Non-standard Parameters Research Articles

The Reasearch on the Seriation and the Standardization of the Geometric Parameters of the Planer Enveloping Toroidal Worm

The national standards of the center distance, transmission ratio and transmission power of the planer enveloping toroidal worm are declared in abroad, but the geometric parameters and the main technology parameters is still calculated by the engineers according the design formula of the design handbook. At the same time, the non-standard parameters of the worm influence the standardization of the cutting tools especially the hob and add many difficulties and work load for the processing of the planer enveloping toroidal worm. The curvity modification theory and the optimization design software of the planer enveloping toroidal worm are introduced. The software is can not only optimize the relative parameters of the planer enveloping toroidal worm but also stimulate the engaged performance of the worm pair. Based on each kind of planer enveloping toroidal worm, the series of optimized parameters are calculated through the optimization design. The parameters which collect within national standards are the seriation and standardization parameters.

The Low-Energy Neutrino Factory

The low-energy neutrino factory uses muons with energies of around 5 GeV and a corresponding single baseline of the order of 1000 km. It has been found that when combined with a magnetised 20 kton totally active scintillating detector or a magnetised 100 kton liquid argon detector, this setup has sensitivity to the oscillation parameters θ13, δ and the mass hierarchy comparable to that of the high-energy neutrino factory if sin22θ13≳10−3. Additionally, the low-energy neutrino factory has sensitivity to the non-standard interaction parameters εeμ and εeτ down to ∼10−2.

Alternative crystal field parameters for rare-earth ions obtained from various techniques: IV. Comparative analysis of crystal field parameters obtained from inelastic neutron scattering and related studies of RE ions (RE = Er3+, Ho3+, Nd3+, Pr3+) in REBa2Cu3O7−δ high-Tc superconductors

This is fourth paper in a series devoted to reanalysis of the non-standard and standard crystal-field (CF) parameter (CFP) sets obtained from various experimental techniques and theoretical models for trivalent rare-earth (RE) ions in high-critical-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors and related systems. In this paper the experimental orthorhombic CFPs, obtained mostly by inelastic neutron scattering techniques and to a lesser extent by magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements as well as the respective theoretical CFPs for Er3+, Ho3+, Nd3+, and Pr3+ ions in REBa2Cu3O7−δ compounds, are considered. Several problems identified due to the comparative CFP analysis: (i) confusing notations used for operators and CFPs, (ii) different scaling factors and units used for CFPs, and (iii) lack of clear definitions of the axis systems used to express CFPs, were clarified. For each ion studied the available experimental and theoretical CFP sets are analyzed, standardized, and presented in a unified way. The large number of CFP sets prevents calculation of the five additional alternative sets for each originally reported CFP set. Instead, the alternative CFP sets are determined using the package CST for an average set calculated for selected compatible sets for each ion. These alternative CFP sets may be utilized in the multiple correlated fitting technique to improve reliability of the final fitted CFPs. The present results may facilitate future spectroscopic determination of CFPs as well as increase reliability of fitted and theoretical CFPs for RE3+ ions in high-Tc superconductors REBa2Cu3O7−δ and related systems.

Rapid Development of Interferometric Software Using MIRIAD and Python

ABSTRACTState-of-the-art radio interferometers are complex systems that unleash torrents of data. If current and planned instruments are to routinely meet their performance goals, standard analysis techniques must be significantly improved, becoming simultaneously more sophisticated, more automatic, and more scalable. While there is no shortage of ideas for next-generation algorithms, there is a shortage of development resources, so it is vital that programming environments for interferometric software allow for rapid, flexible development. We present an open-source software package, miriad-python, that provides access to the MIRIAD interferometric reduction system in the Python programming language. The modular design of MIRIAD and the high productivity and accessibility of Python provide an excellent foundation for rapid development of interferometric software. Several other projects with similar goals exist, and we describe them and compare miriad-python with them in detail. Along with an overview of the package design, we present sample code and applications, including the detection of millisecond astrophysical transients, determination and application of nonstandard calibration parameters, interactive data visualization, and a reduction pipeline using a directed acyclic graph dependency model analogous to that of the traditional UNIX tool make. The key aspects of the miriad-python software project are documented. We find that miriad-python provides an extremely effective environment for prototyping new interferometric software, though certain existing packages provide far more infrastructure for some applications. While equivalent software written in compiled languages can be much faster than Python, there are many situations in which execution time is profitably exchanged for speed of development, code readability, accessibility to nonexpert programmers, quick interlinking with foreign software packages, and other virtues of the Python language.

FEM Analysis for Bending Strength of Active Gear Design

Gear design is based on the standard gear rack parameter in modern gear design. This makes gear design indirect and passive. However, the standard rack parameters have certain limitations on gear parameters and performances. Some good designs with nonstandard parameters are excluded. In order to meet practical requirements and improve the stress performances, a active gear design method is proposed in this paper. 3D gear modal is designed basing on active design method by PRO/E software. The bending stress of tooth root which is affected by gear shaft and tooth width is analyzed by FEM software ANSYS. This paper has a certain reference value for the gear design with high performance.

INVESTIGATION INTO THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WHITE LAYERS PRODUCED IN A NICKEL-BASED SUPERALLOY FROM DRILLING OPERATIONS

The nature of white layers generated during metal cutting operations have for some time been the object of scientific controversy in reference to their metallurgical nature/structure. This research aims to study the structure of the white layer from an abusive cutting operation (i.e., drilling) in a nickel-based superalloy at both macro and micro scale levels. This has been achieved by using (1) a Focus Ion Beam to mill a sample for Transmission Electron Microscopy to analyse the grain size within the white layer, (2) Scanning Electron Microscopy to see shape characteristics of the white layer generated, (3) X-ray diffraction to see any alterations to the crystallinity of the structure, and (4) nano-indentation within this layer to compare its hardness with that of the bulk material. The in-depth analysis of white layers generated from non-standard drilling parameters of alloy RR1000 has shown that the layer is of the same structure as the bulk material: face centre cubic (FCC). The analysis has also shown the layer possesses a greatly reduced grain size of approximately 50 nm as opposed to the bulk material which has an average grain size of 22–63 μm (ASTM 8-5). Although nano-indentation has also shown that the analysed layer has a 45% higher hardness than that of the bulk material. This analysis indicates that the white layer created from machining is a combination of both mechanical and thermal effects and not only thermal as previously shown.

PROCES MIESZANIA JAKO CCP W PRODUKCJI PASZ PRZEMYSŁOWYCH

In the presented research the technology for producing industrial feed in a working fodder plant was analysed, taking the stage of mixing as CCP, in which there is a threat for the quality of the product. The research of assessment of mixing process quality was conducted in compliance with the ASAW standard which describes test procedures for measuring the mixing ability of batch mixers with the use of microtracers. The following mixers were used in the research: mixers used for all mash mixtures and premixes. Before determining the efficacy of the mixing process, the analysis of the technological structure for the production of industrial feed was conducted taking into account a point in which there is a threat for the quality of the product. The conducted research aimed at determining the homogeneity of mixtures with the use of microtracers allows to state that this method is useful for the analysis of the mixing process in production plants. It allows quick reactions during the technological process, at the same time eliminating production of mixtures of nonstandard parameters.

Calidad microbiológica de alimentos remitidos a un laboratorio de salud pública en el año 2009

Testing the microbiological quality of food samples from municipalities in the Santander department which were processed by the Public Health Laboratory(PHL) in 2009. The microbiological quality of food samples sent to the Santander PHL in 2009 was analysed by collecting reports issued by the institution and conducting a statistical analysis of 763 food samples from 76 municipalities in the department. Minitab statistical software (version 15) and Statistica (version 8.0) were used for analysing the information by municipality; this information was organised by food category and adverse incident frequency was analysed in each municipality from January to December 2009. It was seen that 45.2% (n=345) of 763 food records had bacterial contamination; there was a greater frequency of these events in the municipalities of Barichara, Barrancabermeja, Floridablanca, Girón, Socorro and Valle de San Jose accounting for 33.6% (n=116) of all affected samples. The main foods that had non-standard parameters were prepared foods (160 samples submitted), of which 80 had alterations in quality (50%), followed by drinks like fruit juice and soft drinks (48.3%), dairy products (47.9%) and meat (40.7%). A high rate of food contamination was found in the samples sent to PHL during 2009; this information is useful for planning preventative action within the ongoing PHL surveillance programme.

Test of non-standard interactions at Super-Kamiokande

We studied non-standard neutrino interactions that can be generated by physics beyond the Standard Model. Here we focused on the flavor-changing-neutral-current which would allow neutrino flavors to change through the neutral current interaction, and the lepton non-universality that gives the difference of the neutral-currentinteraction-amplitudes among the different flavored neutrinos. In this analysis we employed the atmospheric neutrino events collected in the Super-Kamiokande I (1996-2001) and II (2003-2005) periods. We obtained the limit on the non-standard coupling parameter | ε μ τ | < 1.1 × 10 − 2 at 90%C.L. for the flavor-changing-neutralcurrent. This limit resulted in being consistent with the expectation of the Standard Model.

Stability of the puncture method with a generalized Baumgarte-Shapiro-Shibata-Nakamura formulation

The puncture method for dealing with black holes in the numerical simulation of vacuum spacetimes is remarkably successful when combined with the BSSN formulation of the Einstein equations. We examine a generalized class of formulations modeled along the lines of the Laguna-Shoemaker system, including BSSN as a special case. The formulation is a two parameter generalization of the choice of variables used in standard BSSN evolutions. Numerical stability of the standard finite difference methods is proven for the formulation in the linear regime around flat space, a special case of which is the numerical stability of BSSN. Numerical evolutions are presented and compared with a standard BSSN implementation. We find that a significant portion of the parameter space leads to stable evolutions and that standard BSSN is located near the edge of the stability region. Non-standard parameter choices typically result in smoother behaviour of the evolution variables close to the puncture and thus hold promise for improved accuracy in, e.g., long-term BH binary inspirals, and for overcoming (numerical) stability problems still encountered in some types of black-hole simulations, e.g., in $D \ge 6$ dimensions.

Characterisation of rodent dobutamine echocardiography for preclinical safety pharmacology assessment

Introduction Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) is performed to detect subtle ischemic regions in the myocardium in patients suffering from stenosed coronary artery disease. While in a clinical and veterinary context DSE is performed daily, in the preclinical context, a very limited application has been described in the literature. In the drug development process, the safety of new chemical entities on the cardiovascular system is a primary requirement for the development of new agents/drugs for administration in humans. There are limited tools to evaluate the impairment of myocardial performance and cardiac contractility in preclinical species and particularly in rodents. In this present paper a possible imaging application is presented. Methods Anesthetised male Crl:CD(SD) rats ( n = 14) were given single intravenous doses of vehicle (5% w/v Dextrose solution) and dobutamine hydrochloride at 10 μg/kg/min. Echocardiography was performed, starting immediately before the infusion and animals were monitored up to 5 min after the end of infusion. Standard and non-standard echocardiography parameters were evaluated to detect test article related changes compared to vehicle infused animals. Results Thickening of left ventricle walls and interventricular septum and increased velocity of circumferential stress were observed in dobutamine infused animals compared to those receiving vehicle. These changes were considered to be a direct effect on myocardial contractility, as also confirmed by increased functional parameters (i.e., Ejection Fraction, End Diastolic Volume and decrease of the ratio between pre-ejection period and ejection time of the aortic flow). In dobutamine infused rats the “Tei index” increased up to approximately 32% compared to vehicle animals, showing a clear relationship with increased contractility. Discussion As expected dobutamine infusion in the anaesthetised rat is capable of inducing a positive inotropic effect and echocardiography results are a reliable tool for the determination of changes in contractility induced by pharmacological stress testing in the rat.

Investigation into the Characteristics of White Layers Produced in a Nickel-Based Superalloy from Drilling Operations

The metallurgical nature/structure of white layers generated during metal cutting operations has for sometime been the object of scientific controversy. This research studies the structure of the white layer generated from nonproduction abusive drilling parameter in a nickel-based superalloy at macro and micro scales. This was achieved using (1) a Focus Ion Beam (FIB) to mill a sample for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), (2) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and (3) Nano-indentation to evaluate material within and under this layer. In-depth analysis of this layer from non-standard drilling parameters in alloy RR1000 showed the layer is Face Centre Cubic (FCC) in structure and is the first to reveal it is polycrystalline with an average grain size of 50nm compared to the bulk material of 22-63μm (ASTM 8-5). Nano indentation testing has shown the white layer has a 45% higher hardness than the bulk material.

Determining differences between junior players in particular positions in the basketball game and based on indicators of situational efficacy

The basic goal of this research was to determine the differences between junior players playing particular positions in the basketball game based on the indicators of situational efficacy. The sample of examinees consisted of 108 top-level junior basketball players who in average played a minimum of 8 minutes per game and in more than 3 games, and were chosen from 11 teams that played 46 games in the Junior European Championship in Zadar in year 2000. The results show discrepancies in the space of situational efficacy amongst 5 player positions, as follows: players who play the point guard and the shooting guard are dominant in variables SHOT3-SU, SHOT3-UN, ASSIST, ST and TO. The players who play the position of forward are dominant in variables SHOT2-SU and SHOT2-UN, especially in relation to the power forward and point guard and the shooting guard. Furthermore, the players who play centers can best be distinguished from those playing other positions in variables: DR, OR, BL, SHOT2- SU i PF. We suggest that further research also includes nonstandard parameters of situational efficacy when analyzing differences between elite junior and senior players who play different positions in the game.

Evaluating an acoustically quiet EPI sequence for use in fMRI studies of speech and auditory processing

Echoplanar MRI is associated with significant acoustic noise, which can interfere with the presentation of auditory stimuli, create a more challenging listening environment, and increase discomfort felt by participants. Here we investigate a scanning sequence that significantly reduces the amplitude of acoustic noise associated with echoplanar imaging (EPI). This is accomplished using a constant phase encoding gradient and a sinusoidal readout echo train to produce a narrow-band acoustic frequency spectrum, which is adapted to the scanner's frequency response function by choosing an optimum gradient switching frequency. To evaluate the effect of these nonstandard parameters we conducted a speech experiment comparing four different EPI sequences: Quiet, Sparse, Standard, and Matched Standard (using the same readout duration as Quiet). For each sequence participants listened to sentences and signal-correlated noise (SCN), which provides an unintelligible amplitude-matched control condition. We used BOLD sensitivity maps to quantify sensitivity loss caused by the longer EPI readout duration used in the Quiet and Matched Standard EPI sequences. We found that the Quiet sequence provided more robust activation for SCN in primary auditory areas and comparable activation in frontal and temporal regions for Sentences>SCN, but less sentence-related activity in inferotemporal cortex. The increased listening effort associated with the louder Standard sequence relative to the Quiet sequence resulted in increased activation in the left temporal and inferior parietal cortices. Together, these results suggest that the Quiet sequence is suitable, and perhaps preferable, for many auditory studies. However, its applicability depends on the specific brain regions of interest.

Alternative crystal-field parameters for rare-earth ions obtained from various techniques: III. Low symmetry aspects inherent in monoclinic parameters obtained by Mössbauer spectroscopy for Tm 3+ ions in Tm 2BaXO 5 (X = Co, Cu, Ni)

This is third paper in a series devoted to reanalysis of the non-standard and standard crystal-field (CF) parameter (CFP) sets obtained from various experimental techniques for trivalent rare-earth (RE) ions in high temperature superconductors (HTSC) and related systems. Unlike the previous two papers, which dealt with orthorhombic CFPs, in this paper the monoclinic CFPs for Tm 3+ ions in Tm 2BaXO 5 (X = Co, Cu, Ni) obtained in Mössbauer spectroscopy studies are reanalyzed. Additional aspects arising from lowering of the site symmetry from orthorhombic to monoclinic are considered. Using the package CST for each original experimentally determined CFP set, five additional alternative CFP sets are determined. These results provide deeper meaning to the fitted CFP sets and may be helpful in future spectroscopic studies of Tm 2BaXO 5 and related systems.

Resolving CP violation by standard and nonstandard interactions and parameter degeneracy in neutrino oscillations

In neutrino oscillation with non-standard interactions (NSI) the system is enriched with CP violation caused by phases due to NSI in addition to the standard lepton Kobayashi-Maskawa phase \delta. In this paper we show that it is possible to disentangle the two CP violating effects by measurement of muon neutrino appearance by a near-far two detector setting in neutrino factory experiments. Prior to the quantitative analysis we investigate in detail the various features of the neutrino oscillations with NSI, but under the assumption that only one of the NSI elements, \epsilon_{e \mu} or \epsilon_{e \tau}, is present. They include synergy between the near and the far detectors, the characteristic differences between the \epsilon_{e \mu} and \epsilon_{e\tau} systems, and in particular, the parameter degeneracy. Finally, we use a concrete setting with the muon energy of 50 GeV and magnetized iron detectors at two baselines, one at L=3000 km and the other at L=7000 km, each having a fiducial mass of 50 kton to study the discovery potential of NSI and its CP violation effects. We demonstrate, by assuming 4 \times 10^{21} useful muon decays for both polarities, that one can identify non-standard CP violation down to | epsilon_{e \mu} | \simeq \text{a few} \times 10^{-3}, and | \epsilon_{e \tau} | \simeq 10^{-2} at 3\sigma CL for \theta_{13} down to \sin^2 2\theta_{13} = 10^{-4} in most of the region of \delta. The impact of the existence of NSI on the measurement of \delta and the mass hierarchy is also worked out.

Erratum: Constraining nonstandard neutrino-quark interactions with solar, reactor, and accelerator data [Phys. Rev. D80, 105009 (2009)

We present a reanalysis of nonstandard neutrino-down-quark interactions of electron and tau neutrinos using solar, reactor and accelerator data. In addition updating the analysis by including new solar data from SNO phase III and Borexino, as well as new KamLAND data and solar fluxes, a key role is played in our analysis by the combination of these results with the CHARM data. The latter allows us to better constrain the axial and axial-vector electron and tau-neutrino nonstandard interaction parameters characterizing the deviations from the Standard Model predictions.

Constraining nonstandard neutrino-quark interactions with solar, reactor, and accelerator data

We present a reanalysis of nonstandard neutrino-down-quark interactions of electron and tau neutrinos using solar, reactor, and accelerator data. In addition updating the analysis by including new solar data from SNO phase III and Borexino, as well as new KamLAND data and solar fluxes, a key role is played in our analysis by the combination of these results with the CHARM data. The latter allows us to better constrain the axial and axial-vector electron and tau-neutrino nonstandard interaction parameters characterizing the deviations from the standard model predictions.

Ultrahigh‐resolution seismic reflection imaging of the Alpine Fault, New Zealand

High‐resolution seismic reflection surveys across active fault zones are capable of supplying key structural information required for assessments of seismic hazard and risk. We have recorded a 360 m long ultrahigh‐resolution seismic reflection profile across the Alpine Fault in New Zealand. The Alpine Fault, a continental transform that juxtaposes major tectonic plates, is capable of generating large (M &gt; 7.8) damaging earthquakes. Our seismic profile across a northern section of the fault targets fault zone structures in Holocene to late Pleistocene sediments and underlying Triassic and Paleozoic basement units from 3.5 to 150 m depth. Since ultrashallow seismic data are strongly influenced by near‐surface heterogeneity and source‐generated noise, an innovative processing sequence and nonstandard processing parameters are required to produce detailed information on the complex alluvial, glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sediments and shallow to steep dipping fault‐related features. We present high‐quality images of structures and deformation within the fault zone that extend and complement interpretations based on shallow paleoseismic and ground‐penetrating radar studies. Our images demonstrate that the Alpine Fault dips 75°–80° to the southeast through the Quaternary sediments, and there is evidence that it continues to dip steeply between the shallow basement units. We interpret characteristic curved basement surfaces on either side of the Alpine Fault and deformation in the footwall as consequences of normal drag generated by the reverse‐slip components of displacement on the fault. The fault dip and apparent ∼35 m vertical offset of the late Pleistocene erosional basement surface across the Alpine Fault yield a provisional dip‐slip rate of 2.0 ± 0.6 mm/yr. The more significant dextral‐slip rate cannot be determined from our seismic profile.

Alternative zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameter sets and standardization for Mn 2+ ions in various hosts exhibiting orthorhombic site symmetry

The intrinsic properties of orthorhombic Hamiltonians, e.g. zero-field splitting (ZFS) ones or crystal-field (CF) ones, embodied in the standardization idea may be utilized to improve reliability and comparability of experimentally determined ZFS (or CF) parameters. These properties have enabled derivation of transformation relations for Hamiltonian parameters expressed in several related axis systems defined earlier by one of us. In this paper the standardization transformations are used to generate alternative physically equivalent yet numerically distinct parameter sets for Mn 2+ ions in various hosts exhibiting orthorhombic or lower site symmetry. One parameter set out of six alternative sets satisfies the standardization criteria. Importantly, the standardized sets should be used for direct comparisons. Several non-standard ZFS parameter (ZFSP) sets for Mn 2+ ions in crystals, identified in our literature survey of EMR studies, are here standardized. Thus the ratio of λ= E/ D or λ′= B 2 2/ B 2 0 is limited to the standard range (0, ±1/3) or (0, ±1), respectively. Our considerations provide useful correlations between the distinct and non-compatible yet physically equivalent ZFS parameter sets reported in literature. All calculated alternative sets are tabularized for ten Mn 2+ complexes considered. These ZFSP sets may serve for application of the multiple correlated fitting techniques in follow-up EMR studies. Some misinterpretations yielding ambiguous and unreliable results are clarified. The intricate low symmetry aspects are also discussed, whenever applicable. The results of this paper enable more reliable analysis, comparison, and fitting of ZFSP sets from EMR spectra for Mn 2+ ions in various crystals.