Development opportunities, forest use transition, and farmers' income differentiation: The impacts of Giant panda reserves in China

This paper examines the impact of the natural conservation policy in China's giant panda reserves on forest resource utilization and its economic consequences. Different support policies have created different development opportunities for local communities and farmers, which have led to changes in forest use by farmers and their forest-related livelihoods. The empirical results indicate that the use of forest resources by communities and farmers is changing from traditional consumptive uses, such as timber harvest and the collection of nontimber products, to nonconsumptive uses such as ecotourism, forest farming and forest guard. While the share of farmers who are dependent on forests has generally been similar (30% -39%), farmers who are engaged in different types of forest-related activities have shown significant income differentiation. With more participation in eco-tourism, farmers are more likely to become a wealthy group with high income and high assets, whereas engaging in forest farming and logging and NTFP gathering is not conducive to increasing farmers' current incomes. The income inequality among the farmers in the study area is more serious than in other regions. Promoting equal opportunities through diversification and the wide participation of poor groups should be one of the directions for community development in the giant panda reserves.

Potential and market demand for food and non-timber forest products of the Russian forest

Research of the food and minor resource potential of the Russian forest and market demand for these products has been done in the article. The objective of the work is to show an imbalance between the huge potential of food and other non-timber products and the limited demand for such resources. The subject of study is economic results of food and minor resources consumption of the Russian forest. The novelty of the research is that regularities are identified and development trends of demand for food and secondary resources of the Russian forest have been assessed. The demand is formed by supply and demand, on the one hand, by the national management system, forest legislation, traditions and customs, on the other. Harvesting centers of food and secondary resources of the Russian forest are shown. Measures are proposed to increase the efficiency of the use of food and minor resources of the Russian forest. The research results can be used by forest companies, scientific organizations. The research can be continued towards the inclusion of food and secondary resources of the Russian forest in the economic relations system in forestry at national and international levels.

Agroforestry Contributes to Restore Key Ecosystem Services in Tropical Dry Forests

Worldwide deforestation and degradation are limiting the capacity of tropical dry forests (TDFs) to provide environmental services. Agroforestry systems (AFSs), agricultural land systems combining perennial elements with crops, can provide important benefits to people (e.g., timber and non-timber products) and the environment (e.g., hosting biodiversity). Using a semi-quantitative methodology (i.e. weight of evidence), we assessed the role of the three main types of AFSs (intercropping, multistrata and silvopastoral systems) in restoring key ecosystem services in TDFs. We found that each type of AFSs contributed differently to soil quality restoration, diversified production, (agro-)biodiversity conservation and culture preservation. Yet, AFSs can also deliver disservices, such as yield reductions and risk to diminish the pool of local species. Despite the identified knowledge gaps, such as the carbon sequestration capacity, our findings indicate that AFSs can contribute to restore TDFs by providing valuable ecosystem services to halt degradation and sustain people's livelihood.

Private vs. Community Management Responses to De-Collectivization: Illustrative Cases from China

Over the last several decades, China has undergone several distinct episodes of collectivization and de-collectivization of forest property rights. China’s latest round of collective forest property reforms, launched in 2003, have promoted individual land holding and management, reviving the longstanding debate on whether privatization would improve profits, rural welfare, and forest management. To uncover reasons for different institutional choices in response to land reform and their effects on forest management, we present two cases, from villages in Guizhou and Yunnan provinces. At the local level, these concepts are confronted by diverse groups of actors and management systems with complex arrangements concerning property and forest use rights. As reforms unfold, they are implemented to differing extents and in various manners, reflecting unique socio-ecological and historical contexts, social relations, community dynamics, and global economic trends. Key factors affecting outcomes were prior traditions, social cohesion, and market incentives to manage resources. In the Guizhou case, with a history of private ownership by people of different social groups and a reliance on restricted timber resources, reforms resulted in a fragmented forest management system. In the Yunnan case, a tradition of collective forest management by a tight-knit social group and access to a lucrative non-timber product resulted in a new and effective collective management system. These findings are important to inform policies on forest property in China and beyond as they call into question a link between privatization and marketization favoring effective resource management.

Comparison of eight complete chloroplast genomes of the endangered Aquilaria tree species (Thymelaeaceae) and their phylogenetic relationships

Aquilaria tree species are naturally distributed in the Indomalesian region and are protected against over-exploitation. They produce a fragrant non-timber product of high economic value, agarwood. Ambiguous species delimitation and limited genetic information within Aquilaria are among the impediments to conservation efforts. In this study, we conducted comparative analysis on eight Aquilaria species complete chloroplast (cp) genomes, of which seven were newly sequenced using Illumina HiSeq X Ten platform followed by de novo assembly. Aquilaria cp genomes possess a typical quadripartite structure including gene order and genomic structure. The length of each of the cp genome is about 174 kbp and encoded between 89 and 92 proteins, 38 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs, with 27 duplicated in the IR (inverted repeat) region. Besides, 832 repeats (forward, reverse, palindrome and complement repeats) and nine highly variable regions were also identified. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that the topology structure of Aquilaria cp genomes were well presented with strong support values based on the cp genomes data set and matches their geographic distribution pattern. In summary, the complete cp genomes will facilitate development of species-specific molecular tools to discriminate Aquilaria species and resolve the evolutionary relationships of members of the Thymelaeaceae family.

Pollen’s contributions to Siberias forests

How pollen shapes forests and forestry can be illustrated using Siberia’s boreal forests which have historically produced some of the highest pollen concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere. Pollen’s contributions are categorized as follows: 1) forests and timber, 2) nontimber products and services and 3) emerging research at the forest-atmosphere interface. Examples are drawn from Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Pinus sibirica (Siberian stone pine) and Pinus koreansis (Korean pine). Pine pollen is not only vital to timber and nontimber products but it serves as a well-studied model system for atmospheric studies.

Genetic structure among morphotypes of the endangered Brazilian palm Euterpe edulis Mart (Arecaceae).

Euterpe edulis (Arecaceae) Mart has high ecological and economic importance providing food resources for more than 58 species of birds and 20 species of mammals, including humans. E. edulis is the second most exploited nontimber product from Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Due to overexploitation and destruction of habitats, E. edulis is threatened by extinction. Euterpe edulis populations have large morphological variations, with individuals having green, red, or yellow leaf sheath. However, no study has related phenotypic distinctions between populations and their levels of genetic structure. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity and genetic structure of different E. edulis morphotypes. We sampled 250 adult individuals in eight populations with the different morphotypes. Using 14 microsatellite markers, we access genetic diversity through population genetic parameters calculated in the GenAlex program and the diveRsity package in R. We used the Wilcoxon test to verify population bottlenecks and the genetic distance of Nei and Bayesian analysis for genetic clusters. The eight populations showed low allele richness, low observed heterozygosity, and high inbreeding values (f). In addition, six of the eight populations experienced genetic bottlenecks, which would partly explain the low genetic diversity in populations. Cluster analysis identified two clusters (K = 2), with green morphotype genetically distinguishing from yellow and red morphotypes. Thus, we show, for the first time, a strong genetic structure among E. edulis morphotypes even for geographically close populations.

Forest commons, vertical integration and smallholder’s saving and investment responses: Evidence from a quasi-experiment

Abstract As the result of prohibitively high transaction costs, smallholder farmers are only partly integrated into agricultural and forest commodity markets, a situation that may leave them in a lower level of development equilibrium (i.e., a poverty trap). For the most part, many users of forest commons extract forest products, typically non-timber products, for subsistence use or safety net purposes. To overcome this problem, in recent years, collective vertical integration (VI) of forest product marketing cooperative structures have been promoted and, in some cases, adopted by users of forest commons. Although this type of program has been observed to raise smallholder incomes, there is little evidence available on saving/investment responses to such income gains. This paper investigates precautionary saving and investment responses to collective forest product marketing programs among users of forest commons in Ethiopian villages. To identify the causal effects of the program, I applied propensity score matching, difference-in-difference (DID) and change-in-change (CIC) estimators to household survey data collected from randomly selected households in the Gimbo district (south-western Ethiopia). I find strong evidence that participation in the program reduces savings in the form of livestock holdings and that effect is limited to non-poor households. When interpreted in terms of the Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH), the results imply that participants felt the current income gains to be non-transient, which led to reduced precautionary savings and to a gain in consumption/welfare. Moreover, I found that the program has spurred investment in child education and participation in off-farm self-employment. These results point to the importance of the safety net/insurance channel of the program. Overall, the findings underscore the program’s potential to raise the standard of living via ancillary mechanisms beyond directly raising income outcome.

Vegetation Types, Climatic Conditions and Trigona sp. Honey Quality in Onewila Village, Ranomeeto District South Konawe Regency

Kandari AM, Uslinawaty Z, Ilton M. 2020. Vegetation types, climatic conditions and Trigona sp. honey quality in Onewila Village, Ranomeeto district South Konawe Regency. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal: Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9(1):57-63.Forests in Indonesia have considerable potential because besides being used in the form of wood for various purposes, it also has the potential of non-timber products that can be used for various things, one of which is as a vegetation for honey bees, especially bees Trigona sp.This study aims to identification of vegetation types, climatic conditions and honey quality of Trigona sp. in the Onewila village, Ranomeeto District South Konawe Regency. The observed variables were vegetation, temperature, rainfall, and honey quality based on SNI 2013 standards. The results found the vegetation types at the cultivation location was Caliandra (Caliandra calothyrsus =10), coconut (Cocos nucifera = 12), teak (Tectona grandis= 20), peat (Syzygium polycephalum Merr = 7), mango (Mangifera indica =5), langsat (Lansium domesticum =15), kedondong (Spondias dulcis =3), guava (Psidium guajava =4), areca (Areca catechu = 10), coffee (Coffea Arabica = 15), cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale =15), areca nut (Areca catechu), coffee (Coffea arabica), cashew nut (Spondias dulcis), Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale = 15), Sirsak ((Annona muricata = 2), and asoka flowers (Saraca asoka= 5). The air temperature and rainfall conditions in the location is very supportive of Trigona cultivation because the average of air temperature ranges from 29oC, and the average monthly rainfall at Ranomeeto station is highest in January (135 mm) and lowest in August (16.8 mm). The honey quality of Trigona sp, from several variables such as water content, acidity, HMF levels, and reducing sugar levels are 16.98%, 33.94 mg/kg, 17.3 mg/kg, 69.31 % b/b. This means that the honey quality of Trigona sp found in Onewila village meets the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01-3545-2013 2013).

The management model for sugar palm in educational forest of Universitas Hasanuddin

The Educational Forest of Hasanuddin University (Unhas-edfor) is an asset that must be utilizet optimally in order to support the utilization and management of forest resources over a wider area. The palm sugar species has long been cultivated from generation to generation by people at and around the forest, and is a source of income that is quite meaningful for them. This research aims to assess the potential of non-timber product, especially palm sugar product and formulate the management for sugar palm species and its product in Unhas-Edfor. The research method used is a field survey method and data analysis is using a qualitative analysis approach. The results of the study indicated that the palm sugar production in 3 vilages, that became the study location, namely Rompegading, Limampoccoe and Labuaja, was quite varied. The highest total net income was found in Moncongjai Hamlet (Rompegading Village) as much as IDR.28,935,000,- with a total production of 1,640 packages and the lowest in the Jambua Hamlet (Limampoccoe Village) as much as IDR.215,000,-with a total production of 50 packages. The total net income in each hamlet is different depending on the amount of processed sugar production which tends to vary and the number of farmers producing products from palm trees. The sustainability model for the development and management of sugar palm and its derivative products in the Unhas-edfor is carried out through community empowerment activities, the formation and strengthening of farmer group institutions together with the management of the Unhas-edfor, village and district governments, related agencies, and banks as owners capital in terms of cultivation, harvesting and post-harvest, to the processing and marketing of results so that sugar palm and its products provide optimal results.

Does disease severity impact on plant foliar chemical and physical responses to two Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata pathogens?

Eucalypt forests and industrial plantations are threatened by fungal pathogen outbreaks that compromise timber and non-timber products and tree survival. Understanding host-pathogen interactions may contribute to the development of disease management strategies and the selection of resistant genotypes. Resistant and susceptible plants respond differently to disease infection, presenting variations of phenotypic traits, such as leaf physical and chemical parameters that may influence host-pathogen interactions. This study evaluated physical and chemical responses of Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata to two fungal pathogens, Quambalaria pitereka (a co-evolved pathogen) and Austropuccinia psidii (an established exotic pathogen), using severity of infection as an indicator of plant resistance/susceptibility. Our primary aim was to quantify differential plant responses between uninoculated (controls), susceptible (severely infected) and resistant plants for each pathogen. Plant growth rate, leaf toughness and foliar secondary metabolite profiles of control, resistant and susceptible plants were compared 14 days after pathogen inoculations. Leaf secondary metabolite profiles were analysed from uninfected regrowth of the same plants 90 days after inoculation. The results indicated that only susceptible plants elicited responses to pathogen damage. Susceptible plants infected by Q. pitereka had greater leaf toughness, and susceptible plants infected by A. psidii had reduced growth rates and altered expression of secondary metabolites in comparison to control and resistant plants. Austropuccinia psidii infection led to a reduction in the proportion of monoterpenes and monounsaturated hydrocarbons and an increase in long chain hydrocarbons. No differences in secondary metabolite profiles were found between the treatments 90 days after inoculation, suggesting that differences observed were in response to severe infection and that leaf chemistry is not a good predictive biomarker of susceptibility in C. citriodora subsp. variegata.

Gaharu Alam, Jaringan Perdagangan, dan Gaharu Budidaya: Studi Kasus Kalimantan Timur

ABSTRACT Study of natural agarwood products, agarwood trading network from village into province and cultivation of Agarwood by local community was carried out in July 2018 in East Kalimantan province. The findings of field work showed that agarwood is one commodity of non-timber products has high economic value which including of Appendix II CITES. Trading of agarwood is one of primary incomes for agarwood traders in province level, district, agarwood collector in sub-districts and seekers of agarwood from NTB (Nusa Tenggara Barat) migrant workers, Java and Bugise tribe. Besides, from viewpoint of tax incomes for government is relatively high. In 2010 the natural agarwood derived from natural forest was lack of outcomes due to forest products area was made forest conversion for estate plantation (palm oil), forestry sector (HPH/HTI) and mining sector. From this point, the shortage of natural agarwood from forest should be shifted by cultivation of agarwood carried out by group of farmer association as solution. As a result, the role of local government for instance Forestry Agency in province Level, Bappeda (Planning Agency in Province Level), Governor, and Local Parliament in Province Level should officially adopted that Agarwood commodity one of among commodities to enter in RPJMD (Leading Commodity Planning for Province) for 2020-2025. The methodology of research is applied for “political ecology” which emphasized actors movement (the role of local government, academics, NGOs, local people), participation observation, FGD (Forum Group Discussion) for active parties, and interview of informant. Key words: Forestry Agency in Province level, Trading agarwood network, natural agarwood, agarwood cultivation, Farmers association of agarwood, local farmers.

Gaharu Alam, Jaringan Perdagangan, dan Gaharu Budidaya: Studi Kasus Kalimantan Timur

Study of natural agarwood products, agarwood trading network from village into province and cultivation of Agarwood by local community was carried out in July 2018 in East Kalimantan province. The findings of field work showed that agarwood is one commodity of non-timber products has high economic value which including of Appendix II CITES. Trading of agarwood is one of primary incomes for agarwood traders in province level, district, agarwood collector in sub-districts and seekers of agarwood from NTB (Nusa Tenggara Barat) migrant workers, Java and Bugise tribe. Besides, from viewpoint of tax incomes for government is relatively high. In 2010 the natural agarwood derived from natural forest was lack of outcomes due to forest products area was made forest conversion for estate plantation (palm oil), forestry sector (HPH/HTI) and mining sector. From this point, the shortage of natural agarwood from forest should be shifted by cultivation of agarwood carried out by group of farmer association as solution. As a result, the role of local government for instance Forestry Agency in province Level, Bappeda (Planning Agency in Province Level), Governor, and Local Parliament in Province Level should officially adopted that Agarwood commodity one of among commodities to enter in RPJMD (Leading Commodity Planning for Province) for 2020-2025. The methodology of research is applied for “political ecology” which emphasized actors movement (the role of local government, academics, NGOs, local people), participation observation, FGD (Forum Group Discussion) for active parties, and interview of informant.

PERAN BALAI PENGELOLAAN HUTAN MANGROVE WILAYAH I BALI DALAM PENGOLAHAN HASIL HUTAN MANGROVE BERBASIS PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT LOKAL

Mangrove degradation is increasing along the proliferation of purposely land conversion. The utilization of the products of mangrove forests are oriented to the timber. Processing of mangrove products that have economic value should be a form of mangrove conservation and sustainability. Balai Pengelolaan Hutan Mangrove (BPHM) Wilayah 1 Bali, has become a center to processing mangrove forest products, especially non-timber products in Mangrove Tahura Ngurah Rai, which empowers local communities with skill training to process mangrove products into the economic value products. This research was carried out at the Mangrove Tahura Ngurah Rai. The method used is by observing mangroves by random sampling which will then be harvested based on the characteristics of ready harvest and harvest time. Mangroves that have been harvested, among others Sonneratia caseolaris, Bruguiera gymnorrizha, and Xylocharpus granatum. Those mangrove products will be processed into products such as syrup, soap, dodol, flour, rice, and scrubs. The processing of non-timber products is done through empowering local communities. The utilization of mangroves is more focused on the non-timber of forest products by utilizing mangrove fruits and leaves, ecotourism utilization, and silvofishery. BPHM I. Bali has an important role in maintaining the sustainability of the Mangrove Tahura Ngurah Rai.