Non-specific Immune Activation Research Articles

Soluble terminal complement complex blood levels are elevated in schizophrenia

The role of the complement system in schizophrenia (Sz) is inconclusive due to heterogeneity of the disease and study designs. Here, we assessed the levels of complement activation products and functionality of the classical pathway in acutely ill unmedicated Sz patients at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment versus matched controls. The study included analyses of the terminal complement complex (sTCC) and C5a in plasma from 96 patients and 96 controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sub-group analysis of serum was conducted for measurement of C4 component and activity of the classical pathway (28 and 24 cases per cohort, respectively). We found no differences in levels of C5a, C4 and classical pathway function in patients versus controls. Plasma sTCC was significantly higher in patients [486 (392–659) ng/mL, n = 96] compared to controls [389 (304–612) ng/mL, n = 96] (p = 0.027, δ = 0.185), but not associated with clinical symptom ratings or treatment. The differences in sTCC between Sz and controls were confirmed using an Aligned Rank Transformation model considering the covariates age and sex (p = 0.040). Additional analysis showed that sTCC was significantly associated with C-reactive protein (CRP; p = 0.006). These findings suggest that sTCC plays a role in Sz as a trait marker of non-specific chronic immune activation, as previously described for CRP. Future longitudinal analyses with more sampling time points from early recognition centres for psychoses may be helpful to better understand the temporal dynamics of innate immune system changes during psychosis development.

Modulation of growth performance, feed utilization, and physiological traits in redbelly Tilapia (Tilapia zillii) through environmental and sex-based interactions.

This study explored the combined influence of tank color, stocking density, and gender on Tilapia zillii's performance and well-being. In this 120-day trial, 320 T. zillii, each initially weighing 10.0 ± 0.1 g/fish, were distributed among 24 tanks. The experiment included eight distinct treatment combinations, varying tank color (blue and green), stocking density (10 and 30 fish/m3)and sex (monosexual and mixed). The results showed that blue tanks improved specific growth rate and condition factor, while green tanks were better for feed utilization. Density at 30 fish/m3 showed the highest mean values of final body weight and total length, weight gain (WG), and gain length. Mono-sex outperformed mixed-sex ones in WG and daily growth. Interactions between color, densityand sex were significant, affecting growth and feed utilization. Green tanks were best for protein profiles, while blue tanks excelled in glucose. A density of 10 fish/m3 yielded the highest protein profiles, and mono-sex fish had higher protein profiles. For lipid profiles, green tanks were superior, and density affected lipid profiles. Mixed-sex populations were best for certain lipid profile parameters. Interactions between these factors also played a significant role, making the biochemical profiles of T. zillii a complex interplay of various factors. The results explored that tank color, fish densityand sex influence the activity of nonspecific immune enzymes in the liver of T. zillii. Blue tanks and lower fish density led to higher nonspecific immune enzymes, while mono-sex fish exhibited more significant nonspecific immune enzymes. Complex interactions between these factors also influenced nonspecific immune enzyme activities. Blue tanks increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, while green tanks raised glutathione S-transferases (GST) and catalase (CAT) levels. Lower fish density led to higher MDA, while higher density increased GST and CAT. Mono-sex fish had more MDA and GST, while mixed-sex fish showed greater CAT levels. Complex interactions among these factors affected the antioxidant levels in T. zillii. In summary, our study suggests that rearing T. zillii in green tanks at higher densities (30 fish/m3) and in mono-sex conditions yields the best results in terms of growth and overall performance.

Exploring blood transcriptomic signatures in patients with herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia.

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a common, severe, and hard-to-treat chronic pain condition in clinics. Although PHN is developed from herpes zoster (HZ), the developing mechanism is unknown. A previous study investigated blood metabolomic and proteomic profiling in patients with PHN and HZ. The current study aims to explore the blood transcriptomic signature of PHN compared to HZ patients. Whole blood from eight PHN and 15 HZ patients was used for RNA-Seq analysis. There were 82 and 1,788 genes detected specifically in the PHN and HZ groups, respectively. PHN-specific genes are involved in viral infection, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and immune response. For genes coexpressed in PHN and HZ patients, there were 407 differential expression genes (DEGs), including 205 upregulated (UP DEGs) and 202 downregulated (DOWN DEGs) in PHN compared to HZ groups. DEGs are involved in viral infection, type I interferon (IFN), and hemoglobin and oxygen carrier activity. UP DEGs are associated with regulatory T cells (Tregs), activated NK cells, and neutrophils, while DOWN DEGs are associated with Tregs, resting NK cells, and monocytes. The results suggest that the metabolism of lipid, glycan, and nucleotides, type I IFN signaling, and altered neutrophil activation are associated with and might contribute to the development of PHN in HZ. It is also suggested that persistent or altered activation of nonspecific immunity may contribute to the development of PHN from HZ.

PATHOGENESIS OF IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION IN THE SETTING OF METABOLIK SYNDROME IN CORONARY HEAT DISEASE. QUALIFYING SCENTIFYING WORK ON THE RIGHTS OF THE MANUSCRIPT

PATHOGENESIS OF IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION IN THE SETTING OF METABOLIK SYNDROME IN CORONARY HEAT DISEASE. QUALIFYING SCENTIFYING WORK ON THE RIGHTS OF THE MANUSCRIPT

Can we treat anti‐PD1 induced psoriasis in patients with active cancer with biologic therapy? Report of three cases

Can we treat anti‐PD1 induced psoriasis in patients with active cancer with biologic therapy? Report of three cases

Effects of different probiotics (Bacillus subtilis) addition strategies on a culture of Litopenaeus vannamei in biofloc technology (BFT) aquaculture system

Augmenting biofloc systems with probiotics have been proven to improve water quality and enhance fish/shrimp performance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of different B. subtilis addition strategies in biofloc systems on water quality, Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) growth performance, and immune enzymes. Two probiotics addition methods were explored: addition to water group (A), addition via the aquafeed (B), and the control (C), in which no probiotics were applied. No significant differences were found in the means of NO2−-N between groups B and C, but both were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in NO2−-N than in group A (0.55 ± 0.12 mg/L). The mean NO3−-N concentration for group C (41.37 ± 2.45 mg/L) was the highest and the lowest for group A (37.84 ± 1.99 mg/L), among all treatments. The different addition methods did not influence the growth parameters of L. vannamei, except for the survival rate (SR), in which group A recorded the highest SR (93 ± 0.2%) (p < 0.05). It was found that irrespective of the addition strategy (groups A (5.35 ± 0.04 U/mgprot) and B (5.63 ± 0.06 U/mgprot)), probiotics application resulted in a significant increase in the intestinal pepsin of L. vannamei. The activity of catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the hepatopancreas were dependent on the addition method. However, SOD, ACP, and other immune parameters were independent of the addition method. The addition of Bacillus subtilis to the experimental system did not achieve a considerable growth effect of the growth performance of L. vannamei in BFT systems. Considering the two addition strategies, adding probiotics B. subtilis via the aquafeed was suggested, based on the corresponding effects on water quality, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, and non-specific immune enzymes activities of the shrimp.

Pembrolizumab-Induced Acral Vasculitis.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as groundbreaking new therapies for a variety of solid tumors. ICIs stimulate the host immune system to attack cancer cells. However, this nonspecific immune activation can cause autoimmunity across multiple organ systems-this is referred to as an immune-related adverse event. Vasculitis secondary to ICI administration is an extremely rare event seen in <1% of cases. We identified 2 cases of pembrolizumab-induced acral vasculitis at our institution. The first patient, with stage IV adenocarcinoma of the lung, developed antinuclear antibody-positive vasculitis 4 months after initiation of treatment with pembrolizumab. The second patient had stage IV oropharyngeal cancer and presented with acral vasculitis 7 months after starting pembrolizumab. Unfortunately, both cases resulted in dry gangrene and poor outcomes. Here, we discuss the incidence, pathophysiology, clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of patients with ICI-induced vasculitis with the intention of raising awareness about this rare and potentially fatal immune-related adverse event. Early diagnosis and discontinuation of ICIs are critical for improving clinical outcomes in this situation.

Effects of chlorogenic acid on growth, metabolism, antioxidation, immunity, and intestinal flora of crucian carp (Carassius auratus).

In recent years, with the harm caused by the abuse of antibiotics and the increasing demand for green and healthy food, people gradually began to look for antibiotic alternatives for aquaculture. As a Chinese herbal medicine, leaf extract chlorogenic acid (CGA) of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver can improve animal immunity and antioxidant capacity and can improve animal production performance. In this study, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was fed with complete feed containing 200 mg/kg CGA for 60 days to evaluate the antioxidant, immuno-enhancement, and regulation of intestinal microbial activities of CGA. In comparison to the control, the growth performance indexes of CGA-added fish were significantly increased, including final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate (P < 0.01), while the feed conversion rate was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Intestinal digestive enzyme activity significantly increased (P < 0.01); the contents of triglyceride in the liver (P < 0.01) and muscle (P > 0.05) decreased; and the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in the liver was promoted. Additionally, the non-specific immune enzyme activities of intestinal and liver tissues were increased, but the expression level of the adenylate-activated protein kinase gene involved in energy metabolism was not affected. The antioxidant capacity of intestinal, muscle, and liver tissues was improved. Otherwise, CGA enhanced the relative abundance of intestinal microbes, Fusobacteria and Firmicutes and degraded the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. In general, our data showed that supplementation with CGA in dietary had a positive effect on Carassius auratus growth, immunity, and balance of the bacteria in the intestine. Our findings suggest that it is of great significance to develop and use CGA as a natural non-toxic compound in green and eco-friendly feed additives.

Comparative analysis for immune response of coelomic fluid from coelom and polian vesicle in Apostichopus japonicus to Vibrio splendidus infection

The polian vesicle and coelom of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were full of coelomic fluid in which many types of coelomocytes with different functions were suspended. Our previous work has indicated the differences of coelomocytes between two sites mainly in subtype proportion, non-specific immune enzymes activities and several immune-related genes expression levels in healthy A. japonicus. However, the functional similarities and differences of coelomic fluid in two sites including the coelom and polian vesicle after pathogenic infection still remain unclear. Here, we investigated the changes of the total coelomocyte density (TCD) and differential coelomocyte density (DCD) after pathogen infection by Vibrio splendidus in coelom and polian vesicle. After infected by V. splendidus, the TCD in the coelom and polian vesicle rapidly declined at 12 h, and then the TCD in the coelom showed a stably ascending trend, while the TCD in the polian vesicle reached a peak at 24 h post infection (hpi), and then showed a continuously decline trend from 24 hpi to 72 hpi followed by a slow elevation until recovering the normal level from 72 hpi to 96 hpi. Then the activities of acidic phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined to evaluate the response of cell-free coelomic fluid to V. splendidus infection. The activities of ACP, AKP and CAT showed similar trends in the coelom and polian vesicle. The SOD activity significantly increased in the polian vesicle, whereas it exhibited a decreasing trend in the coelom. Finally, the expression profiles of nine immune-related genes including Aj-MyD88, Aj-IRAK4, Aj-i-Lys, Aj-Rel, Aj-p50, Aj-DMBT1, Aj-CDC, Aj-Rrp15 and Aj-Fibrinogen C were detected after V. splendidus challenge. The results suggested all the detected genes were significantly up-regulated both in the coelom and polian vesicle, and the expression levels of these genes in two sites shared similar trends except Aj-MyD88 and Aj-DMBT1. This research provides a new insight into the differentially immune roles of coelomic fluid and coelomocytes in polian vesicle and coelom response to bacterial infections and supplements comprehensive resources for better understanding the innate immune response of A. japonicus.

Dietary sulfate-based alginate polysaccharide supplementation boosts growth, gut health, immune response and disease resistance in juvenile hybrid grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus) fed cottonseed protein concentrate-based diets

To study the dietary prebiotic role of Sulfate-Based alginate polysaccharide (SAP) in cottonseed protein concentrate-based diets, six iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipid feeds were prepared to feed grouper, including a fishmeal control group (FM) was set at 50% fishmeal level, on this basis 5 groups replacing 50% fishmeal protein with cottonseed protein concentrate and supplementing sulfate-based alginate polysaccharide 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% (SAP0, SAP1, SAP2, SAP3 and SAP4 groups). The healthy and vigorous grouper (initial weight = 8.63 ± 0.01 g) were selected and randomly divided into 6 treatment groups in triplicates (30 fish in each repetition). The feeding experiment was conducted for 8 weeks, followed by a one-week Vibrio harveyi challenge. The experimental results showed that the weight gain and specific growth rate reached the significant maximums in SAP2 and SAP3 groups (P < 0.05). The malondialdehyde and triglyceride levels in serum decreased, while the antioxidant indicators and non-specific immune enzymes activity (lysozyme, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase) in serum and intestinal tissue got increased (P < 0.05). The intestinal digestive enzymes activity and histomorphology indices (plica height, plica width and muscle layer thickness) were increased (P < 0.05). Microbial sequencing revealed that the ACE and Chao1 indices increase firstly and then decreased, while the Shannon and Simpson indices showed a decreasing trend (P < 0.05). The expression level of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β and TNF-α) was down-regulated, yet the expression of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10) was up-regulated in intestinal tissue (P < 0.05). The cumulative mortality of Vibrio harveyi challenge was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). In one word, the adverse effects on growth, immunity and intestinal health of grouper feeding cottonseed protein concentrate-based diets were repaired by the supplementing sulfate-based alginate polysaccharide. According to the binary regression analysis of specific growth rate among SAPs treatments, the optimum level of supplementing sulfate-based alginate polysaccharide of grouper was 2.25%.

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals immunotoxicology induced by three organic UV filters in Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum)

Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-methyl-benzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (EHMC) are commonly used organic ultraviolet (UV) filters and are frequently detected in water environments. In the present study, we studied the potential adverse impacts of UV filter exposures in Ruditapes philippinarum by investigating transcriptomic profiles and non-specific immune enzyme activities. Transcriptome analysis showed that more genes were differentially regulated in EHMC-treated group, and down-regulated genes (2009) were significantly more than up-regulated ones (410) at day 7. Function annotation revealed that pathways “immune system”, “cell growth and death” and “infectious diseases” were significantly enriched. Generally, combined qPCR and biochemical analyses demonstrated that short-term exposure to low dose of UV filters could activate immune responses, whereas the immune system would be restrained after prolonged exposure. Taken together, the present study firstly demonstrated the immunotoxicology induced by BP-3, 4-MBC and EHMC on R. philippinarum, indicating their potential threats to the survival of marine bivalves.

Astaxanthin: The ubiquitous and abundant carotenoid as a pivotal interior factor of anti‐oxidation and immune for the moulting of Portunus trituberculatus

This study was designed to demonstrate the pivotal carotenoid(s) contents and its correlation with anti-oxidative capacities in the moulting of P. trituberculatus. Experiments were carried out to investigate the cyclic fluctuations of carotenoids contents, anti-oxidative indices activities (contents) and non-specific immune indices activities (contents) in the hepatopancreas, haemolymphs and epithelia of juvenile P. trituberculatus during the moulting cycle. Further, a regressing analysis was made on the correlation between carotenoids contents and anti-oxidative indices values during the moulting cycle. The results showed that the total anti-oxidative capacity and immunity (in haemolymphs) at ecdysis decreased drastically, even though other anti-oxidative indices activities increased, when compared to those in the intermoult duration (or premoult) respectively. The decreases in T-AOC mean juveniles suffer excess oxidative damages at ecdysis. Both triglycerides and carotenoids were taken up in hepatopancreas during the inter-moult, then consumed mostly in the moulting process. The carotenoids compositions analysis results not only illustrated astaxanthin was the only carotenoid species exiting ubiquitously in hepatopancreas, haemolymphs and epithelia in all moulting stages, but also showed astaxanthin was the only one detected in haemolymphs in all moulting stages. Following correlation regression results showed astaxanthin contents were positively related to total antioxidant capacity values in haemolymphs. Accordingly, astaxanthin should be an important anti-oxidative factor in haemolymphs during the moulting. In conclusion, those results clearly suggested astaxanthin should be the ubiquitous and abundant carotenoid for anti-oxidation in P. trituberculatus during the moulting cycle. This awareness may provide a understanding of astaxanthin physiological mechanism in P. trituberculatus.

Tumor-Associated Enzyme-Activatable Spherical Nucleic Acids.

Maximizing the tissue-targeting efficiency of nanomaterials while also protecting them from rapid clearance from the bloodstream and limiting their immunogenicity remains a central problem in the field of systemic-administered nanomedicine. Herein, we introduce a generalizable strategy to simultaneously increase tumor accumulation, prolong blood circulation, and limit nonspecific immune activation of nanomaterials via peptide-based, tumor-responsive, "sheddable" coatings. Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) were designed and synthesized to contain an exterior coating composed of zwitterionic polypeptides with recognition sequences for tumor-associated proteases. In the presence of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the polypetide coating is rapidly cleaved, leading to increased cellular uptake of these SNAs, relative to SNAs containing nonsheddable shells. Moreover, the zwitterionic nature of the polypeptide shell shields the SNAs from immune system recognition, which extends their blood circulation time and improves tumor accumulation and in vivo cellular uptake relative to control SNAs with no protective coating. Taken together, these results indicate that this strategy is a viable method for increasing nanoparticle tumor accumulation and can have utility for the systemic delivery of oligonucleotides and nanomaterials to target cells in vivo with low immunogenicity.

Effects of Salinity on the Growth, Physiological Characteristics, and Intestinal Microbiota of the Echiura Worm (Urechis unicinctus)

Intertidal biota is subjected to significant fluctuations in salinity. Urechis unicinctus, a typical species thriving in intertidal sediments, have relatively simple anatomy structure and therefore could be considered as an ideal species for salinity acclimation. Moreover, due to the high nutrients, U. unicinctus has become an emerging aquaculture species in China. In this study, we investigated the effects of salinity on the growth performance, coelomic fluid biochemical indices, antioxidant enzyme system, Na+/K+-ATPase, and non-specific immune enzyme activities, as well as intestinal microbiota composition of this species in an 8-week experiment. The results indicated U. unicinctus is a euryhaline species that can tolerate salinities from 15‰ to 40‰ and demonstrated the highest growth performance at 30‰. Physiological characteristic analyses of coelomic fluid and intestines indicated that the salinity range of 15‰ to 30‰ is more suitable, while 10‰ and 40‰ salinity ranges seem unsuitable for juvenile U. unicinctus. Furthermore, intestinal microbiota analysis indicated salinity had a significant effect on the composition structure. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that antioxidant related metabolic pathways and amino acid metabolic pathways may play important roles in gut microbiota under salinity stress. Comprehensive analysis of intestinal bacteria and enzyme activities indicated Unidentified Rhodobacteraceae, Vibrio, and Shimia may play important roles in high salinity acclimation, while Legionellaceae may act as important microbiota in low salinity acclimation. Moreover, Ruminococcus, Oscillospira, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiales, and S24-7 showed negative correlations with the antioxidant and nonspecific immune enzymes, indicating that these bacteria can be considered as important candidates of probiotics for U. unicinctus aquaculture industry. The findings of this study will extend our understanding of the effects of salinity on the growth and health of U. unicinctus and contribute to a better understanding of the salinity acclimation strategies of organisms in intertidal zones.

Challenging Dermatologic Considerations Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as a new paradigm in oncologic care for many malignancies. However, nonspecific immune activation has led to "collateral damage" in the form of immune-related adverse events, with skin being a commonly affected organ. Cutaneous immune-related adverse events include a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and challenging considerations, often necessitating dermatology referral to support diagnosis and management, particularly for atypical presentations or more severe, cutaneous immune-related adverse events that may require specialized dermatologic evaluations including biopsy and histopathology. Close collaborations between oncologists and dermatologists may optimize clinical decision making in the following challenging management settings: non-steroidal therapies for corticosteroid-refractory, cutaneous immune-related adverse events, immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge, balancing cutaneous immune-related adverse events and treatments, and immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with pre-existing autoimmune disease, skin conditions, and organ transplants. These complex clinical decisions that often lack rigorous data should be made in close collaboration with dermatologists to minimize unnecessary morbidity and mortality. This article provides a review of approaches to challenging dermatologic considerations associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies.

Comparison of biochemical composition of commercial sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus and Parastichopus californicus, under the same culture conditions.

Apostichopus japonicus and Parastichopus californicus are two of the most important and profitable commercial sea cucumbers along the North Pacific coast. This study compared the body wall production rate (BWPR), proximate composition, amino acid, fatty acid, trace element and vitamin composition, and nonspecific immune enzyme activities of A. japonicus and P. californicus cultured in an artificial pond. The BWPR, crude fat and ash content in the body walls of A. japonicus and P. californicus showed remarkable differences (P < 0.05). For the 18 amino acids tested, differences in the contents of 15 were significant (P < 0.05) between the two species, except for threonine, methionine and histidine, and their first limiting amino acids were both methionine+cysteine. There were seven saturated and ten unsaturated fatty acids in their body walls, and except for 18:1 and 20:1, the content differences of the other 15 fatty acids were all significant (P < 0.05). Furthermore, between the two sea cucumbers, differences in the content of seven trace elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Se) and six vitamins (B1, B3, B5, B9, C, E) were significant (P < 0.05). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) also showed distinct differences (P < 0.05). There are greater differences in the biochemical compositions and contents between A. japonicus and P. californicus, each with its own unique quality advantages. A. japonicus and P. californicus have high nutritional value, which are both the superior sea cucumbers. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

HBsAg and Immune Competency; is HBsAg a Mere Biomarker or a Therapeutic Target for Chronic Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a main cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Although controversial, it is increasingly recognized that the immune responses directed against infected hepatocytes drive hepatic inflammation and tissue injury. Here we extended our previous findings to report that serum surface antigen (HBsAg) levels are a biomarker not only for HBV-specific immunity, but also for ongoing non-specific immune activation. We found that the HBV-specific T cell responses in patients with HBsAg &lt; 500 IU/mL, while significantly higher than those in patients with HBsAg &gt; 50,000 IU/mL, had already reached levels comparable to patients with seroclearance. In addition, lower HBsAg levels were associated with reduced non-specific immune activation, while no further reduction was observed with HBsAg &lt; 500 IU/mL. We propose HBsAg is a therapeutic target for reducing inflammation.

Non-Specific Immune Potentiating activity of Multivitamins in Catfish (Clarias sp.)

Fish farming is well developed because many people like to consume fish. The main problem in cultivation is an attack of a disease. Generally, the disease in fish is MAS (Motile Aeromonas Septicemia) which is caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. Prevention of diseases in fish can be done by increasing immunity through the addition of multivitamins in feed. This study aims to determine the ability of multivitamins against non-specific immune responses in African catfish (C. gariepinus) as well as to know the optimum dose. The study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design using 3 treatments, 1 control, and 4 individual replications. The treatment using a multivitamin through feed with a dose of T1 = 2 g kg-1, T2 = 2.5 g kg-1, T3 = 3 g kg-1 and T0 = control. The parameters observed were phagocytic activity, and differential leukocytes of monocytes and lymphocytes. Data were analyzed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 95% confidence level. If there is a real difference, then proceed with the Duncan Multiple Range test Test (DMRT) at a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the addition of multivitamins through feed on African catfish had a significant effect (p&lt;0.05) on phagocytic activity and differential leukocyte of monocytes, but had no significant effect (p&gt; 0.05) on differential leucocytes of lymphocyte. The optimum dose for increasing non-specific immune responses in African catfish is T2 at a dose of 2.5 g kg-1 of feed. Based on research, the addition of multivitamins through the feed can potentially be used in fish farming to increase immunity.

Особливості вмісту вітаміну D при хронічному вірусному гепатиті С

Останніми роками увагу багатьох вчених світової медицини привертає тема імуномодулюючої ролі вітаміну D в організмі людини, а саме: його участь у проліферації та диференціації імунокомпетентних клітин, активації неспецифічного імунітету та його антифіброзні властивості. В роботі надані результати дослідження біохімічного статусу активної форми 5-гідроксихолекальциферолу (25(ОН)D3) у хворих із хронічним гепатитом С. Доведено наявність абсолютного дефіциту 25(ОН)D3 у хворих на хронічний гепатит С.

PD-1 inhibitor causes pathological injury to multiple organs in a Lewis lung cancer mouse model

Recently, immunotherapy has become one of the most promising strategies in the treatment of malignant tumors. However, nonspecific immune activation may lead to immunotherapy-related adverse effects (irAEs). IrAEs involve almost all organs and may be life-threatening. However, current research on irAEs is scarce, and knowledge regarding histopathology is insufficient. In the present study, after Lewis lung cancer mouse model formation, the experimental group mice were intraperitoneally injected with a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Masson’s trichrome staining were used to evaluate the pathological characteristics of the heart, lungs, spleen, intestines, kidneys, and liver. Echocardiography was used to evaluate heart function. The results showed that one or more inflammatory cells were positively expressed in each organ in the PD-1 inhibitor group. Compared to the control group, Masson’s trichrome staining showedincreased fibrosis of the heart, spleen, and kidney in the PD-1 inhibitor group, and echocardiography also showed impaired cardiac function in the PD-1 inhibitor group. Thus, the PD-1 inhibitor-induced inflammatory response may beimplicated in the impairment of multiple murine organs. This is the first study to describe the pathological changes in multiple organs caused by PD-1 inhibitors in a holistic form.