Non-specific Reading Research Articles

Интерпретация имен собственных в косвенных кон­текстах: именование de re и фикции

The author explores the meaning of proper names and other types of singular terms in the context of propositional attitudes, combining the problems of empty names, rigid designators and non-specific reading. An object in the attitudes can be given to the agent as such (de re), in the description (de dicto), as well as in several intermediate ways. From the analysis of the phe­nomenon of rigid designation, I move on to the theory of the object, where I consider two alterna­tives — strict, or Leibnizian, and weak. The first explains the actual non-existence by impossi­bility, the second — by occasionality. Here there are two ways of defining non-existent (fiction­al) objects — kinship and the counterpart relation, which are realized in frames that are different in their features. Nonspecific character is inherent in the kinship and counterpart relation in different ways. A special case is formed by hybrid worlds in which the real and the fictitious meet. The result of my analysis is five variants of a weakened de re reading of proper names and other singular terms in the context of attitudes. I describe their features, touching on the cogni­tive effect of narration, which operates with the appropriate attitudes.

Kant’s Copernican Analogy: Beyond the Non-Specific Reading (Translated by A.A. Polyakov)

References to Kant’s so-called Copernicanism or Copernican turn are often put in very general terms. It is commonly thought that Kant makes the Copernican analogy solely in order to point out the fact as such of a paradigm shift in philosophy. This is too historical an interpretation of the analogy. It leaves unexplained both Kant’s and Copernicus’ reasons for advancing their respective hypotheses, which brought about major changes in the conceptual schemes of philosophy and astronomy. In this article, I consider whether (1) Kant actually speaks of an analogy with Copernicus here and (2) he indeed herewith refers to the Copernican revolution, more in particular the postulation of the heliocentric universe. In this context, I explain that there is a greater systematic relation between Kant and Copernicus than heretofore believed, which contrary to received understanding makes Kant’s analogy in fact particularly apt.

Moral Fetishism and a Third Desire for What’s Right

A major point of debate about morally good motives concerns an ambiguity in the truism that good and strong-willed people desire to do what is right. This debate is shaped by the assumption that “what’s right” combines in only two ways with “desire,” leading to distinct de dicto and de re readings of the truism. However, a third reading of such expressions is possible, first identified by Janet Fodor, which has gone wholly unappreciated by philosophers in this debate. I identify Fodor’s nonspecific reading of “desire to do what’s right” and briefly discuss its merits.

Developmental Dysphonetic Dyslexia Differs From Nonspecific Reading Delay. Evidence From Resting EEG Effective Connectivity at the Sources

We consider the controller synthesis problem for stochastic, continuous-state, nonlinear systems against ω-regular specifications. We synthesize a symbolic controller that ensures almost sure (qualitative) satisfaction of the specification. The problem reduces, after some automata-theoretic constructions, to computing the almost sure winning region—the largest set of states from which a parity condition can be satisfied with probability 1 (on a possibly hybrid state space). While characterizing the exact almost sure winning region is still open for the considered system class, we propose an algorithm for obtaining a tight under-approximation of this set. The heart of our approach is a technique to symbolically compute this under-approximation via a finite-state abstraction as a 21/2-player parity game. Our abstraction procedure uses only the support of the probabilistic evolution; it does not use precise numerical transition probabilities. We have implemented our approach and evaluated it on the nonlinear model of the perturbed Dubins vehicle.

Do standard optometric measures predict binocular coordination during reading?

In reading, binocular eye movements are required for optimal visual processing and thus, in case of asthenopia or reading problems, standard orthoptic and optometric routines check individual binocular vision by a variety of tests. The present study therefore examines the predictive value of such standard measures of heterophoria, accommodative and vergence facility, AC/A-ratio, NPC and symptoms for binocular coordination parameters during read-ing. Binocular eye movements were recorded (EyeLink II) for 65 volunteers during a typical reading task and linear regression analyses related all parameters of binocular coordination to all above-mentioned optometric measures: while saccade disconjugacy was weakly pre-dicted by vergence facility (15% explained variance), vergence facility, AC/A and symp-toms scores predicted vergence drift (31%). Heterophoria, vergence facility and NPC ex-plained 31% of fixation disparity and first fixation duration showed minor relations to symp-toms (18%). In sum, we found only weak to moderate relationships, with expected, selective associations: dynamic parameter related to optometric tests addressing vergence dynamics, whereas the static parameter (fixation disparity) related mainly to heterophoria. Most sur-prisingly, symptoms were only loosely related to vergence drift and fixation duration, re-flecting associations to a dynamic aspect of binocular eye movements in reading and poten-tially non-specific, overall but slight reading deficiency. Thus, the efficiency of optometric tests to predict binocular coordination during reading was low – questioning a simple, straightforward extrapolation of such test results to an overlearned, complex task.

Resting EEG effective connectivity at the sources in developmental dysphonetic dyslexia. Differences with non-specific reading delay

Previous studies conducted on subjects with dysphonetic dyslexia (DD) reported inefficient timing integration of information from various brain areas. This dysregulation has been referred as neuronal dyschronia or timing deficiency. The present study examines the effective brain connectivity in Dysphonetic Dyslexic subjects (DD) compared to a group of subjects with non-specific reading delay (NSRD). The hypothesis is that the timing defect should be reflected also in the effective connectivity and the subjects with developmental dyslexia have an altered information flow different from the group of children with non-specific reading delay. The quantitative EEG at the sources of 184 children with DD was compared with that of 43 children with NRSD. The Isolated Effective Coherence (iCoh) was calculated among 17 brain regions data driven selected. To assess statistical differences in the EEG connectivity between the two groups, a Linear Mixed Effect (LME) model was applied. Two very important areas perform as hubs in the information flow: one is the left calcarine sulcus, which is more active in the DD group. The second is the left rolandic operculum, which is more active in the NSRD group. In the DD group, the calcarine sulcus is sending information to the right postcentral gyrus, the left paracentral gyrus, the right angular gyrus and the right supplementary motor area. This flow of information occurs in almost all frequency bands, including delta and theta band. Slow connections may indicate less efficient or even pathological information flow. We consider this as a neurophysiological evidence of Boder's model of dyslexia.

Characterization of ecto- and endoparasite communities of wild Mediterranean teleosts by a metabarcoding approach.

Next‐generation sequencing methods are increasingly used to identify eukaryotic, unicellular and multicellular symbiont communities within hosts. In this study, we analyzed the non-specific reads obtained during a metabarcoding survey of the bacterial communities associated to three different tissues collected from 13 wild Mediterranean teleost fish species. In total, 30 eukaryotic genera were identified as putative parasites of teleosts, associated to skin mucus, gills mucus and intestine: 2 ascomycetes, 4 arthropods, 2 cnidarians, 7 nematodes, 10 platyhelminthes, 4 apicomplexans, 1 ciliate as well as one order in dinoflagellates (Syndiniales). These results highlighted that (1) the metabarcoding approach was able to uncover a large spectrum of symbiotic organisms associated to the fish species studied, (2) symbionts not yet identified in several teleost species were putatively present, (3) the parasitic diversity differed markedly across host species and (4) in most cases, the distribution of known parasitic genera within tissues is in accordance with the literature. The current work illustrates the large insights that can be gained by making maximum use of data from a metabarcoding approach.

Prueba colectiva sin producción oral para la evaluación de los procesos de reconocimiento de la palabra escrita. PIPE

El trabajo tiene por objetivo la presentación de una prueba de evaluación de los procesos dereconocimiento de la palabra escrita en estudiantes de tercero de infantil y primer y segundo curso de educación primaria. Esta prueba, de aplicación colectiva, está diseñada para evaluar a todo tipo de alumnado, con y sin discapacidad, con y sin problemas del lenguaje, pues se resuelve sin necesidad de dar una respuesta oral por parte del estudiante. El modelo teórico en el que se basa la prueba establece que la comprensión lectora se define por la combinación de dos habilidades, las no específicas de la lectura, comunes a la lengua oral (sintaxis y vocabulario, principalmente), y las habilidades específicas de la misma, aquellas que solo se ponen en marcha exclusivamente cuando leemos y escribimos palabras, siendo una de las más importantes los Procesos de Reconocimiento de la Palabra Escrita. Para que un lector sea considerado experto, es necesario que el funcionamiento de estos procesos se realice con fluidez, es decir, con precisión, (sin cometer errores), y con automaticidad, esto es, sin consumir demasiados recursos cognitivos en estos procesos y poder usarlos en procesos superiores como la comprenisón. Para evaluar la fluidez en la lectura de palabrasen castellano disponemos de varias pruebas de aplicación individual y que requieren una respuesta oral por parte del estudiante. Por este motivo, la prueba que se presenta se compone de 60 ítems representados por un dibujo y tres opciones de respuesta, la palabra correcta y dos distractrores ortográficos que han de completarse (el mayor número de ellos) en tres minutos. A medida que se avanza en la prueba aumenta la complejidad semántica de los ítems. Finalmente, se discute la importancia de utilizar pruebas como esta para la prevención y diagnóstico tempranos de las dificultades a este nivel.

Fast Adipogenesis Tracking System (FATS)\u2014a robust, high-throughput, automation-ready adipogenesis quantification technique

Adipogenesis is essential in in vitro experimentation to assess differentiation capability of stem cells, and therefore, its accurate measurement is important. Quantitative analysis of adipogenic levels, however, is challenging and often susceptible to errors due to non-specific reading or manual estimation by observers. To this end, we developed a novel adipocyte quantification algorithm, named Fast Adipogenesis Tracking System (FATS), based on computer vision libraries. The FATS algorithm is versatile and capable of accurately detecting and quantifying percentage of cells undergoing adipogenic and browning differentiation even under difficult conditions such as the presence of large cell clumps or high cell densities. The algorithm was tested on various cell lines including 3T3-L1 cells, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs), and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cells. The FATS algorithm is particularly useful for adipogenic measurement of embryoid bodies derived from pluripotent stem cells and was capable of accurately distinguishing adipogenic cells from false-positive stains. We then demonstrate the effectiveness of the FATS algorithm for screening of nuclear receptor ligands that affect adipogenesis in the high-throughput manner. Together, the FATS offer a universal and automated image-based method to quantify adipocyte differentiation of different cell lines in both standard and high-throughput workflows.

Clinical and Electrophysiological Differences between Subjects with Dysphonetic Dyslexia and Non-Specific Reading Delay.

Reading is essentially a two-channel function, requiring the integration of intact visual and auditory processes both peripheral and central. It is essential for normal reading that these component processes go forward automatically. Based on this model, Boder described three main subtypes of dyslexia: dysphonetic dyslexia (DD), dyseidetic, mixed and besides a fourth group defined non-specific reading delay (NSRD). The subtypes are identified by an algorithm that considers the reading quotient and the % of errors in the spelling test. Chiarenza and Bindelli have developed the Direct Test of Reading and Spelling (DTRS), a computerized, modified and validated version to the Italian language of the Boder test. The sample consisted of 169 subjects with DD and 36 children with NSRD. The diagnosis of dyslexia was made according to the DSM-V criteria. The DTRS was used to identify the dyslexia subtypes and the NSRD group. 2–5 min of artefact-free EEG (electroencephalogram), recorded at rest with eyes closed, according to 10–20 system were analyzed. Stability based Biomarkers identification methodology was applied to the DTRS and the quantitative EEG (QEEG). The reading quotients and the errors of the reading and spelling test were significantly different in the two groups. The DD group had significantly higher activity in delta and theta bands compared to NSRD group in the frontal, central and parietal areas bilaterally. The classification equation for the QEEG, both at the scalp and the sources levels, obtained an area under the robust Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) of 0.73. However, we obtained a discrimination equation for the DTRS items which did not participate in the Boder classification algorithm, with a specificity and sensitivity of 0.94 to discriminate DD from NSRD. These results demonstrate for the first time the existence of different neuropsychological and neurophysiological patterns between children with DD and children with NSRD. They may also provide clinicians and therapists warning signals deriving from the anamnesis and the results of the DTRS that should lead to an earlier diagnosis of reading delay, which is usually very late diagnosed and therefore, untreated until the secondary school level.

Third-generation Sequencing Reveals Extensive Polycistronism and Transcriptional Overlapping in a Baculovirus

The Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is an insect-pathogen baculovirus. In this study, we applied the Oxford Nanopore Technologies platform for the analysis of the polyadenylated fraction of the viral transcriptome using both cDNA and direct RNA sequencing methods. We identified and annotated altogether 132 novel transcripts and transcript isoforms, including 4 coding and 4 non-coding RNA molecules, 47 length variants, 5 splice isoforms, as well as 23 polycistronic and 49 complex transcripts. All of the identified novel protein-coding genes were 5′-truncated forms of longer host genes. In this work, we demonstrated that in the case of transcript start site isoforms, the promoters and the initiator sequence of the longer and shorter variants belong to the same kinetic class. Long-read sequencing also revealed a complex meshwork of transcriptional overlaps, the function of which needs to be clarified. Additionally, we developed bioinformatics methods to improve the transcript annotation and to eliminate the non-specific transcription reads generated by template switching and false priming.

Some notes on the realizations of the direct object in the old language

In the present article, we aim to analyse some constructions with the direct object realized as a personal or animate noun in the old language in order to emphasize certain syntactic features which have been only partially preserved or even eliminated from the modern language. On the one hand, we point to the construction with a bare direct object, which is recorded quite extensively in the context of wider range of selecting verbs than in the present-day language, on the other, we focus on the p(r)e-marking variation in the context of personal nouns with a specific / non-specific reading, as well as on the competition between the direct object generic singular and plural (pre sărac(ul) ‘DOM poor.DEF’ vs pre săraci ‘DOM poor.M.PL’ / săracii ‘poor.M.PL.DEF’).

Mapping 3' mRNA isoforms on a genomic scale.

Most eukaryotic genes are transcribed into mRNAs with alternative poly(A) sites. Emerging evidence suggests that mRNA isoforms with alternative poly(A) sites can perform critical regulatory functions in numerous biological processes. In recent years, a number of strategies utilizing high-throughput sequencing technologies have been developed to aid in the identification of genome-wide poly(A) sites. This unit describes a modified protocol for a recently published 3'READS (3' region extraction and deep sequencing) method that accurately identifies genome-wide poly(A) sites and that can be used to quantify the relative abundance of the resulting 3' mRNA isoforms. This approach minimizes nonspecific sequence reads due to internal priming and typically yields a high percentage of sequence reads that are ideally suited for accurate poly(A) identification.

Psycho-educational Diagnostic Evaluation and Profiling of Learning Disabilities

This paper examines the subtest scaled scores from WISC-III and standard scores from six literacy tests of four primary school boys diagnosed separately to have dyslexia, hyperlexia, nonspecific reading disability, and nonverbal learning disability respectively. Through the psycho-educational diagnostic evaluation and profiling (PEDEP) assessment results, findings of this study show overlapping traits of the four learning disabilities and also support the working definitions of the respective disabilities. The study suggests that the four learning disabilities are not a discrete condition per se, but their symptoms are distributed on a continuum with manifestations in different subtypes and related anomalies. The primary aim of this paper is to inform professionals working with children with learning disabilities to be prudent when making diagnoses as there is no one foolproof assessment tool or procedure, and that a differential diagnosis is preferred in order to propose a definitive prognosis. Finally, limitations and implications are also discussed in this paper.

Evaluation and consumption

Singular indefinite objects of evaluative predicates (e.g. like) are interpreted specifically (1). But several constructions do not yield specific readings, (2). (1) # John likes a cookie. (specific reading/#kind reading) (2) a. John likes a cookie after dinner. b. John likes having a cookie. c. John likes a good cookie. d. John likes a cookie as much as the next guy. We propose that constructions with a minimal consumption-situation reading license a contextual operator which binds the object, giving it a non-specific reading.

French Locatum verbs and incorporation

This paper examines various aspects of the French Oblique Locatum Construction in the perspective of incorporation accounts of the verbal root on one side and of the Locatum on the other. We first argue that, while the verbal root may restrict the oblique Locatum, a fact compatible with an incorporation analysis of that root into V from an argument-like position, it also often describes the mode of occupation of the Location, in which case such an analysis doesn’t seem to be appropriate. Second, we argue against a semantic incorporation analysis of the oblique Locatum in its nonspecific reading. Among other things, we show that a strongly quantified DP realizing the oblique Locatum always has narrowest scope (the frozen scope effect), just like the parallel weakly quantified oblique complement, a fact which indicates that the generalized narrow scope of the oblique Locatum is independent of possible incorporation.

Quelqu'un n'est pas venu

On s'attendrait à ce que des termes dits à polarité positive comme quelqu'un soient incompatibles avec la négation (?*Quelqu'un n'est pas venu). Les contextes négatifs semblent pourtant admettre ces termes, non seulement dans leur interprétation spécifique (correspondant à Il y a quelqu'un qui n'est pas venu), mais aussi avec une lecture non spécifique (rendue par Il n'est pas vrai que quelqu'un soit venu; Personne n'est venu). C'est sous cette lecture que l'indéfini quelqu'un comme sujet d'une proposition niée est considéré dans ce travail. Sur la base d'un corpus d'attestations, il est montr que la lecture est conditionnée par un contraste polémique. Le rejet en bloc d'une proposition présupposée où s'inscrit quelqu'un permet à ce dernier d'apparaître avec une négation qui n'induit normalement aucune des interprétations que l'indéfini puisse valider. L'interprétation apparaît ainsi comme un processus d'ajustement mutuel entre les lectures que les items permettent, lesquelles lectures peuvent être modalisées par des facteurs discursifs.

On Shared Indefinite NPs in Coordinative Structures

Indefinite NPs in shared constituents in coordinative structures in German exhibit different referential options with respect to scope and specificity. These options are restricted by the informational status of the indefinite: A focused indefinite NP can receive all referential options, while a non-focused one can only get the narrow scope non-specific reading. Our analysis assumes that the information structure of the coordination determines the syntactic representation of the construction in terms of deletion or right-node-raising. Dependent on the syntactic structure, indefinite NPs exhibit different referential properties. Thus the particular properties of a shared indefinite can only accounted for in a theory that combines information structure, the syntax of coordination, and the semantics of indefinites.

Structures of depictive and resultative constructions in Chinese

In this paper I firstly argue that secondary predicates are complement of v, and v is overtly realized by Merge or Move in secondary predication in Chinese. The former option derives the de-construction, whereas the latter option derives the V-V construction. Secondly, I argue that resultatives are hosted by complement vPs, whereas depictives are hosted by adjunct vPs. This complement-adjunct asymmetry accounts for a series of syntactic properties of secondary predication in Chinese: the position of a secondary predicate with respect to the verb of the primary predicate, the co-occurrence patterns of secondary predicates, the hierarchy of depictives, the control and ECM properties of resultative constructions, and the locality constraint on the integration of secondary predicates into the structure of primary predication. Thirdly, I argue that the surface position of de is derived by a PF operation which attaches de to the right of the leftmost verbal lexical head of the construction. Finally, I argue that in the V-V resultative construction, the assumed successive head-raising may account for the possible subject-oriented reading of the resultative predicate, and that the head raising out of the lower vP accounts for the possible non-specific reading of the subject of the resultative predicate.

Cryptococcal meningitis in Lilongwe and Blantyre, Malawi

Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus is widespread in Malawi and cryptococcal meningitis is a common problem in those with AIDS. A review of microbiology laboratory records in Lilongwe and Blantyre between July 1991 and January 1993 identified 31 patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Diagnosis was based on a positive India ink stain of CSF and/or culture of Cryptococcus neoformans. There were 16 men (median age 38 years) and 15 women (median age 28 years) in the investigation. The median duration of symptoms was 2 weeks. The clinical presentation was varied, the most frequent features being headache (97%), neck stiffness (74%), fever (61%) and altered consciousness (58%). CSF WBC count, glucose and protein concentrations were non-specific. Most patients could not afford anti-cryptococcal chemotherapy and their median survival time after diagnosis was 4 days. Patients who could afford such treatment survived for up to several months. Diagnosis is useful for prognostic reasons and may save patients unnecessary treatment if tuberculous meningitis is the alternative diagnosis. Cryptococcal antigen detection tests may improve diagnostic accuracy. The problem of cryptococcal meningitis is likely to become increasingly common as HIV infection becomes more widespread.