Non-structural Mitigation Research Articles

Pemetaan Daerah Rawan Longsor Menggunakan Machine Learning di Kecamatan Muara Tami, Kota Jayapura, Papua

One of the high landslide vulnerability areas in Indonesia is located in Muara Tami District, Jayapura City. The main factors triggering the landslide are steep slopes and high elevations. However, there are still several other factors that also influence the occurrence of landslides, such as vegetation, land cover, and curvature. Landslides that occur can cause damages to all parties, both material and non-material. Therefore, it is necessary to map landslide-prone areas as a non-structural mitigation planning. This planning is useful for identifying areas that are relatively safer from landslides so that the fatalities incurred can be minimized. In this mapping, several parameters are used that are thought to trigger landslides, then they are calculated by machine learning using the random forest method. Based on the parameters used, the eastern and northwestern areas have high slope and elevation values, high curvature contrast values, and dry land forest cover. These results indicate the high potential for landslide vulnerability in both parts of the study area. Meanwhile, areas with low potential for landslide vulnerability have a curvature of 0, a relatively low slope and elevation. The model accuracy value obtained by the random forest method is 0.9. This value is categorized as good enough because it shows that the parameters used are good enough in mapping landslide vulnerability in the study area. These results are also supported by the high sensitivity and specificity values ​​based on the ROC curve. Areas with high potential for landslide vulnerability are Mosso Village and the border between Skow Mabo, Skow Yambe, Koya Tengah, Koya Timur, and Holtekam. Meanwhile, areas with low landslide potential were Skow Sae Village, the central part of East Koya, the northern part of West Koya, and the southern part of Holtekam.

Pemetaan Tingkat Kerawananan Banjir Di Kota Jambi Menggunakan Metode Scoring Dan Overlay Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografis

This research is about flood vulnerability mapping in Jambi City based on Geographic Information System (GIS). This study is aiming to find out the flood vulnerability level, spatial distribution of flood, and flood prone areas in Jambi City. We used five parameters that affect flood vulnerability, including land slope, land level, land use, soil type, and rainfall during 2019. The method used is the scoring and overlay method with the help of ArcGis software. Flood vulnerability level was divided into three categories, namely quite vulnerable, vulnerable, and very vulnerable. The results obtained in this study are that most of Jambi City has a level of flood vulnerability in the vulnerable category, which is an area of 9254.82 ha (58%), while for the area that is dominated quite safe from flooding, Jambi Selatan sub-district, is 2849.14 ha (18%). This shows that more than half of the Jambi city area is a flood-prone area so it is very important to carry out structural and non-structural mitigation actions

Foreword Special issue Empowering communities for non-structural seismic risk mitigation: the central role of communication

This special issue of “Annals of Geophysics” concerns the dissemination of knowledge on the prevention of damage mainly due to non-structural elements during earthquakes and its practical application at houses, schools and offices by common citizens, companies and institutions. The seismic capacity of buildings and other civil engineering structures and infrastructures are object of regulations for design and construction, and in some cases also the design, fabrication and mounting of electrical and mechanical equipments. Consequently, even in strong earthquakes many collapses of buildings and infrastructures are avoided. However, with few exceptions, design procedures do not aim at avoiding seismic vibrations from being transferred to the structures, but enable the structures to resist to the effects of those vibrations

Using non-structural mitigation measures to maintain business continuity: a multi-stakeholder engagement strategy

Encouraging property owners and individuals to adopt mitigation measures to improve the resilience of their buildings and equipments to seismic hazard has been a major challenge in many earthquake- prone countries. Few business leaders are aware of the fragility of their supply chains or other critical systems due to earthquake hazard. Bridging the gap between research production and research use is another crucial challenge for the earthquake risk research process. The KnowRISK project outcome is aimed at encouraging the proactive engagement of multi- stakeholders (community at large, schools, business community and local govern-ment groups) undertaking non-structural mitigation measures that will minimize earthquake losses to individuals and communities. Engaging stakeholders, taking into account their needs and inputs to maintain critical and urgent business activities, can contribute to the research findings and ensure that our data collection is thorough and complete. Engagement with stakeholders, during the whole process can lead to improved outcomes and for the development of viable solutions, for business and society, because of stakeholder’s role and influence within the organizations.

The Model of Nonstructural Mitigation Policy to the Landslide Prone Residential Areas in Lebong, Bengkulu

The purpose of this study is to find a model of nonstructural disaster mitigation policies for landslide-prone settlements in Lebong Regency. The study is a sociological juridical (sociolegal). processing and analysis of primary data, secondary data, information from the results of the FGD and legal documents were carried out in a descriptive qualitative manner. The results of the study show that the implementation of non-structural mitigation policies for residential areas prone to landslides has not been implemented optimally. In implementing such non-structural mitigation policies, there are several obstacles, both internal and external. The non-structural mitigation policy model for landslide-prone settlements, namely that the Lebong Regency Government needs to formulate and determine community-based policy steps, which include: identification and mapping of potential landslide residential areas, increasing community preparedness, increasing community knowledge and capacity, monitoring continuity towards landslide-prone settlements, control/enforcement, maintain environmental balance, pay attention to the carrying capacity and amperage of the environment, compile planning and budgeting, integrate disaster education in primary and secondary school curricula, strengthen regulatory frameworks and establish mitigation SOPs.

Assessment of flood risk reduction in DKI Jakarta: Cengkareng Sub-district

Due to geographical condition, Cengkareng is one of a well-known flood-prone area in West Jakarta, Indonesia Annual floods may occur due to the limited bank full capacity of the local drainage system. This flood causes a significant loss of both infrastructures and human life. One of the most significant efforts in reducing this flood risk is the improvement of Cengkareng Drain channel as the main drainage system in the area. Cengkareng Drain conveys the flow of Angke River and Mokervaart River into the Java Sea passing through Tangerang and Jakarta. This paper discusses about the contribution of several alternatives of improvement in reducing the related flood risk. The flood hazard is analysed based on the standard criteria of PUPR. The risk analysis is done in accordance to the BNPB guidebook. Based on this study, it is found that the drainage existing condition may cause a high flood risk level in 5 areas and an average risk level in 1 area. This flood risk could be reduced by applying both structural and non-structural mitigation efforts. It this case, it is found that structural mitigation of dike development combined with non-structural mitigation of local community capacity development is the most effective solution.

Study of the merapi volcano eruption and the impact on community agricultural landuse in sleman regency

This research was conducted with the aim to determine the distribution of agricultural areas affected by the eruption of Volcano Merapi and how the forms of mitigation and adaptation of farming communities in Sleman Regency. The study was conducted in the agricultural land area in Sleman Regency which began with conducting a survey in the field to obtain data related to the area of agricultural land affected and potentially affected by the Merapi eruption, then the research team conducted interviews with farmers regarding the impact of eruption on agricultural land. Not to forget, the research team will also calculate the losses incurred. The next step taken by the research team is processing measurement data, imagery, and maps to produce new maps. These steps will lead to the publication of disaster mitigation studies on the eruption of Volcano Merapi for agricultural land in Sleman Regency. Conclusion This research is an effort to increase the capacity of communities around Volcano Merapi if at one time they face an eruption disaster in general, still at a low level, mitigation of structural and non-structural disasters in the disaster of eruption in general is not optimal. Physical development in the effort to reduce disaster risk is still not available, as well as non-structural mitigation efforts through awareness and education efforts are also not good categories.

Evaluation of lahar flood hazard management policy using participatory planning in Putih watershed, Magelang regency, central java, Indonesia

The occurrence of Lahar floods after Merapi Volcano eruption in 2010 still continue to be a concern for the government and the community. Kali Putih is one of the rivers that originates in Merapi Volcano and is one of the Lahar flood hazard area. Non-structural mitigation efforts have been carried out by the government. Until now, there are still community activities in the forbidden hazard area. Regulations regarding to spatial planning regulation in the hazard area need to be evaluated. The aim of the study is to evaluate the Lahar flood hazard mitigation based on participatory mapping and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). The research area is Jumoyo Village, which is the highest Lahar hazard flood area. The results indicate that there are still residential areas and community activities in the Lahar flood hazard area. The community does not want to lose their livelihood or relocation of their homes. The community expect that the government is able to revive the economic activities of the community through the establishment of new economic centres without relocation of their homes. The community also expect that the government able to creating new employment.

The vulnerability of housing on the north coast of Banda Aceh to disasters from the sea

Alue Naga is an example of a coastal village in the northern city of Banda Aceh which was severely damaged during the earthquake and tsunami in 2004, but until now there has been no maximum environmental improvement and mitigation for this coastal settlement. The ideal initial mitigation study to be carried out for coastal settlements is to analyze the physical vulnerability of housing as a physical structure characteristic that determines the potential damage to disasters. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with data collection through observation, a global positioning system, interviews and questionnaires. Data were analyzed using geographic information system techniques to determine the spatial condition of the area. Assessment of the potential vulnerability of housing in each cluster of Alue Naga settlements is obtained by scoring and weighting methods for variables that contribute to the level of disaster vulnerability, namely the type of building construction, the shape of the ground floor of the building, and the orientation of the building to the coast. The results showed that the potential vulnerability in each cluster was different for each variable being reviewed, there were clusters that were vulnerable, more vulnerable, and very vulnerable to the threat of disasters from the sea. It takes serious action from stakeholders to further improve protection and mitigation against disasters from the sea in the northern coastal settlements of Banda Aceh City with structural mitigation and non-structural mitigation.

Simulating the Impact of Land Use Change on Contaminant Transferal during Flood Events in Houston, Texas

Kayode Atoba Rui Zhu is a PhD student studying in urban and regional sciences in the Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning department at Texas A&M University. She has a master’s degree and a bachelor’s degree in landscape architecture. Her research interests include urban regeneration, community resilience, and landscape performance. Galen Newman is Associate Professor, Associate Department Head, Coordinator of the Bachelor of Landscape Architecture Program, and Director of the Center for Housing and Urban Development in the Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning at Texas A’M University. His research interests include urban regeneration, community resilience, hazard exposure, and landscape performance. Kayode Atoba is Assistant Research Scientist in the Institute for a Disaster Resilient Texas at Texas A&M University, Galveston. He is also a Research Fellow at the Center for Housing and Urban Development at Texas A&M University. Atoba’s research focuses on using quantitative and geospatial methodologies to identify the interactions between urban development and environmental hazards. His research draws on the broader theory of hazard resiliency to propose mitigation and adaptation strategies. His recent work addresses issues related to property acquisition and buyouts as nonstructural mitigation strategies to reduce flood impacts.

Disaster literacy among young peatland farmers in Central Kalimantan

The One Million Hectare Peat Clearing Project (PLG) in Central Kalimantan, designed as a rice granary in 1995, has become the door to ecological disasters on peatlands. Canalization that drains the peatlands excessively has sparked fires over the past 23 years, especially during the long dry season. Given the large losses incurred and the high budget for land fire suppression, pre-disaster management is important, one of which is through the concept of disaster literacy. Disaster literacy in this case is a non-structural mitigation approach that focuses on skills and understanding of disasters to reduce disaster risk. This study aims to see the application of the concept of disaster literacy, especially to young peatland farmers who are directly involved in agricultural management in a broad sense through the various existing literatures. The discussion will cover a lot of local wisdom of the community in managing peatlands in relation to the prevention of peatland fires.

Climate change adaptability of the agriculture sector in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Climate change has a negative impact on the agricultural sector in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, especially the farms, which are highly vulnerable to climate-related disasters such as flood and drought, as well as pest attacks that may cause production failure. This study aims to build a model of climate change adaptability for farmers in Yogyakarta. This study is qualitative in nature by using data from Focus Group Discussion (FGD) involving the community members at the district level. Each of the 12 districts in the area sent two representations of farmer assistants. Data reliability and validity was ensured through triangulation; then examined by using content analysis. The adaptability models for climate change are presented in two scenarios; the first is caused by drought/flooding and the second is by pest attack. From the data, it could be concluded that farmers’ mitigations consist of structural and non-structural approach. The construction of dam as part of the water management is the main structural mitigation undertaking. Learning the weather, the climate and other disaster causes were the main non-structural mitigation undertaking. Moreover, learning was not only from classes and practices, but also via technology transfer using free website sources to enrich farmers’ knowledge in handling pest attack.

Pembelajaran Sains Untuk Mengenalkan Kebencanaan Pada Anak Usia Dini

Children are one of the most disaster-prone community members due to their limited experience, knowledge, and physical. Therefore, children must be introduced as early as possible about disaster knowledge through education at school. Teaching and learning of disaster material can be done through science learning activities. This article aims to describe various methods and science learning activities, which are fun and attractive to convey disaster knowledge comprehend by children. This paper using a qualitative method approach with document study research types. An introduction of disaster knowledge to children in schools is a part of nonstructural mitigation efforts through education

Pembelajaran Sains Untuk Mengenalkan Kebencanaan Pada Anak Usia Dini

Children are one of the most disaster-prone community members due to their limited experience, knowledge, and physical. Therefore, children must be introduced as early as possible about disaster knowledge through education at school. Teaching and learning of disaster material can be done through science learning activities. This article aims to describe various methods and science learning activities, which are fun and attractive to convey disaster knowledge comprehend by children. This paper using a qualitative method approach with document study research types. An introduction of disaster knowledge to children in schools is a part of nonstructural mitigation efforts through education

Zonasi Tingkat Kerentanan Gempa Bumi Berdasarkan Faktor Lingkungan, Fisik, Sosial, dan Ekonomi di Kota Bandung Tahun 2018

<p>This research aims to: 1) identify earthquake vulnerability in Bandung City based on 4 factors—environmental, physical, economical, and social—using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP); 2) understand which factor gives the biggest impact toward earthquake vulnerability of Bandung City; and 3) know Bandung City’s alertness toward earthquake. The population of this research was Bandung City’s administrative area with sub-district as its smallest analysis unit. Purposive sampling is used to collect sample. The data were collected from notes and maps, such as land use, slope, lithology, building density, etc. Interview also used to collect data for weighting using AHP. Data’s validity tested using triangulation. AHP’s used as data’s analysis technique. The result showed that: 1) The Earthquake Vulnerability in Bandung City based on physical, environmental, social, and economical factors were very high, high, and medium; 2) Physical factor, which is building density, gave the most impact to earthquake vulnerability in Bandung City; 3) Existing non-structural mitigation was deemed appropriate to earthquake vulnerability in Bandung City, but structural mitigation was not. Further structural review is needed.</p>

Flood risk forecasting at weather to medium range incorporating weather model, topography, socio-economic information and land use exposure

Non-structural mitigation measures to the globally increasing flood events include forecast based alert generation. However, the extreme rainfall forecasts are associated with low hit rate, high false alarm, and spatiotemporal bias; which makes it difficult to rely on them. Further, the losses due to flood in a region not only depend on rainfall severity but also on topography, socioeconomic conditions and exposure of the region to floods. Here, we introduce a new concept of spatial flood risk mapping and forecasting at weather to medium range based on forecasted hazard, embedded with vulnerability (topographic and socioeconomic) and exposure information. We define hazard as the probability of extreme rainfall event during upcoming days given an available weather forecast for the same days. As hindcast is used for computation of probabilities, hazard contains prior information about the false alarm, hit rate and spatiotemporal bias of the forecast. Vulnerability is calculated by averaging the topographic and socioeconomic indicators, and exposure is calculated using a land use land cover map. Topographic vulnerability is computed with digital elevation model using Height Above the Nearest Drainage method, and Data Envelopment Analysis is performed to derive the socioeconomic vulnerability based on the demographic census data. For a specific region and a specific event, the relative flood risk maps are generated at an administrative level (e.g., district, subdistrict or village level for India) and the high-risk areas can be identified from those maps for mitigation. The methodology is demonstrated for a very recent extremely severe flood event that happened in Kerala, India in August 2018. It is evident from the results that the high-risk areas forecasted well in advance (as high lead time as 15 days) match fairly well with the areas, which suffered maximum losses because of direct flood.

What scientific information on non-structural elements seismic risk people need to know? Part 1: Compiling an inventory on damage to non-structural elements

Understanding damage to non-structural elements, identifying sources of critical issues, and how damage affects the functionality of facilities are all critical aspects for developing general recommendations concerning disaster risk management. In the present paper a review of non-structural damage caused by recent earthquakes was performed in several localities exposed to seismic hazard such as Mt. Etna in Italy, Lisbon and Azores islands in Portugal and southern Lowland in Iceland. This was needed in order to derive the most common non-structural damage framed into the local situation, which in turn is a basic requirement for a well tailored communication campaign. The observed damage to non-structural elements as derived in this study led to the conclusion that the most commonly damaged elements are partition walls, ceiling systems, non-structural vaults, chimneys, building contents and storage racks. Analyses proved that substantive efforts are needed worldwide to improve techniques for reducing damage to non-structural elements. Non-structural mitigation represents a major opportunity for immediate low-cost action to reduce the impacts of earthquakes at home, school and workplaces. Research results within the KnowRISK EU project was the reference ground upon which a wide range of tools for multi-stakeholders (students, business and citizens) to improve seismic performance of non-structural elements and reducing the associated economic losses, loss of functionality, and potential threats to life safety was designed.

MITIGATION OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN PANGANDARAN REGENCY

The government has a function to protect its people, including managing the disaster. The function of government in natural disaster management is a function that is expected to be carried out with full commitment. Disaster management is an activity carried out comprehensively and there is a need for active stakeholder involvement. Pangandaran Regency is a disaster-prone area. This article aims to describe the mitigation launched by the Pangandaran Regency government to reduce disaster risk using a Qualitative approach and observation, interview and literature study. Pangandaran Regency has been stretched to get out of the tsunami disaster that had occurred. Even mitigation efforts have been carried out with the involvement of various stakeholders in Pangandaran Regency. With mitigation, disaster risk reduction can be done. Therefore the government should make efforts to overcome disaster risk through the Mitigation Program by the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD). The disaster mitigation program consists of two types namely Mitigation with a Structural approach and namely mitigation by focusing on physical development, such as the construction of temporary evacuation sites or the construction of an early warning system (EAS). Then the other form is Non-Structural mitigation which is mitigation carried out in the form of non-physical development, such as disaster education to school children and also to the community through activities carried out by mothers. Disaster training is given to private parties to understand disaster in Pangandaran.Keywords: Disaster, Mitigation, Risk Reduction, Management Disaster, Pangandaran

Flood Hazard Analysis on Dulecha Woreda Located in Middle Awash River Basin

Flood is a natural disaster and causes loss of life and property damage. Awash River is causing damage of farm land and other properties at Dulecha Woreda as it is located at flood plain area. The objective of the study is to analyze flood hazard of Dulecha Woreda located in Middle Awash River Basin. The hydrological modeling in combination with hydraulic modeling is used for this study. The HEC-HMS model simulated runoff for the storm event of 14 th July 1996 and 25 th August 2008 were respectively found to be 448.9 m 3 /s and 461.8 m 3 /s during calibration and validation period. HEC-HMS generated results during calibration and validation were used as input of unsteady flow analysis in HEC-RAS model. The hydraulic model calibration is performed with observed stage data after estimating representative Manning’s “n” for the study area. Manning’s roughness coefficient ‘n’ of 0.045 and 0.055 produced the best fit against the observed data for the river main channel and flood plain respectively and used for validation of HEC-RAS model. The flood inundation depth and area exported from HEC-RAS simulation of RAS Mapper has been processed by ArcGIS for further analysis of flood inundation map. The generated inundation map is the model prediction for the peak flow of year 2008 which is obtained from rainfall depth of 130.5 mm. The flood hazard extent which is obtained for 25-Aug-08 (0.001–3.51m) gave the maximum flood depth 3.51 m. Both structural and non-structural mitigation measures are recommended for the study area. Keywords: flood inundation mapping, flood depth, HEC-HMS; HEC-RAS, ArcGIS Cite this Article: Abeya Lencha, Fitsum Tesfaye. Flood Hazard Analysis on Dulecha Woreda Located in Middle Awash River Basin. International Journal of Water Resources Engineering. 2020; 6(1): 47–66p.

Spatio-temporal pattern analysis of forest fire event in South Kalimantan using integration remote sensing data and GIS for forest fire disaster mitigation

Forest fire is one disaster that can paralyze various human activities, both in land and air, which can reach hundreds of hectares and is routine in Indonesia. Mitigation is important to reduce the number of fires and the impact will not damage the ecosystem. Spatio-temporal analysis can be used to know the pattern of an event in a certain period. This makes it possible to identify the factors of events that affected by time and see the changes that occur on the surface of the earth. Data that are used include remote sensing data of rainfall, peatland, palm oil plantation, land cover, hotspot in certain period that is processed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The methods used include extraction of forest fire event parameter, mapping of hotspot and forest fire parameter, spatio-temporal analysis, forest fire mitigation identification. The extraction result obtained influential parameters, such as land cover, land use, rainfall, climate, river, and road. Structural mitigation such as the construction of canals and ditches can anticipate the spread of fires. Canals can also be used as a control factor for hydrology. Meanwhile, non-structural mitigation can be done through policy planning based on hotspot distribution modelling.