Non-standard Language Research Articles

WHAT MAKES UNIVERSITY STUDENTS SWEAR

The problem of swearing by youth in public is becoming acute nowadays. A growing tendency can be traced in Ukraine that young women are on equal terms with men in this respect. The authors of the article explored the reasons of using non-standard language by Ukrainian students under modern conditions and specified what should be done to improve their speech culture and eliminate their swearing. The primary aim of the research is to find out the motives why Ukrainian university students swear in their everyday life. To achieve the goal a special questionnaire was designed. All in all, 118 respondents of 2 age groups participated in the survey. Differences and similarities in using swear words by junior and senior students were investigated according to 3 criteria: motives, types of emotions, recommendations of eliminating or at least minimising this phenomenon. As it is shown by results of the research, the most typical motive of using non-standard language for males and females is the opportunity to express both negative and positive emotions. Neither juniors nor seniors considered it to be extraordinary. Yet, they agreed that various educational activities should be arranged to eliminate the usage of swear words and uplevel the speech culture of university students.

Does prescriptivism work? Non-standard lexis in Lithuanian radio and TV in 1960–2010

Does prescriptivism work? Non-standard lexis in Lithuanian radio and TV in 1960–2010

Syntactics, Cognition and Compositional Semantics

The object of the article is word semantics and its realization in the immediate context. The goal and the innovative component of the study is the analysis of the problem in the light of cognitive linguistics. We proceed from the assumption that the lexical meaning of a word contains a component responsible for its entry into the text. This component involves searching for lexical partners of the word in the syntagmatic chain. The semes participating in this process are actualized - they must get into the bright field of con-sciousness. The classical manifestation of this connection is the soalled semantic agreement ( собака лает ‘a dog barks’, бурый медведь ‘a brown bear’, волосы дыбом ‘hair (stands) on end’, etc.). We use examples from Russian literature to demonstrate that when a non-typical (non-standard) word combination is formed, the concepts get intersected (mixed). The examples, such as самопишущий костюм ‘a self-writing suit’ or жаркая робость ‘hot timidity’, expand a person’s cognitive horizons making the individual accustomed to a different (virtual) reality. The background and guarantor of this combinatorial process is the so-called “common sense” based on the native speaker’s previous experience. The result of the study is the presentation of five special situations manifesting the relationship between the word and its text partners: polysemantic words, phraseological units, introduced (embedded) meanings, additional connotations and a surprise effect. The author provides examples of the pressure (influence) of text memory on the speaker when selecting a necessary word and considers the idea of the predicative nature of the compatibility of lexemes. The article justifies the emergence of compositional semantics as a special direction in modern linguistics and demonstrates some of its results (based on the Russian language).

KESALAHAN BERBAHASA PADA KARANGAN GURU BAHASA INDONESIA SMP SELAMPUNG UTARA

The problems discussed in this study is language errors in the essays ofIndonesian language teacher of junior high school in Kotabumi, LampungUtara. This study aimed to describe teachers' language errors in spelling,diction, morphology, and sentences. The method used in this research was descriptive which means that data sources are in the form of the teacher’s essays. From the analysis the spelling errors that can be identified is the punctuation errors include the use of comma, colon, semicolon, quotation, single quote, and hyphen; the errors on writing include the use of capital letters, foreign language element, numbers, and word combination. Diction errors include the use of non-standard words and words that inappropriate. Morphology errors include the use of the incorrect word formation and the words are not in accordance with a sentence. The errors on the use of sentence include a mismatch, the vagueness of subject and predicate, the absence of a subject, predicate, and object in the sentence, and the sentence which only has a caption, the use of coordinator and subordinator conjunction at the beginning of single sentence, and incoherence.

The importance of intra-linguistic diversity in teaching Slovenian as the first language

Abstract In recent decades, Slovenian sociolinguistic situation and within the functions of different language varieties have dramatically changed. In spite of this process, the standard language remains a language variety that enables an individual to participate equally in educational and public life. As the Slovenian schools are not successful enough in developing of the discursive flexibility and mastering of the standard language, in the article, the functions of Standard language in modern Slovenian-speaking society is described; the specific groups of primary Slovenian language speakers are defined, and some solutions for improving the first language learning are suggested. In 1990’s, in opposite to the prevailing traditional structural language-stratification theory, the new classification of the primary sociolects, based on the English functional linguistics, by A. E. Skubic was represented. According to his theory, the sociolects are defined as non-hierarchically ordered cultivated or marginal language varieties that are used and identified with by different social groups. Based on Skubic’s classification, two main groups of primary-Slovenian language speakers can be described. The speakers of the cultivated primary sociolects are mostly self-confident users of language, identifying themselves with the main culture. In opposite, the speakers of the marginal sociolects could be de-privileged due to their linguistic deficit in standard language and micro-cultural discursive patterns, used in educational or public contexts. As it is suggested, to improve students’ linguistic competence and diminish deficits, the discursive flexibility should be understood as a complex awareness, consisting of cognitive, emotional-evaluative and active dimensions. Therefore, the basic principle of first language teaching should become the extended holistic principle, emphasizing the inclusion of standard and different non-standard language varieties, observation of their different functions in specific communicative situations and reflection about the complex context, that can be implemented to first language teaching in all basic phases of learning.

Over de tweestrijd tussen taalnorm en taalrealiteit

Abstract Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, shows a strong presence of non-standard language varieties, such as tussentaal (lit. ‘in-between language’) or regional dialects. However, Dutch as a second language (L2) education in Flanders mainly focuses on (Belgian) Standard Dutch, the official language variety in Flanders. Newcomers settling in Flanders seem to experience a large gap between the standard language advocated in policy and education and the multitude of non-standard language varieties they encounter in daily interactions. L2 teachers in Flanders are thus dealing with students who often struggle to communicate with L1 speakers of Dutch. In this empirical study, we address this issue by probing the opinions of L2 teachers: do they believe tussentaal and dialects form a communication threshold for their students? To what extent do they focus on non-standard language during their lessons, and what reservations or doubts do they possibly have about teaching non-standard language in the classroom? To answer these questions, we draw on fieldwork conducted in the East Flemish city of Ghent.

Language Variation in Minang Colloquial Language Spoken in Kabun region: Sociolinguistic Study on Millennial Citizens

Despite the endless discussion on standard and non-standard language, Minangkabau and its dialect have less attention from scholars to study. This paper, therefore, aims to elaborate and compare the variation of Minang colloquial language and Sijunjung dialect spoken in Kabun region. Sociolinguistic theory on language variation and contact were employed to reveal such differences. In terms of data collection, we make use of Buffalo Trophy" as the data source and transcribe some potential words that fit the criteria. Afterward, we ask Sijunjung speakers to respond to those words. This process is recorded in a way to get sufficient interpretation of the possible variation among speakers. This study revealed that Minang and Sijunjung have several prominent dissimilarities in terms of phonological aspects. The changes occur from alveolar /r/ to voiced velar fricative /gh/, from /r/-/w/, from /a/-/o/, and /a/- /aw/. The findings confirmed that Minang as a standard language has phonological variations in Sijunjung dialect. Some of them may carry out new meanings, but the rest may not.

GENDER AND AGE: LANGUAGE USE IN TV SERIES & THE IMPACT TO ENGLISH LEARNING

The purpose of the research is to find out the use of language in TV series in the perspective of gender and age. It is also found the differences and similarities among adult male, female and older people use the non-standard language. This research used a method of descriptive qualitative research, since it analyzes all the script on the TV series. The sample of the study is consisted of 2 parts which are divided into gender and age perspectives based on the underlying theories. The conversations were categorized as: two languages (Bahasa Indonesia or the original language of the TV series and English as the translation). The dialogs are also divided into standard language and non-standard language among adult males, females and older man (parents). Then, the findings of the research shows that Labov’s theory is rejected by Olive and Tara’s dialect in the dialog, but they support the statement of Aldous Huxley. Then, the utterances of Olive’s Father, it violates Downes’s theory who says that between the ages of 25 and 60 people choose standard as opposed to dialectical forms most frequently. Besides, by learning this journal, it is hoped that this article can be an example to the young generation early so that they do not participate in the decay of standard language specifically when they use in academic context.Keywords: Gender, Age, TV series, English Learning

Kecenderungan Tanggapan Masyarakat terhadap Ekonomi Indonesia berbasis Lexicon Based Sentiment Analysis

Sentiment analysis aims to find opinions, identify sentiments expressed, and then classify their polarity values. One method of sentiment analysis is Lexicon-based. This study implements the Lexicon based sentiment analysis to analyze the polarity of public responses to the topic of the development of "the Indonesian economy". The dataset is collected from social media from 2017 to 2019. Preprocessing used is folding cases, deleting newline characters, changing non-standard words, deleting mentions, deleting hashtags, removing URL strings, changing word negation, and translating text into English with TextBlob library. Then extract the sentiment values from adjectives, adverbs, nouns, and verbs found in the text. Based on the results of sentiment analysis, it can be seen that there are 63.6% positive responses from the public to the development of the Indonesian economy, 7.4% negative responses, and 29% neutral.

Roman-Urdu News Headline Classification with IR Models using Machine Learning Algorithms

Objectives: Roman-Urdu consider as a non-standard language used frequently on the Internet. To classify text from article tagging on Roman-Urdu is such difficult task because of many irregularities in spellings, for example, the word khubsurat (beautiful) in Roman-Urdu has multiple spellings. It can also be written as khoobsurat, khubsoorat, and khobsorat. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this study, we scrap Roman-Urdu language news headline from various online newspapers. Our corpus contains 12319 news headlines which contain seven categories i.e. Accident, Sports, Weather, Arrest, Conference, Operation and Violence. We also use different preprocessing approaches like Roman-Urdu Stop words and apply IR models i.e. TF-IDF and Count Vector for feature extraction before applying classifier algorithms. Findings: We also compare results between different Machine Learning algorithm such as RF, LSVC, MNB, LR, RC, PAC, Perceptron, NC, SGDC and NC. Our model predicts best result to identify desire class on SGD classifier which gives 93.50% accuracy. Application/ Improvements: It is recommended that SGD Classifiers should be used in roman-Urdu news headline text classification. Keywords: Linear SVC, Multinomial Naïve Bays (MNB), Ridge Classifier (RC), Random Forest, Roman-Urdu, Supervised Machine Learning, Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), Text Classification, Tf-Idf

Text Normalization and Its Role in Speech Synthesis

As the technology is developing day-by-day and most of the human work is done by the machine or systems, it is the need of the today’s world to develop systems that can read informal text or words in a proper and standard way even though the format of writing these words or text does not match the standard English words. The informal texts types that exists are the dates, currencies, abbreviations and acronyms of standard words, measurements, URLs, phone numbers etc. This paper focuses on the normalization of such text that converts the informal text into their equivalent standard form which is called text normalization. To produce the equivalent speech form of these non-standard words is the necessity of the today’s system. Text normalization is pre-processing step of the natural language processing system. The paper discusses various techniques and methods for the conversion of the non-standard words into standard words. The methods used for classification of the token are regular expressions, used for simple patter match of the token. Naïve Bayes classification for number sense disambiguity and Stochastic Gradient Descent for resolving acronym and class ambiguity .The result and analysis are also mentioned in the form of error-rate of the system, which shows the area for the scope of more improvement in the system.

How to tag non-standard language: Normalisation versus domain adaptation for Slovene historical and user-generated texts

AbstractPart-of-speech (PoS) tagging of non-standard language with models developed for standard language is known to suffer from a significant decrease in accuracy. Two methods are typically used to improve it: word normalisation, which decreases the out-of-vocabulary rate of the PoS tagger, and domain adaptation where the tagger is made aware of the non-standard language variation, either through supervision via non-standard data being added to the tagger’s training set, or via distributional information calculated from raw texts. This paper investigates the two approaches, normalisation and domain adaptation, on carefully constructed data sets encompassing historical and user-generated Slovene texts, in particular focusing on the amount of labour necessary to produce the manually annotated data sets for each approach and comparing the resulting PoS accuracy. We give quantitative as well as qualitative analyses of the tagger performance in various settings, showing that on our data set closed and open class words exhibit significantly different behaviours, and that even small inconsistencies in the PoS tags in the data have an impact on the accuracy. We also show that to improve tagging accuracy, it is best to concentrate on obtaining manually annotated normalisation training data for short annotation campaigns, while manually producing in-domain training sets for PoS tagging is better when a more substantial annotation campaign can be undertaken. Finally, unsupervised adaptation via Brown clustering is similarly useful regardless of the size of the training data available, but improvements tend to be bigger when adaptation is performed via in-domain tagging data.

Eskalasi Bahasa Indoglish Dalam Ruang Publik Media Sosial

Indoglish is a unique and unique form of language and is a blend of English and Indonesian. The purpose of this study is to describe the phenomenon of indoglish language escalation in the public space of social media. The form of this study is descriptive qualitative which as a whole utilizes the methods of interpretation by presenting it in the form of descriptions of words. Research data comes from various written languages ​​obtained from facebook, whatsapp and instagram.. Data collection is used the method of note and note. Data analysis techniques are carried out through data reduction, data presentation and verification. The results of the study show that there are a) form of indoglish language, b) classification of indoglish languages ​​based on Indonesian elements in foreign languages ​​and foreign elements in Indonesian, c) factors that cause indoglish language namely age, linguistic, historical, foreign language influences, word needs new, equivalent Foreign or non-standard words, and social and cultural.

The Corpus of American Danish: a language resource of spoken immigrant Danish in North and South America

This paper describes the ‘Corpus of American Danish’ (CoAmDa), a newly established corpus of spoken immigrant Danish in North and South America. The CoAmDa amounts to approx. 1.7 million tokens, making it one of the largest corpora of heritage language at present. With regard to text type, the CoAmDa is a non-standard multilingual spoken language resource as Danish is mixed with American English, Canadian English or Argentine Spanish, respectively, in every recording. The aim of this note is to document relevant aspects and specifications of the CoAmDA, viz. the audio data, the sociodemographic metadata of the speakers, the digitization process of analog data, the transcription procedures, the format and tagging of the speech files and the internal validation procedures. In so doing, we wish to share our experience and best practices with regard to achieving a spoken language resource of high quality with the interested public, in particular other researchers working on and with multilingual speech corpora.

Unveiling the Myth of Mars and Venus in French rap: An analysis of the gender determinants of non-standard language use

This article studies the use of non-standard language (NSL) in a corpus of selected francophone rap tracks to see whether gender determinants have an impact on its use. This study relies on a lexicographic analysis to produce quantitative results, which are then analysed qualitatively with the help of extracts from francophone rap tracks and semi-structured interviews with francophone rappers. This article initially focuses only on male versus female rappers but the qualitative discussion takes more complex notions into account, such as gender performativity, queer linguistics or androgyny. Moreover, this research investigates unequal gender power relations in a male-dominated heterosexist industry. This study reviews how male and female artists react to and perpetuate these stereotypical gender manifestations in their lyrics. Some of the NSL use is also analysed in terms of speech acts to try and determine what the artists want to accomplish by using specific terms in certain contexts. It can be concluded that no real difference can be found between male and female rappers with respect to their NSL use. When differences are found, they are not very wide and can also be observed by only comparing men or only women.

COLOUR COMPONENT IN THE SEMANTICS OF ETHNOPHOBIC TERMS (the case of non-standard American English)

The study aimed to identify the semantic and structural characteristics of ethnophobic terms with a colour component, as well as the conceptual basis and extralinguistic factors that have a role in their formation. Ethnophobic terms tend to emerge in the non-standard language, with slang making its core. Although often marked as derogatory or impolite, ethnicity-laden slang expressions form a dynamic and productive part of non-standard vocabulary, largely due to their pragmatic power. Ethnophobic terms used with reference to the largest ethnic minorities in the USA (Black, Latin and Native Americans) became the focus of our research. Given their prototypical nature and a wide spectrum of connotations, basic colour terms have shown the highest potential for integration with the ethnicity concept: an overwhelming number of ethnophobic terms contain explicit or implicit colour components in their semantic structure encoding the following colour categories: black, brown, red, yellow, and white. We have also suggested that in American ethnophobic slang, the universal opposition of black and may have transformed into a conceptual opposition of white vs. non-white that has a variety of verbal representations. In addition, semantic configuration and evaluative power of colour categories are determined by the speaker’s point of reference affected by the stereotypes dominating their ethnic groups. Data analysis has shown that the morphological means of word formation typical of ethnophobic terms, including suffixation, compounding, blending, and abbreviation, are mainly combined with metonymy, metaphor, or both.

“Rapiéçages faits avec sa propre étoffe”: Discontinuity and convergence in Romance prefixation

This article provides a comprehensive overview of prefixation in Romance languages putting in relation the differences between standard and non-standard varieties in the current synchronic stage and, from a diachronic perspective, the different productivity of verbal prefixation and nominal and adjectival prefixation over the history of Romance languages. The article also deals with the relations between system-internal factors, such as the delimitation and interaction between native and foreign word-formation, as well as the competition between verbal prefixation and other linguistic resources through which spatial information can be expressed. The focus will also be placed on system-external factors, including the diffusion in common language of learned terms which have contributed to revitalizing nominal and adjectival prefixation, although not verbal prefixation. Such an approach makes it possible to account for the higher productivity in current standard Romance languages of nominal and adjectival prefixation compared with verbal prefixation. Furthermore, it provides an explanation for the differences between standard and non-standard Romance languages with regard to the productivity of nominal and adjectival prefixation. The replacement of spatial verbal prefixes with verbs expressing path in the root is interpreted as the result of a more general restructuring of space encoding.

Positioning Spanish-Language and African American Language (AAL) Speakers as Knowledgeable and Valuable Contributors in the Language Arts Classroom

We utilize positioning theory to analyze language use within two different language program models in elementary language arts classrooms. We explore how the positioning of minoritized languages as valuable facilitates the use of students’ home languages in classrooms and allows us to examine the connections between language, identity, and power. Additionally, through the use of positioning theory alongside language learning theory, we recognize the importance of supporting students’ heritage language use, including nonstandard language varieties, in classroom settings. In the dual language (DL) classroom, we see how the teacher positions the Spanish language as valuable and worthy of learning. In the English as a Second Language (ESL) classroom, the teacher positions African American Language (AAL) as worthy of study and inclusion in the curriculum and promotes the use of AAL within the poetry unit. Finally, we identify tensions that can emerge for teachers in different sociopolitical contexts within each of these language learning models.

Arabština pro potřeby ozbrojených sil ve Spojených státech a Spojeném království

The article discusses the history and present state of instruction in the Arabic language in the Armed Forces of the United States and the United Kingdom within the context of their engagement in the Middle East. The analysis of the evolution of institutions tasked with Arabic language instruction since the end of the World War II mainly addresses the issues of fast language-capacity building and the cooperation between the Armed Forces and the academic sector. The main issue in state-organized instruction in non-standard languages is a discrepancy between the required long-term nature of building of linguistic capacities and an immediate need of states addressing new regional challenges requiring a specific knowledge of new languages.

On Re-instantiation of Literary Dialects: A Systemic Functional Approach

With the developments in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), the functional approach to translation studies (TS) has offered new perspective into understanding how translation can be viewed as the re-instantiation of Source Text (ST) in another language system as Target Text (TT).In literary texts, language variations such as literary dialects have long been considered challenges in translation, but literary dialects are also believed to be “valued” linguistic elements since non-standard language such as dialects are socially related and may trigger linguistic stereotypes among readers. In tune with the new development in SFL, the current research focuses on the English translations of dialects in Li Jieren’s Si Shui Wei Lan (死水微澜) which is rich in Sichuan dialects and are with linguistically varied voices. The purpose of this article is threefold: firstly, to briefly present the linguistic features of ST, revealing author’s intentional arrangement in his choices of dialects; secondly, with case studies to compare and discuss the translators’ choices in re-instantiating dialects from the perspective of coupling and commitment; finally, to offer suggestions for translating literary dialects. This paper argues that SFL helps translators pinpoint the linguistic features that are valued in ST and inform translators of alternative renderings. This paper adopts a descriptive approach to the triplet on how translators re-coupled and re-committed the language variations in the ST into TT, and it serves as a manifestation of how SFL applies to TS from a new angel.