Non-state Bodies Research Articles

The Influence of the Internet on the Formation of Virtual Communities and Expansion of Boundaries of Civil Society during the Large-Scale War with the Russian Federation

The purpose of the article is to study the social impact of the use of e-communications on the state of civil society of Ukraine in the conditions of a large-scale war against the Russian Federation. To achieve the goal, the author substantiated the political component of the introduction of e-communications, features, specificity and differences of territorial and virtual communities of GS, determined ways to counter the negative effects of the manipulative mechanisms of the aggressor country. The article uses statistical, comparative, monitoring methods, systemic and functional methodological approaches. The author proves that the development of e-communications is a prerequisite for changes in the activities of organizations, communities and politicians which is becoming more and more transparent and must meet the expectations of the increasingly active HS. Changes are taking place in state and non-state bodies, providing access to them, increasing transparency, increasing the opportunity for citizens to participate in the decision-making process, etc. Politics largely depends on the opinion of citizens, their communities and organizations. Political power is becoming more decentralized, and there are more and more centers of power. The Internet leads to its decentralization, to the formation of a model of a new type of democracy, thanks to convergent processes between representative and direct democracy. Citizens are getting more and more information in real time and decisions about politics and politicians are coming in real time. Support for Internet messaging technologies increases opportunities for citizens to directly participate in politics. Analysis of unifying and network features of a new type of e-democracy and other characteristics, with which it is connected – protest and anti-system movements, are transformed in the direction of "smart communities" or "smart crowds", because their actions are implemented simultaneously in virtual and real space.

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA (SOUTH KOREA)

The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the formation and development of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Korea (South Korea), taking into account historical patterns and the current political and legal situation in the state, which was established in 1988, together with a large-scale revision of the Constitution and the creation of the Sixth Republic. In order to obtain reliable research results, in addition to general scientific and special ones, the authors also used a number of specific legal methods (formal-legal, systemic-structural and comparative-legal), which allowed to reveal the constitutional-legal nature and content of the activities of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Korea. The novelty of the research lies in the subject characteristic of one of the elements of South Korean constitutionalism – the formation and development of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Korea. The most important aspects of the official constitutional and legal doctrine of the Republic of Korea have been studied. The effectiveness of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Korea, which implements the function of constitutional and legal protection, is assessed from the perspective of the development of legal regulation and the activities of the most important subjects of constitutional control (the Constitutional Court and others). The article notes that the system of subjects of constitutional and legal protection in the Republic of Korea includes many state and non-state bodies and organizations, the main place among which belongs to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Korea. At the same time, as characteristics of the Korean legal system, the authors analyze the application of judicial precedent in the practice of the Constitutional Court, consider various points of view on this issue. The authors of the article made a number of conclusions about the high level of constitutional and legal development in general of the Republic of Korea, and its Constitutional Court in particular. It is noted that the Constitutional Court of Korea constantly and consistently refers to its own decisions, researchers also highlight the effectiveness of the institution of the Constitutional Court, emphasize the well-known fact about the progressiveness and high development of the state of South Korea, with its exceptional national constitutional identity and legal traditions, which is certainly achieved with the active practical activity of the Constitutional Court, in the implementation of constitutional control.

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA (SOUTH KOREA)

The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the formation and development of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Korea (South Korea), taking into account historical patterns and the current political and legal situation in the state, which was established in 1988, together with a large-scale revision of the Constitution and the creation of the Sixth Republic. In order to obtain reliable research results, in addition to general scientific and special ones, the authors also used a number of specific legal methods (formal-legal, systemic-structural and comparative-legal), which allowed to reveal the constitutional-legal nature and content of the activities of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Korea. The novelty of the research lies in the subject characteristic of one of the elements of South Korean constitutionalism – the formation and development of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Korea. The most important aspects of the official constitutional and legal doctrine of the Republic of Korea have been studied. The effectiveness of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Korea, which implements the function of constitutional and legal protection, is assessed from the perspective of the development of legal regulation and the activities of the most important subjects of constitutional control (the Constitutional Court and others). The article notes that the system of subjects of constitutional and legal protection in the Republic of Korea includes many state and non-state bodies and organizations, the main place among which belongs to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Korea. At the same time, as characteristics of the Korean legal system, the authors analyze the application of judicial precedent in the practice of the Constitutional Court, consider various points of view on this issue. The authors of the article made a number of conclusions about the high level of constitutional and legal development in general of the Republic of Korea, and its Constitutional Court in particular. It is noted that the Constitutional Court of Korea constantly and consistently refers to its own decisions, researchers also highlight the effectiveness of the institution of the Constitutional Court, emphasize the well-known fact about the progressiveness and high development of the state of South Korea, with its exceptional national constitutional identity and legal traditions, which is certainly achieved with the active practical activity of the Constitutional Court, in the implementation of constitutional control.

Features of the functioning of jury courts in the public administration system in Ukraine

The purpose of the article is to examine the jury court as a body of public administration.
 The legal status of the jury trial in the system of public administration in Ukraine is considered. An analysis of the possibility of interpreting the jury court as a public organization was carried out and it was substantiated that the jury does not fall under the status of a public organization. It has been established that the administration of justice in Ukraine is the function of only state bodies to which the jury belongs, as it is part of the judicial system of Ukraine.
 The jury court as a body of state judicial power was considered. It has been proven that the jury has a number of specific features that distinguish state bodies from non-state bodies, in particular, it has been established that the difference between the jury and other bodies of state power is that it does not have a certain permanent composition, and the jury is formed once on the basis of a complex selection mechanism for consideration of a specific case.
 It is justified that the jury court is an institution that controls the distribution of power prerogatives between the branches of power: executive, legislative and judicial. The jury, as the most democratic judicial body, in this case performs a control function, preventing the interference of legislative and executive bodies in the administration of justice, which is not provided for by law.
 The authors conclude that, in carrying out its activities, the jury closely interacts with other bodies of state power: with law enforcement agencies and the prosecutor’s office as bodies that perform the function of the prosecutor’s office, with local self-government bodies as bodies that provide voter lists, with other bodies of judicial power , which control the activity of the jury court.
 It was determined that the jury acts in accordance with the principles of the organization and operation of the state apparatus, which include: legality and constitutionality, the principle of professionalism (regarding professional lawyers) and ethics of civil servants, the optimal structure and functioning of the state body, its effectiveness. These and other principles are reflected in the legal acts regulating the activity of the jury court.

The 2010–15 coalition government and the legacy of free schools in England

Free schools were a flagship policy of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition (2010–15), aligned with the broader academisation programme, yet both consolidating and transcending New Labour’s educational narrative between 1997 and 2010. Driven by political ‘modernisers’ such as Prime Minister David Cameron and his Education Secretary Michael Gove, these schools were framed as an innovative and revitalised educational policy approach, aspiring to eclipse previous ‘failed’ policies of both left and right. They proposed greater autonomy and liberation from statist bureaucracy, incorporating non-state bodies as providers, while remaining within the broader state educational structure. Primarily exported from Scandinavia as ‘all-ability’ schools, and with a distinctive autonomous and communitarian element, yet analysis and measurement of the impact of free schools both internationally and domestically has since been mixed. The article seeks (with the benefit of added hindsight and perspective) to focus on the circumstances in which this policy was implemented from 2010, assessing various challenges it faced within a coalition government environment, while ultimately analysing its overall impact on the English educational system in subsequent years.

The Use of Artificial Neural Networks in the Public Sector

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an extensive scientific field, part of which is the concept of deep learning, belonging to broader family of machine learning (ML) methods, based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). ANNs are active since the 1940s and are applied in many fields. There have been actions around the world for the digital transformation of the public sector and the use of new innovative technologies, but the trajectory and degree of adoption of artificial intelligence technologies in the public sector have been unsatisfactory. Similar issues must be handled, and these problems must be classified. In the present work, preparatory searches were made on Scopus and IEEE bibliographic databases in order to obtain information for the progress of the adoption of ANNs in the public sector starting from the year 2019. Then, a systematic review of published scientific articles was conducted using keywords. Among the 2412 results returned by the search and the application of the selection/rejection criteria, 10 articles were chosen for analysis. The conclusion that emerged after reading the articles was that while the scientific community has a lot of suggestions and ideas for the implementation of ANNs and their financial effects, in practice, there is no appropriate use of them in the public sector. Occasionally, there are cases of implementation funded by state or non-state bodies without a systematic application and utilization of these technologies. The ways and methods of practical application are not further specified, so there are no indications for the systematic application of specialized deep learning techniques and ANNs. The legal framework for the development of artificial intelligence applications, at least in the European Union (EU), is under design, like the necessary ISO standards from an international perspective, and the economic impact of the most recent AI-based technologies has not been fully assessed.

Current Aspects of Accounting Regulation Activities

Accounting should ensure proper documentation and timely reflection in the primary documents and registers of accounting and tax accounting of all transactions, as well as control the safety and proper use of each accounting object. In Russia, the process of reforming accounting has been going on for quite a long time, the convergence of the norms of domestic accounting with the norms of IFRS. The main goal of this process is to ensure the possibility of increasing confidence in the information generated in accounting and financial statements. A system of regulatory documents regulating the organization and maintenance of accounting has been developed and continues to be improved, as well as the definition of the role of state and non-state bodies in its creation and improvement. The functions of accounting are changing quite significantly, the variability of accounting procedures is widely used, the importance of the communicative function as an element of interaction of economic entities is growing. The article is devoted to the theoretical and practical study of the principles of accounting regulation. The processes of accounting reform have had a significant impact on changing the rules of accounting. But at the moment, there are still significant problems in the organization of accounting, preventing the formation of complete, real, objective, reliable reliable information. This conclusion is confirmed by the presence of many publications of modern scientists devoted to the analysis of various issues related to the regulatory regulation of accounting activities, the application of new rules for asset valuation, and the convergence of accounting rules with international financial reporting standards is gradually taking place.

СУБ’ЄКТИ ПУБЛІЧНОЇ АДМІНІСТРАЦІЇ, ЯКІ ЗДІЙСНЮЮТЬ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНО-ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ В СФЕРІ ТВАРИННОГО СВІТУ

This article discloses the system of subjects of public administration that carry out administrative and legal regulation in the field of the animal world. The author determined that the subjects of legal regulation in the field of the animal world are a system of state and non-state bodies that are endowed with state-authority powers (or such powers are delegated to them) and are authorized to apply organizational, economic, and legal measures for the protection, use, and restoration of the animal world . State management and regulation in the field of protection, use and reproduction of the animal world is carried out by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the President of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, local state administrations, authorized central executive bodies in the field of protection, use and reproduction of the animal world, which include the central body of executive power that ensures the formation of state policy in the field of environmental protection, the central body of executive power that implements state policy in the field of environmental protection, the central body of executive power that implements state policy in the field of state supervision ( control) in the field of environmental protection, rational use, reproduction and protection of natural resources, the central body of executive power implementing state policy in the field of forestry and hunting, the central body of educational authorities implementing state policy in the field of fisheries, other authorized bodies of executive power in accordance with their powers and local self-government bodies. The largest number of subjects of legal regulation of the animal world belongs to the bodies of the executive power: the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine; Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine; State Environmental Inspection of Ukraine; State Agency of Fisheries of Ukraine, State Agency of Forestry of Ukraine, State Agency of Ecological Investments of Ukraine.

TRAINING OF MIDDLE-LEVEL LEGAL SPECIALISTS IN THE USSR (IN TERMS OF GORKY LAW SCHOOL)

The problem of providing state and non-state bodies and structures with qualified legal specialists never loses its topicality. Socio-political conditions of life do change, and sometimes existing educational institutions appear to be unable to meet the newly emerging social needs. This also happened in the USSR, which in the 1930s faced the acute problem of quickly staffing the judicial authorities with a significant number of qualified legal personnel. The task could not be solved by the forces of higher educational institutions; therefore, a new link appeared in the institutional structure of Soviet education – a law school designed to train middle-level justice workers (district prosecutors, investigators, people’s judges, law enforcement officers, etc.) in a short time. This article is devoted to the organisation and activities of the law school on the example of Gorky law school, we describe the difficulties the said school faced in the course of its functioning, and we also note its successes and achievements. The source base of the research consists of archival materials of the Central Archive of Nizhny Novgorod Region, which have been for the first time introduced into scientific circulation, as well as studies conducted by Russian scientists dealing with the problems of the formation and development of legal education in Soviet times.

Сутність і структура індивідуально-психологічної готовності фахівців соціальної сфери до роботи з вразливими категоріями населення

The article, based on the analysis of scientific literature, theoretically substantiates the essence and structure of the individual and psychological willingness of specialists in the social sphere to work with vulnerable categories of the population. It has been established that the individual and psychological willingness of social sphere specialists to work with vulnerable categories of the population is a unique, inimitable combination of physiological, mental and psychological qualities of the individual, which determines the individual lifestyle and allows effective professional activity. Vulnerable categories of the population are that part of the human community of a particular society, which during this period of time or on an ongoing basis has the highest risk of falling into difficult life circumstances due to the influence of adverse external or internal factors and needs help, support and protection from the state, state and non-state bodies, institutions and organizations, as it is unable to provide itself with the necessary conditions for existence without outside help. The structure of the individual and psychological willingness of social sphere specialists to work with vulnerable categories of the population has been determined as a dynamic combination of two components: psychophysiological (abstractness, criticality, flexibility and creativity of thinking; emotional stability; strong-willed determination) and psychological (tolerance, communicativeness, reflexivity and other personality qualities).

Гражданско-правовые проблемы договорных отношений в рамках взаимодействия между детективами и правоохранительными органами

The relevance of the topic under consideration is due to the fact that in modern conditions, in order to combat administrative and criminal offenses, along with bodies operating within the framework of public legal regulation, various types of entrepreneurial activities operating within the framework of private legal means of legal regulation continue to develop. The interaction of detectives and law enforcement agencies in the Russian Federation acts as an integral element of the mechanism for implementing the law enforcement function of our country. This is primarily due to the fact that both state (represented by law enforcement agencies) and non-state (represented by private detectives) bodies act as subjects that implement the human rights (law enforcement) function of the state. The relevance of the topic under consideration is beyond doubt in view of the aggravated political situation at the international level that has developed during the special military operation conducted by the Russian Federation. The current foreign policy situation has turned the idea of the unshakable priority of international law, the norms and provisions of which are simply not taken into account and ignored by a number of countries. In the current situation, law enforcement agencies do not always have the opportunity to carry out their activities outside the jurisdiction of Russia, falling under the sanctions of unfriendly states, while a private detective has a free hand since they are a business entity and act primarily in the interests of the customer of these services. The article highlights the problematic issues of the implementation of contractual relations arising within the framework of interaction between detectives and law enforcement agencies. On the basis of this, civil law problems are identified that prevent them from exercising their human rights function, the signs and conditions of concluding a confidential cooperation agreement between the parties within the framework of current legislation are considered.

Public Administration in the Time of Legal Postmodernism

The subject matter of this research is the peculiarities of public administration in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to analyze the essential characteristics of managerial relations that develop in the modern system of public administration, as well as the features of its construction. It is stated that there are serious changes in government control, in the economic and legal spheres, which have led to the evolution of state governance, namely: the transition from state to public administration, when not only state authorities, but also various types of state and non-state bodies and organizations are involved in the administration of the state and society, as well as the use of new technologies. At the same time, it is assumed that the current state of law and the state can be called the era of legal postmodernism, which is characterized by an increasing role of destabilizing factors in society and the state, which entails changes in approaches to the government control and the mechanism of legal regulation. The author draws attention to the fact that building only one type of management system can lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of the progressive development of the state. Therefore, at different periods or in crisis conditions, the public administration system should be rebuilt from hierarchical (centralized) to heterarchical (decentralized) and vice versa, including combining elements in the process of restructuring both systems of public administration. It is concluded that the system of public administration in the Russian Federation should have the ability to adapt to rapidly changing internal and external factors in a short time, therefore it should have a spherical character, not a pyramidal one. The author attempts to clarify the types of managerial relations included in the subject of administrative and legal regulation.

The Model Muslim Minority: Wasatiyah (Justly-Balanced) as a Counter-Ideology Tool in Singapore

In the post 9–11 world, Muslims have had to grapple with various challenges, which often involved justifying their faith to others within secular contexts. The matter is more acute, if not existential, for Muslim minority populations. This paper analyzes attempts by the Singaporean Muslim community to deal with a post 9–11 world, through a development of the concept of wasatiyah (justly balanced). It investigates key initiatives by two important players – the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore (MUIS), and the Singapore Islamic Scholars and Religious Teachers Association (Pergas) – that had significant influence in shaping the wasatiyah vision in Singapore. We make two arguments: (1) The wasatiyah discourse represents a longstanding effort by Muslims to contextualize and appropriate traditional Islamic concepts to make them relevant to the contemporary world; and (2) The two approaches adopted by the organizations in question highlight the strengths and weaknesses of initiatives being propagated by state-affiliated and non-state bodies respectively. The study is situated within the literature on religion and politics, counter-ideology and state-Muslim relations.

ІНСТИТУЦІЙНА СКЛАДОВА СИСТЕМИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ В РЕЛІГІЙНІЙ СФЕРІ

There is an issue of strengthening the independence of the state, preserving its stability, and resisting attempts to split the country into ideological and national lines. An important place in this process is played by religion, which should unite, not divide, the society of Ukraine. Therefore, one of the urgent problems is the guarantee of security in the humanitarian sphere, especially in the sphere of religion and ethnic relations, and the formation of conceptual approaches in the implementation of the state policy of national security in it, considering that the religious sphere occupies one of the main places among the objects of national security, since the factors of religion, culture, history and language are decisive in the formation of national identity. The article examines the functions and powers of political subjects and state authorities, which are entrusted with the responsibilities of implementing the state policy of national security of Ukraine in the religious sphere, as well as non-state consultation and advisory bodies on religious matters, which have a significant influence in the sphere of religion, in its essence is a model of the consolidation of Ukrainian society on the basis of religion, tolerant interfaith and state-church relations, implementation of national values, support of cultural heritage and traditions, and which are the most effective representatives of Ukraine in the world religious space. Based on the analysis, the justification for the need to introduce changes and improve the institutional component system to ensure the national security of Ukraine in the researched area to increase the efficiency of interdepartmental interaction and interaction with non-state bodies in the field of religion in order to achieve results in the implementation of relevant tasks of state policy was made.

ПЕРЕВАГИ ТА НЕДОЛІКИ СМАРТ-КОНТРАКТІВ У ЗОБОВ’ЯЗАЛЬНОМУ ПРАВІ

The article analyzes the positive and negative aspects of the use of smart contracts in various business areas, which respectively give it an advantage or disadvantage compared to traditional civil law contracts. It has been determined that due to the automatic execution of the transaction, as soon as the agreed conditions are fulfilled, smart contracts allow eliminating or minimizing a number of transaction costs that accompany traditional contracts. When using a smart contract, the possibility of improper execution by one of the parties is practically eliminated, since it cannot be violated. It is the difficulty of modifying or terminating smart contracts that is an advantage over other contractual structures. The complexity of changing and terminating smart contracts is a guarantee of their stability and the immutability of the contractual terms that were originally agreed by the parties. But at the same time, smart contracts, eliminating some of the problems of traditional contracts, create new ones when using them. The article also notes that smart contracts are distinguished by both vulnerability in computer code and insufficiently effective legal regulation. The problem of oracles when using smart contracts is considered, which consists in the need to trust the information received from them. It is concluded that due to the vulnerability of a smart contract, like any modern digital technology, the existence of a written original of the contract, subsequently expressed in a smart contract, will make it much easier for the parties to use both judicial and extrajudicial methods to protect their rights. It has been noted that due to the growing use of smart contracts in civil circulation, the number of disputes arising in connection with this, considered both in state courts and in non-state bodies (arbitration courts), will also increase.

The Rise of Transnational Corporations in the Human Rights Age-Attaining Sustainable Development while Respecting Human Rights

We can no longer afford to bury our heads in the sand for we must appreciate the reality which is that private individuals and bodies such as clubs and companies wield great power over individual citizenry who should, as of necessity, be protected from such non-state bodies who may for instance discriminate unfairly or cause other constitutional breaches It is beyond peradventure that, non-state actors such as transnational corporations wield much power and often violate human rights. As opposed to the traditional view, such non state actors too have a responsibility to respect and promote human rights. This paper discusses the extent to which non-state actors are held responsible for human rights violation both under international human rights law as well as under comparative constitutional law. Philosophical as well as theoretical justifications for adopting such a position to hold non state actors responsible for human rights violations are also discussed.

Internet fraud: technologies of performance, ways of counteraction and prevention

The article proves that the separation of technologies for committing fraud on the Internet allows you to determine the causal complexes. As a result, it is possible to effectively influence the prevention and counteraction of the corresponding type of crime. The author concludes that it is necessary to introduce into the practice of law enforcement and other government agencies effective tools for preventing and combating Internet fraud. He sees such a tool as outreach activities and modes of action that will block the determinants of criminal behavior in cyberspace. In order to concretize the specified means of prevention, it also deepens the theoretical basis regarding the system for preventing Internet fraud. So, the author comes to the conclusion that counteraction is a system of measures and methods of activity not only of law enforcement agencies, but also of other state and non-state bodies, while among these measures there are measures to prevent certain types of crimes. The article indicates that in the process of implementing a certain type of cybercrimes by criminals, they talk about the technologies of criminal activity as complexes of interrelated crimes, united by a single criminal purpose. For the commission of Internet fraud in the technology of criminal activity, there are typically ways of committing crimes in the use of computers, systems and computer networks and telecommunication networks (provided for in Section XVI of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and Art. 200 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. As a result of the analysis of the materials of the forensic practice of investigating fraud on the Internet, two main technologies have been identified: 1) the seizure of funds using phishing sites (the methods of reporting false information from the victim and its content have been updated) 2) the seizure of funds using a bank payment card and / or ATM (the variability of the method of manipulating information has been updated)

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УПРАВЛІННЯ СФЕРОЮ ТУРИЗМУ В УКРАЇНІВ УМОВАХ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНО-ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНОЇ РЕФОРМИ

The article examines the features of the management of the tourism sector in Ukraine in the historical period from the time of its independence to the present day. Tourism as a sphere of the economic complex of Ukraine began to develop only in 1991. Until 1991, tourism was not included in either the production or non-production sphere of activity, but was defined as a type of activity that provides the consumer with intangible benefits. Since 1991, the role and place of tourism in the structure of the economic complex has changed more than once.On the basis of the generally accepted world models of tourism management and the countries most characteristic of these models, it was revealed that the most characteristic and effective model for Ukraine at the present stage is a model similar to the French, when a profile ministry is involved in state regulation, which includes a profile Agency, and management at the regional level is included in the competence of tourism departments established by local authorities and tourism departments at the OTG level.Most tourism and hospitality associations and agencies are ineffective and should be reformed to improve the effectiveness of managerial influence.In the context of the administrative-territorial reform that is taking place in Ukraine, the positive and negative components of its influence on the development of the tourism sector at the level of the united territorial communities have been identified. Most of the OTGs do not understand their role and the possibility of effectively influencing tourism management, thereby preventing the development of either individual tourist sites or the sphere in general. Recommendations are given to improve the efficiency of tourism management as a sphere of the economic complex of Ukraine, taking into account the existing administrative-territorial reform, which can radically affect the development of tourism and provoke very high risks.The ways of effective tourism management at the level of united territorial communities are proposed.A model for managing the tourism sector has been developed, which includes state bodies of direct and indirect influence, as well as non-state bodies of influence, as well as a new non-existing structural management unit, united territorial communities. The model includes state and local authorities, tourism enterprises and public organizations of all forms of ownership of direct and indirect influence, uniting all components into a single whole.Keywords: tourism, tourism management, management model, administrative-territorial reform, UTG, tourist magnet.

РІДНОМОВНА І БАГАТОМОВНА ОСВІТА У КОНТЕКСТІ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ СУСПІЛЬСТВА (щорічні вебінари до Міжнародного дня рідної мови)

У статті окреслено особливості проведення щорічних вебінарів «Рідномовна і багатомовна освіта у контексті сталого розвитку суспільства» присвячених Міжнародному дню рідної мови, що був започаткований та затверджений 21 лютого 2000 року на Генеральній конференції Організації Об’єднаних Націй з питань освіти, науки і культури (далі – ЮНЕСКО). Щороку, напередо-дні святкування Міжнародного дня рідної мови Кафедра ЮНЕСКО «Неперервна професійна освіта ХХІ століття» Національної академії педагогічних наук України спільно з Інститутом педагогічної освіти і освіти дорослих імені Івана Зязюна НАПН України організовує вебінар з питань рідномовної і багатомовної освіти. До тематичних напрямів роботи вебінару, щороку приєднуються провідні заклади вищої освіти, післядипломної педагогічної освіти, середньої освіти, недержавні громадські організації, органи влади та місцевого самоврядування, а також різні зарубіжні інституції. У вебі-нарі щороку беруть участь понад 150 наукових, науково-педагогічних працівників, вчителів, студентів, магістрантів, аспірантів, докторантів, представників недержавного сектору та органів місцевого сомоврядування. Онлайн зв’язок вебінару уможливлює дистанційно обговорювати, аналізу-вати і узагальнювати важливі питання мової освіти та обгрунтовувати пропозиції щодо удоско-налення та розвитку проблемних питань рідномовної і багатомовної освіти, ураховуючи досвід провідних країн світу. Вебінари та інші масові заходи, присвячені Міжнародному дню рідної мови, які проводить Кафедра ЮНЕСКО, оприлюднено на офіційних інтернет порталах, веб-сайтах, засобах масової інформації, а також на міжнародній арені. Зокрема, у 2019 році два масових заходи Кафедри, було опубліковано на спеціально створеній ООН та ЮНЕСКО міжнародній онлайн платформі «Міжнародний рік мов корінних народів – 2019».

THE SUBSTANTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT AND CONTENT OF NOTARIAL SECRET IN UKRAINE

The article is devoted to notarial secret as one of the fundamental principles of notarial activity in Ukraine. The authors has analyzed the concept, content and essence of notarial secret in Ukraine, revealed the legal nature of notarial secret, procedural aspects related to notarial secret. Nowadays, the legal system of Ukraine is in a condition of comprehensive reform which is determined by the construction of a social, democratic, constitutional state.An important aspect of such state should be the interests of man as a subject of society. The main issue of construction of a constitutional state should be the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of individuals and entities, which is the legal regulator of the condition and level of development of civil society and the state.There are constant legal changes in the world that aff ect the national institute of notaries and therefore some of its elements will always require clarifi cation of the legal nature, essence and interrelation with government and civil society. The protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens is entrusted to various state and non-state bodies which also include the notary.Notary is a system of bodies and offi cials entrusted with a certifi cate of deeds, registration of inheritance rights and other actions aimed at legally securing civil rights and preventing their possible violation. Every day, thousands of citizens and representatives of legal entities apply to notaries and offi cials who are responsible for performing certain notarial acts to certify transactions, to certify copies of documents or to perform other notarial acts. According to statistics, every year a third of the population of Ukraine at least once has turned to a notary for help.