Non-textual Materials Research Articles

Gca-pvt-net: group convolutional attention and PVT dual-branch network for oracle bone drill chisel segmentation

Oracle bones (Obs) are a significant carrier of the shang dynasty civilization, primarily consisting of tortoise shells and animal bones, through the study of which we can gain a deeper understanding of the political, economic, religious, and cultural aspects of the shang dynasty. The oracle bone drill chisel (Obdc) is considered an essential non-textual material. The segmentation of Obdc assists archaeologists determine the approximate age of the Obs, which possesses considerable research value. However, the breakage of thousands of years of underground buried Obs, the blurring of the edges of the area burned by the Obdc, the different shapes, and the inconsistent number have brought challenges to the accurate segmentation of the Obdc. In this article, we propose a group convolutional attention and pvt dual-branch network (GCA-PVT-Net) for Obdc segmentation. To our knowledge, this paper is the first to research the automatic segmentation of Obdc. It is a hybrid Convolutional neural network (CNN) and Transformer framework. The work offers the following contributions: (1) The Obdc images are labeled based on the delineation criteria of different drill chisel (DC) shapes to create the Obdc dataset. (2) A convolutional attention module (CAM) is proposed as both an encoder and decoder. The feature extraction process, which effectively integrates global and local information, ensures better modeling of long-term correlations in images while preserving details. (3) A channel feature aggregation module (CFAM) is designed to enhance the effective integration of channel features, enabling feature fusion across various branches and at different levels. (4) The edge deep supervision strategy is applied to smooth the jagged edge of the predicted images at the decoder’s end. Extensive experiments on the Obdc dataset show that GCA-PVT-Net outperforms other state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods. The comparative experimental results show that the edge accuracy and segmentation accuracy of the model reach the top 1.

Data sparsity for twitter sentiment analysis in real-time from biased and noisy data

Specializing in the analysis of strong emotions expressed in text, sentiment analysis is a scientific field. You may convey your thoughts and feelings about anything by expressing your opinion about it. This work explains the origins of sentiment analysis and how to configure sentiment evaluators. This paper showed comprehensive assessment of emotions will still be required. Analysis includes non-textual material. The use of visual media in social research is also useful. Without a doubt, I see the value of these links. This research uses a domain-specific seed list to categorize tweets. As much information as possible is preserved during tweet categorization. The algorithm categorizes tweets precisely and sentimentally to build a user interest profile. To test the method, 1 million tweets were used and up to 96% of them were correctly classified.

A Comparative Analysis of Emotion and Sentiment Analysis Method from Twitter Text

The Study of Sentiment is an area of science that specializes in the analysis of strong emotions expressed in texts. An opinion is a complete perception of a commodity, service, association, individual or some other form of entity about which a given text is conveyed. This work provides valuable knowledge of the roots of sentiment analysis and how sentiment evaluators can be configured. We demonstrated how to construct a basic classifier and use it as an example. These approaches will eventually change and there will still be the need for a more extensive assessment of emotions. Non-textual material has an important significance in analyses. Photos, photographs, animations and other visual material are also useful in performing social research. Of course, I can see that all these hyperlinks provide essential material. Some other ways of using social media are likes, retweets, reviews on posts and much more! It is hoped that common issues such as avoiding irony and sarcasm would be made less ambiguous. However, there will emerge other issues that will have to be tackled.

Preventing Visual Plagiarism in Design Programs in Higher Education Institutions: The Case of Ahlia University

Recently, the persistent problem in art and design programs in Worldwide universities are visual plagiarism. The main core values of academic institutions in general and Ahlia University is to produce graduates with not only good knowledge but also good values and high academic reputation that encourages intellectual and moral development promoting the image of their universities. Therefore, Ahlia university invests its efforts to create policies and procedures for text-based assignments to control originality of students’ work while handing in assignments, reports, research proposals, and dissertations by using software technology like Turnitin. Conversely, little has been done focused on non-textual materials in art and design education. Besides, there are a plethora of articles when searching the Scopus database, about text-based academic misconduct with a dearth of research devoted to visual plagiarism which often left to the experience of academic faculty. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to shed light on students’ understanding of visual plagiarism issues and bridge the gap in visual work. Moreover, this research will develop a pedagogical policy that can be used by faculty to control academic dishonesty in visual arts. This research is conducting using two main methods. Firstly, it depended on reviewing different literature from journals, articles, and policies from different universities about plagiarism. Secondly, this research used qualitative and quantitative data. To collect qualitative data, an in-depth interview with the 15 academicians was conducted to triangulate with the students’ findings of reasons of visual plagiarism and prevention solutions. For the quantitative data, an online survey using the Google form survey was used to a sample of 54 students in the design program at Ahlia University and other universities in Bahrain. Finally, this research reveals that the lack of awareness among students in arts and design education about academic integrity leads to visual plagiarism.

FRBR: Application of the Model to Textual Documents

The FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) model was a revolutionary development that presented a new view of the bibliographic universe. Although FRBR has been widely accepted and extensively studied, actual implementations have been limited. This can be partly attributed to: (1) the vague and controversial definitions of the group 1 entities—work, expression, manifestation, and item, (2) that various types of information resources pose different issues, and (3) the rapid digitization of information. The various definitions of information resources are identified and reviewed here. To simplify the modeling, this study is limited to a single type of information resource: textual documents consisting of a sequence of words that may include non-textual material in the form of tables, symbols, equations, and/or illustrations. The FRBR model is analyzed in the context of textual documents with particular emphasis on digital documents to better understand the group 1 entities. An overview of the problematic aspects of the FRBR model is discussed and possible solutions are proposed.

How Shared Urban Citizenship Shaped Addis Ababa’s Early Development

This article applies the notion of urban citizenship to historical Addis Ababa to describe the multicultural forces that gave the first impetus to producing the urban space. Menelik’s political project for his new capital was based on a shared urban citizenship with long-lasting effects on the forms of urban belonging. In a rare non-colonial African context, the role of communities of Ethiopians, Western Europeans, Greeks, Armenians, Indians, Yemenis, and their interactions were thus essential in the process of creating Addis Ababa’s urban space. Using a combination of written, original oral, and non-textual material, this paper focuses on the experience of the Indian community. Three essential features of this shared urban citizenship are discussed : the cultural fusion exhibited in the townscape, the negotiation of urban space as a form of competition for the introduction of new commercial institutions, and the spatial differentiation marked by communitybased centralities.

Script development and academic research

Abstract This article seeks to bring screenwriting research and screenwriting practice studies into closer proximity. It outlines arguments for seeing them as distinct fields, but suggests that doing so has contributed towards significant misunderstandings between practitioners and researchers. They are united in relying on both textual and non-textual materials, including anecdotal and first-person testimony; they face common problems in aligning these materials with traditional scholarly standards and overcoming the fragmentation of a field that is currently dominated by individual case studies; and they share some of the methodological and theoretical concerns of adaptation studies, with the term ‘script development’ itself risking the marginalization of intermedial and non-linear iterations. It concludes that collaboration between practitioners and researchers is essential if the study of script development is to flourish.

Illustration et dissimulation dans Les Mystères de Paris : enjeux de l’édition illustrée

Dans cet article, nous considérons l’importance des éditions illustrées des Mystères de Paris d’Eugène Sue (1842-1843), et de l’édition Rouff (1885), illustrée par Tofani, en particulier. Nous nous penchons d’abord sur les implications méthodologiques de l’étude d’un matériau non textuel et iconographique. Nous examinons par la suite le choix des scènes représentées, l’euphémisation du texte, la sexualisation de l’image et le rôle des légendes elliptiques. Les illustrations examinées rejettent et bouleversent les attentes d’un médium souvent supposé être synonyme de clarté, de révélation et d’explication. Elles témoignent d’une sensibilité aiguë aux limites et aux insuffisances du médium, ce qui anticipe le caractère réflexif et ludique, voire parodique, des mystères urbains ultérieurs.

Archival Divides and Foreign Countries? Historians, Archivists, Information-Seeking, and Technology: Retrospect and Prospect

Abstract Rumors of the deterioration of the historian-archivist relationship have been exaggerated. This article first traces the evolving historian-archivist bond over the last eight decades. Second, it discusses the methods scholars have employed in studying historians, namely bibliometrics, questionnaires, interviews, and a combination. Third, it describes the results and implications of those studies in three areas: locating sources, using primary and nontextual materials, and overall information-seeking and use. Fourth, it considers the evolving and still ambivalent role of information technology in historians' research. Finally, it suggests possibilities for future research, highlighting digital history, personal archiving, Web 2.0, democratization and public history, crowdsourcing and citizen archivists, digital curation, activist archivists and social justice, diversity and the changing demographics of the archival profession, and education and training. Though historians and archivists may not al...

TIB's Portal for Audiovisual Media: Combining Manual and Automatic Indexing

The German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB) developed a Web-based platform for audiovisual media. The audiovisual portal optimizes access to scientific videos such as computer animations and lecture and conference recordings. TIB's AV-Portal combines traditional cataloging and automatic indexing of audiovisual media. The article describes metadata standards for audiovisual media and introduces the TIB's metadata schema in comparison to other metadata standards for non-textual materials. Additionally, we give an overview of multimedia retrieval technologies used for the Portal and present the AV-Portal in detail as well as the additional value for libraries and their users.

Book Review: Practical Cataloguing: AACR, RDA and MARC 21

Practical Cataloguing: AACR, RDA and MARC 21. By Anne Welsh and Sue Batley. Chicago: Neal-Schuman, 2012. 217 p. $75 softcover (ISBN: 9781-55570-743-9). In their preface, Anne Welsh and Sue Batley, both cataloging instructors, write that Practical Cataloguing was commissioned to bridge a between cataloging textbooks meant for the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR2)/MARC21 environment and textbooks focused on the new standard, RDA: Resource Description and Access. (1) Given that many libraries will delay implementing RDA until after the Library of Congress's planned implementation date of March 31, 2013, and that AACR2 records, like pre-AACR2 records, will be in library catalogs for years to come, book indeed Fills a that will be present for some time. Perhaps in recognition of the fact that nobody could write a definitive print cataloging manual in 2012 that would not be obsolete six months later, Practical Cataloguing is neither a how-to-catalog text nor a workbook. Rather, Practical Cataloguing provides a map to the gap between AACR2/MARC21 and RDA by combining a discussion of cataloging theory, history, and the issues (and controversies) created by current and future standards, augmented with practical advice for working catalogers in any environment. The book begins by discussing cataloging codes from Charles Cutter's Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalogue through RDA. (2) Additional chapters address related issues such as the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD), and access points and headings. (3) The language avoids jargon and is accessible to both novice and experienced librarians. The text takes on a narrative quality as it discusses the evolution of ISBD, AACR2, and MARC21, why and how RDA (with its FRBR underpinnings) has come to replace AACR2, and navigating a workflow where both codes must coexist in an environment with many unknowns. Each chapter contains detailed explanations and copious examples of descriptive data and access points in ISBD, MARC21, RDA, and AACR2. Particularly valuable are the bolded Practice Notes in each chapter that give advice on the local interpretations, shortcuts, and compromises catalogers make in their local library systems. Readers in the United States will quickly recognize that the authors are based in the United Kingdom, both from the British spellings of and colour, and from the wry humor that slips into the text. For example, a practice note tells us that this rule is often ignored or forgotten by cataloguers, as we can see in example from a real catalogue (29); access points are introduced with, When confronted for the first time with the phrase 'access points' you might think that you are being faced with a piece of modern cataloguing jargon. And you might be right (49). Chapter 10 contains a number of sample records illustrating level 1 and level 2 AACR2 and RDA descriptions. The examples are in ISBD (AACR2 and RDA) and MARC 21 (AACR2 only) format. The examples are all for print monographs; given the ready availability of copy cataloging for print monographs, some examples of serial, nonprint, and nontextual materials would have been more helpful to new catalogers. …

Technology and culture in Greek and Roman antiquity

The technological achievements of the Greeks and Romans continue to fascinate and excite admiration. But what was the place of technology in their cultures? Through five case-studies, this book sets ancient technical knowledge in its political, social and intellectual context. It explores the definition of the techne of medicine in classical Athens, the development of new military technology in Hellenistic times, the self-image of technicians through funerary art in the early Roman Empire, the resolution of boundary disputes in the early second century AD, and the status of architecture and architects in late antiquity. Deploying a wide range of evidence, it reconstructs a dialectic picture of ancient technology, where several ancient points of view are described and analyzed, and their interaction examined. Dr Cuomo argues for the centrality of technology to the ancient world-picture, and for its extraordinarily rich political, social, economic and religious significance. • Offers five in-depth, varied case-studies, each with a slightly different methodological focus • Covers a broad period from classical Athens to late antiquity and a wide range of disciplines • Only book of its kind to make extensive use of non-textual material and of the newest historiographical approaches from both classics and the history of science and technology Contents Introduction; 1. The definition of techne in classical Athens; 2. The Hellenistic military revolution; 3. Death and the craftsman; 4. Boundary disputes in the Roman Empire; 5. Architects of late antiquity; Epilogue.

The Prompter’s Box: Modern Drama and Literary Criticism

The Prompter’s Box: Modern Drama and Literary Criticism Alan Ackerman When Modern Drama was established by A.C. Edwards at the University of Kansas in 1958, the dominant approach to the study of the drama within American universities, and indeed of all literary genres, was New Criticism. Although this term covered a very wide range of critical approaches, all shared an interest in close reading of the literary text and, in the interest of scholarly rigour, insisted on the firm exclusion of all such non-textual material as the cultural, social, and biographical context of the work. The dominance of this critical orientation posed serious problems for the study of drama in general and modern drama in particular. —Marvin Carlson, “A Difficult Birth: Bringing Staging Studies to the Pages of Modern Drama” [P]rior to theorizing about literary language, one has to become aware of the complexities of reading. —Paul de Man, Blindness and Insight I begin this instalment of “The Prompter’s Box” on the journal’s fiftieth anniversary by quoting from the first paragraph of Marvin Carlson’s article, which appears in the following pages, not only to dispute its basic assumptions but also, and more important, to ask why the foremost scholar of theories of the theatre – and one of the first to publish in this journal nearly fifty years ago – should believe that Modern Drama was and remains dominated by the New Criticism, that there are two fundamentally opposed hermeneutic models for studying drama (“literary interpretation” and “stage interpretation”), and that the former “hampers” understandings enabled by the latter. In the late 1950s, far from being in a dominant position, the New Criticism (or the range of critical approaches classed under that rubric) had fallen from favour. Among many others, Murray Krieger’s The New Apologists (1956), Northrop Frye’s Anatomy of Criticism (1957), and Frank Kermode’s Romantic Image (1957), each in diverse ways, devastatingly critiqued critical approaches that privileged an autonomous and autotelic poetic text, and this brief list does not include the increasing influence of social scientists such as Lucien Goldman and Claude Lévi-Strauss, the Myth-and-Symbol school in American literary [End Page 475] studies of the 1950s, Marxist Humanism, and so on. Lacking space for a comprehensive history here, I refer the reader, for starters, to Frank Lentricchia’s After the New Criticism, where he describes the “moribund condition of the New Criticism” in 1957 (4). But already in 1954, in an article later included in Blindness and Insight, Paul de Man speaks of the New Criticism as finished: “[E]ven when the influence of the New Criticism reached its height, it remained confined within its original boundaries. . . . Over the last five years, a far-reaching change has taken place here and abroad, putting the entire question of literary studies in a different perspective” (21). For obvious reasons, critics of the Cold War became increasingly interested in sociological, political, and psychological questions. Modern Drama, moreover, gives no sign of a “difficult birth” (Carlson’s ironic reference to Samuel Beckett) with respect to either the dominant critical paradigms of the 1950s or the relationship of page to stage. In addition to including articles on productions in Rome, London, Stockholm, and Paris, the first issues present articles that can hardly be characterized as firmly excluding “all such non-textual material as the cultural, social, and biographical context of the work.” The very first article makes liberal reference to Eugene O’Neill’s intentions in writing The Iceman Cometh: “[W]e would do well, if we want to come to terms with the ‘deeper’ meaning of The Iceman Cometh, to assume that he had something specific and important in mind, and to try to discover what it was” (Day 3). Without endorsing this critical approach, we would have to agree that it seems untroubled by the New Criticism. Other articles in the first issue deal with the subjects of adaptation and translation (Hellman of Anouilh, Lerner of Shaw); the pertinence of national, historical contexts; the importance of specific actors; and the shaping influence of audiences on the stage and in the box office. In the second issue of the journal, A...

The Prompter's Box: Modern Drama and Literary Criticism

When Modern Drama was established by A.C. Edwards at the University of Kansas in 1958, the dominant approach to the study of the drama within American universities, and indeed of all literary genres, was New Criticism. Although this term covered a very wide range of critical approaches, all shared an interest in close reading of the literary text and, in the interest of scholarly rigour, insisted on the firm exclusion of all such non-textual material as the cultural, social, and biographical context of the work. The dominance of this critical orientation posed serious problems for the study of drama in general and modern drama in particular. —Marvin Carlson, ‘‘A Difficult Birth: Bringing Staging Studies to the Pages of Modern Drama’’

Practicing Ethnohistory: Mining Archives, Hearing Testimony, Constructing Narrative (review)

T H E A L A B A M A R E V I E W 290 manufacturing jobs in developed nations or the exploitation of workers in developing nations. Given the powerful corporate and political forces aligned against them and the exploitation of racial divisions those forces perpetuated, it is not clear that a more southern strategy on the part of union leadership could have successfully organized a majority of southern textile workers. Nevertheless, additional funding and manpower, English convinces us, could not have hurt. As the first major New England textile manufacturer to move assets south, the Dwight Manufacturing Company played a significant role in the history of Alabama. Dwight Company officials worked to prevent child-labor legislation, as well as state regulation of working hours and conditions in Alabama’s textile mills and villages. Corporate officials testified before legislative committees, sought to sway the votes of individual state legislators, and used the economic needs of communities like Gadsden and Alabama City to influence the actions of local and state political officials. Pro-business politicians and corporate officials worked together to block every effort to unionize or even protect workers . Although conditions improved for Alabama laborers in the 1930s and 1940s, the fruits of their long struggle came too late to prevent the closure of the Dwight facility in Alabama or the beginnings of a new relocation of the textile industry out of the American South to low-wage, less-regulated economies in Asia and Latin America. Cogent and tightly written, A Common Thread demonstrates the historical and ongoing relationship between developed and less-developed regional economies. English effectively links the American South to a broader history of international economic development and labor organization. PAMELA C. EDWARDS Shepherd University Practicing Ethnohistory: Mining Archives, Hearing Testimony, Constructing Narrative. By Patricia Galloway. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006. 554 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-8032-7115-8. Patricia Galloway has been practicing ethnohistory for nearly thirty years; this award-winning scholar is widely recognized as a preeminent practitioner of that demanding and expanding field. Practicing Ethnohistory brings together twenty-one of her essays, some never before published. It presents, in Galloway’s words, her “intellectual autobiography ” (p. 1) and serves as a model of intellectual rigor, meticulous methodology , and cross-disciplinary work. The essays vary in content, tone, O C T O B E R 2 0 0 7 291 and quality, but all provide the reader a valuable opportunity to observe a first-rate scholar practicing her craft. Galloway’s work began as a documentary editor in 1979 when she was called upon by the Mississippi Department of Archives and History to complete the editing of the two final volumes of Mississippi Provincial Archives: French Dominion (Baton Rouge, 1984), which had endured a forty-year hiatus since the first three volumes were published in 1932. Galloway struggled with incomplete and biased records—French bureaucrats recorded what they had judged worthy and later archivists preserved selectively. In addition, Galloway applied revised standards of historical editing to her volumes. The welter of missing and misused documents meant that Galloway “struggled . . . with trying to wring blood from the stones of European incomprehension and representation of Native behavior and testimony” (p. 7). As she makes clear, the French documents relating to what became the state of Mississippi were important not for what they revealed about the French, but for what they revealed about the Indians. In addition to a high standard of documentary editing, including translation and annotation, Galloway employed a number of innovative techniques, including textual criticism, a method of comparative literature, and narrative analysis. The essays in part one of the present volume, “Historiography: Deconstructing the Text,” highlight the many challenges that Galloway faced in the project and in her later work, including essays on the issues of bias and silence in ethnohistorical material. Also included in the section are two essays on the use and misuse of narrative sources relating to the De Soto expedition. Galloway’s work is noted for an exceptional use of archaeological material and innovative analysis of maps. In part two, her analytical methods for these non-textual materials...

Revisiting Two Classics: Charting the Mental World of the Oppressed

It is true that history is largely based on textual accounts of past events. Non-textual material such as archaeological artefacts can speak only through intervention and interpretation from a latter-day agent. But to be sure, it is also the fate of texts to remain relatively silent until a latter-day agent intervenes. And from that point onwards, they go through a transformation that turns them into the raw material of historical description. What this means is that some texts tend to be more popular than others among scholars, owing to the latter’s training, the preferences of his or her peers and superiors, and the individual scholar’s ability to tease significance out of the words he or she studies. The thing Reynaldo Clemena Ileto attempted to do back in the 1970s in his classic was to achieve “a history from below”. Such an ambition is not uncommon as such, and works inspired by that commendable goal usually do succeed in writing the lower classes into the interlinked processes of oppression and resistance, even portraying them as active participants and not as grey and passive shadows fluttering in the background, hoping for salvation.

Ten Challenges for the Archival Profession

The archival profession faces daunting challenges at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Ten of the most pressing challenges facing archivists are identified and described. They include: managing electronic documents, devoting more resources to non-textual materials, recognizing that records are global, devising new methods for description and access, expanding access and collection development priorities, generating more research on the archival aspects of information management, strengthening the Society of American Archivists, expanding the resources of the archival enterprise, and maintaining the profession's role as trusted guarantors of society's interests.

Terra Incognita: Toward a Historiography of Book Fastenings and Book Furniture

Terra Incognita: Toward a Historiography of Book Fastenings and Book Furniture Eike Barbara Dürrfeld (bio) In the historiography of bookbinding, fastenings and furniture 1 have received scant attention and have not established themselves as a special category of research. Yet throughout the medieval period and (at least in German-speaking areas) until the end of the sixteenth century, fastenings were commonplace on ordinary wooden board bindings, and were now and then employed on limp bindings as well, known to be produced from about the ninth to the end of the sixteenth centuries. Furniture was less commonly used, yet it appears to have been typical of ordinary Romanesque and Gothic wooden board bindings. 2 Unlike fastenings, furniture was dispensable for a binding as it was not integrated into its construction or applied in the attempt to compensate for its structural weaknesses, but it could help protect the binding from damage. If we agree that four centuries of general use of book furniture and more than nine centuries of book fastenings should no longer be neglected, we must then consider how this research should be organized. Standard technical and reference works on bookbinding history and art history often reproduce conclusions about book furniture and fastenings that are still generally accepted but which, in the light of the latest research, demand revision. This essay surveys the scattered, often superficial and disparate literature on the subject, analyzing the methodologies and conclusions of the authors in the context of their respective educational backgrounds and their political, economic, and cultural situations, and taking notice of the most original and valuable work. [End Page 305] Literature Review At least until the 1960s, research into ordinary wooden board bindings of the medieval and early modern periods was carried out predominantly by German-speaking binding specialists, and documented primarily with examples of the Gothic type from German-speaking Europe. Because printing with movable type had begun in Germany, German bookbinders had been the first to adapt the ordinary Gothic wooden board binding for mass production, and thus had largely defined its new appearance. Therefore, this review surveys mainly literature in German. Non-German scholarship, which has blossomed since the 1960s and which reflects the transformation of bookbinding history into an international enterprise, will be considered if it has influenced Germanophone scholars, or if it needs to be called to their attention. The study of book fastenings and furniture was introduced in 1877–78 by Richard Steche, a German architect and historian of art and civilization. His history of European binding also marked the beginning of the scientific study of bookbinding in general. 3 We can divide the subsequent 120-year history of research into the complex of book fastenings and furniture into five periods. The first attempts at investigation were undertaken by historians of art and civilization (1877–1900), followed by librarians (1900–1933), bookbinders and teachers of bookbinding (1933–45), and, in a fourth period, librarians once again (1945–80). Their work, however, generated only a very thin basis of positive knowledge. Since the 1980s, book fastenings and furniture have increasingly interested book restorers, conservators, and binding specialists, most of them English or Dutch. Like their predecessors, they aimed at a typology of furniture and especially fastenings that could be used to date and localize bindings. Striving for an encyclopedic completeness, they had little success: their working concepts were not based on a careful analysis of the literature, nor were their objectives coordinated. Like their predecessors, they tried to gain new scientific insights only through “book archaeology”—that is, the study of all nontextual material aspects of the book. 4 They based their knowledge on object descriptions that included the aesthetic aspects of book fastenings and furniture, which had long been the primary focus of scholars, to which they added the technical aspects, but they did not pursue any other methodology that could have tapped into cultural history. Furthermore, they overlooked the contributions of archaeologists since the early 1970s and (particularly in Germany) since the 1990s who had unearthed pieces of book fastenings and furniture. Despite the few constructive approaches of the 1980s and 1990s, Germanophone [End Page 306] bookbinding researchers continued to reproduce uncritically what librarians...

Graphic displays of data structures on the IBM PC

Immediately or soon after an introductory course in programming, traditional computer science education usually includes a course on data structures. Such courses, however, have suffered from a lack of non-textual materials for classroom and non-classroom use. Consequently, it is difficult for students to comprehend the abstractions involved in implementing and applying fundamental data structures without laboriously employing printed materials. The work discussed herein addresses the problem by developing software for the IBM PC that will allow data structure users to view graphically the effects of primitive operations and application programs on basic data structures. Several such structures and applications are examined and plans for a program interface are discussed.