Nonrandom Behavior Research Articles

Small-scale movements and site fidelity of two sympatric sea turtle species at a remote atoll

Understanding natural movement patterns and ecological roles of marine megafauna is a research priority best studied in areas with minimal human impact. The spatial distribution patterns specifically for immature turtles at foraging grounds have been highlighted as a research gap for effective management and conservation strategies for sea turtle populations. Capture–mark–recapture (CMR) records (n = 2287) of 1672 immature green (Chelonia mydas) (n = 1158) and hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) (n = 514) from a long-term (1981–2021) in-water CMR program at Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles, were analyzed for 10 sites (0.35–25 km apart). Site fidelity was not correlated with either season or turtle size. Green turtles had lower site fidelity than hawksbill turtles. Green turtles showed avoidance (i.e., opposite of fidelity) of three sites, while hawksbill turtles displayed high fidelity to two sites. Sites displaying non-random behavior (avoidance and/or fidelity) did not share the same benthic habitat types. Results indicate that fidelity can be detected at a fine scale with CMR, but that further exploration into the habitat characteristics of the sites and the ecological roles of both species at the atoll is needed.

Control of Urochloa decumbens Using Glyphosate Applied by Remotely Piloted Aircraft and Ground Sprayer with Different Spray Nozzles.

The use of remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) to spray pesticides currently occurs, but knowledge about this technology is lacking due to the different locations, targets, and products applied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the control of Urochloa decumbens with glyphosate applied using an RPA (10 L ha-1) equipped with different spray nozzles (XR 11001 and AirMix 11001). For the purpose of comparison, ground application was also performed (100 L ha-1). The deposition was evaluated by means of the quantification of a tracer by spectrophotometry, the droplet spectrum was evaluated with water-sensitive paper, and the control efficiency was evaluated based on visual measurements with percentage scores. Statistical process control was used to analyse the quality of the deposition in the area. The results showed that the application via RPA presented a greater amount of tracer on the leaves than the ground application, suggesting that the former is a good option for application, even providing a lower coverage and number of droplets per area. Both application methods were effective at controlling Urochloa decumbens. The nozzles showed potential for use in applications, with control efficiency higher than 84% from 21 days after application. The percentage of droplets smaller than 100 μm in the applications was less than 5%. No nonrandom behaviour was observed during deposition, indicating a high-quality process.

Nonrandom behavior in the projection of random bipartite networks.

There are two main categories of networks studied in the complexity physics community: Monopartite and bipartite networks. In this paper, we present a general framework that provides insights into the connection between these two classes. When a random bipartite network is projected into a monopartite network, under quite general conditions, the result is a nonrandom monopartite network, the features of which can be studied analytically. Unlike previous studies in the physics literature on complex networks, which rely on sparse-network approximations, we provide a complete analysis, focusing on the degree distribution and the clustering coefficient. Our findings primarily offer a technical contribution, adding to the current body of literature by enhancing the understanding of bipartite networks within the community of physicists. In addition, our model emphasizes the substantial difference between the information that can be extracted from a network measuring its degree distribution, or using higher-order metrics such as the clustering coefficient. We believe that our results are general and have broad real-world implications.

Evaluation of Remotely Piloted Aircraft for Agricultural Spraying in Corn Cultivation in the Brazilian Savannah

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of application using both RPA and ground techniques in corn cultivation using different spray nozzles in Brazilian savannah (Cerrado). The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design, with four treatments and eight repetitions. The treatments involved two methods of application: aerial (RPA, 10 L ha-1) and ground (backpack sprayer, 100 L ha-1); and two types of nozzles: the standard flat fan nozzle XR 11001 and the air induction flat fan nozzle AirMix 11001. To study the quality of the application, the deposition was evaluated using a tracer and spectrophotometry, and the droplet spectrum, evaluated through the analysis of water-sensitive paper. Furthermore, a study on application quality was conducted using the Statistical Process Control methodology. The results demonstrated that with RPA, the deposition was higher, and the AirMix 11001 nozzle also stood out in this variable. No non-random behavior was observed in the deposition. Ground application showed the best performance in terms of target coverage and droplet density. The XR 11001 nozzle resulted in a higher droplet density. Overall, the XR11001 nozzle and the RPA application showed smaller volume median diameters (VMDs), indicating a higher potential for drift, which should be taken into account. Given the results obtained, it can be stated that the use of RPAs for agricultural spraying is viable for application.

Unraveling the mating system of the burrowing shrimp Lepidophthalmus siriboia (Decapoda Callichiridae) based on life history traits

Natural history studies are important in helping to understand the origin and evolution of social organization as well as the evolution of specialized morphological structures linked to mating behavior of animals. Here we describe the burrow use pattern, sex ratio, and sexual dimorphism of the burrowing shrimp Lepidophthalmus siriboia to test a series of evolutionary hypotheses. To this end, a total of 259 individuals of L. siriboia were collected from the northeast region of Brazil. No shrimp pairs or burrows inhabited by more than one shrimp were detected during the study period. A solitary habit is a non-random behavior in this species because single shrimps were found with a greater frequency than expected by chance. All ovigerous females were found living solitarily, which suggests that males abandon these females shortly after insemination. Contrary to the expectations of an anisogamous species, L. siriboia produced a female-biased operational sex ratio (OSR), contradicting the hypothesis that only males compete for mates. The latter was supported by the existence of sexual dimorphism in cheliped size, a condition that argues in favor of female–female competition in this species. In the same line of reasoning, heterochely was present in adult males, although it was also present to a lesser degree in adult females. Female asymmetry of chelipeds suggests the evolution of an unconventional role in female major cheliped use. The major cheliped showed a positive allometric growth pattern through the ontogeny of both sexes. However, when growth patterns of the major and minor chelipeds were compared, the fitted regression lines for each sex had different slopes, indicating that the cheliped could be an appendage sexually selected by individuals of the opposite sex during mating.

Assessing market efficiency in Palestine Securities Exchange (PSE) market at weak form: Analysis from 2010–2022

The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) asserts that financial markets are efficient, meaning that current market values of stocks incorporate all available information. This study examines the weak-form efficiency of Palestine Stock Exchange stocks using the indices returns from 2010 to 2022. The study used parametric tests (Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root, serial autocorrelation) and nonparametric tests (Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root, run test, variance ratio test). The findings of these tests provide insights into the behavior of the Palestine Stock Exchange market. The run test outcomes reveal a statistically significant pattern in the data for general, insurance, and service indices, with a p-value below the significance level. Furthermore, the unit root tests indicate statistical significance for all indices with 0.00 p-values and t-statistic below the critical values of –2.86 for level and intercept, and –3.14 for level, trend, and intercept, signifying that the indices returns are stationary. In addition, serial autocorrelation test show that the general and Al-Quds indices show statistically significant links between consecutive observations at all four lags. However, the insurance, investment, and services indices show statistically significant results on three lags. The variance ratio test results challenge the random-walk hypothesis for all indices except industry and insurance. With low probability values, a discernible, long-term, predictable pattern is evident in the Palestine Stock Exchange indices. The analysis reveals that Palestine Stock Exchange index returns exhibit nonrandom behavior, suggesting predictability and patterns in daily returns, indicating the possibility of exploiting market inefficiencies in investment strategies.

An example of social interaction: Spatial contagion effect in exams

In the last decades the study of collective phenomena has produced a great interest in the field of Statistical Physics within the framework of Complex Systems, being a paradigmatic example flocking, the collective motion of self-propelled organisms. Such studies have been more recently extended to collective human behavior, where social interactions are important and concepts such as ’social force’ have arisen. In this work we want to explore the possible existence of a ’social field’ in a very controlled human environment: a classroom where the students take an exam. Since the students are seated in individual tables while working in their corresponding exams, the only possible interaction occurs when the students finish the exam and deliver it to the teacher. We conjecture that the existence of social interactions could lead to a contagion effect among the students, so that a given student who delivers the exam may influence another close student to do the same, and as a result the exams are not randomly delivered in the space. In this sense, each classroom can be seen as a complex system, where there exist interactions between the different elements, the students. To show the existence of this contagion effect, we use experimental data registered in 10 high-school classrooms during different exams, and for each student we record the exam delivery time and the spatial location of the student in the classroom while taking the exam. We use the distances between students who finish the exam consecutively and compare these distances with the random expectation in the corresponding classroom using Monte Carlo simulations. We observe a significant nonrandom behavior of the experimental data, and show the existence of a clustering effect in space, supporting the existence of a contagion effect as a consequence of an underlying ’social field’. Finally, to quantify this contagion effect, we propose a probabilistic distance-driven contagion model, according to which a given student who delivers the exam may influence another student closer than a given distance to do the same with certain contagion probability. By comparing the results of the model with the experimental data, we obtain a global contagion probability of around 1/6.

Detection of Nonrandom Sign-Based Behavior for Resilient Coordination of Robotic Swarms

Cooperative multirobot systems coordinate their motion by exchanging information through consensus schemes to achieve a common goal. In the event of stealthy cyber attacks, compromised measurements and communication broadcasts can hijack a portion or the entire system toward undesired states. However, in order for these attacks to be effective, they have to exhibit nonrandom characteristics that contradict the expected multirobot system behavior. To deal with these hidden attacks, we propose a runtime monitoring framework that considers the signed <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">residual</i> , defined as the difference between the expected and the received information to identify and isolate unexpected nonrandom behavior within the multirobot system. Specifically, the technique that we propose—named <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Cumulative Sign</i> detector—monitors and compares changes in signed values of residual with their expected occurrences to detect inconsistencies and trigger alarms when an attack is discovered. Our results are validated theoretically by providing detection bounds and are demonstrated with simulations and experiments on swarms of unmanned ground vehicles under different attacks in comparison with state-of-the-art residual-based detection schemes.

Non-random behavior in sums of modular symbols

We give explicit expressions for the Fourier coefficients of Eisenstein series twisted by Dirichlet characters and modular symbols on [Formula: see text] in the case where N is prime and equal to the conductor of the Dirichlet character. We obtain these expressions by computing the spectral decomposition of automorphic functions closely related to these Eisenstein series. As an application, we then evaluate certain sums of modular symbols in a way which parallels past work of Goldfeld, O’Sullivan, Petridis, and Risager. In one case we find less cancelation in this sum than would be predicted by the common phenomenon of “square root cancelation”, while in another case we find more cancelation.

The evolution of triangular research and innovation collaborations in the European area

• A research and innovation geographical multiplex network is created. • The temporal evolution of a multiplex systems collaboration structure is monitored. • Geographical regions with high average clustering coefficient are identified. • A growth mechanism with preference in triangular collaborations exists in research. • A growth mechanism with aversion to triangular collaborations exists in innovation. In the current study, we examine the multiplex network of patents and European Research Framework Programmes (FPs) aiming to uncover temporal variations in the formation patterns of triangles (a fully connected network between any three nodes). The multiplex network that we study consists of two layers whose nodes are the NUTS2 regions, and collaborations between scientists or inventors of different regions result to a link. We split the network temporally into 28 shorter sub-networks with a span of 6 years each, and calculate the number of triangles formed at the end of the 6-year period. Next, we shuffle the data creating 50 randomized networks for each of the 28 six-year sub-networks, in order to identify whether there is a hidden mechanism that favors a non-random behavior. Real and shuffled data are compared using a z-score, a measure of the differences of standard deviations between them. In addition, we repeat the same analysis using the clustering coefficient whose large value can signify a strong collaboration pattern for a given node. The results from the temporal analysis of real vs randomized multiplex networks, show that triangular FP collaborations tend to be favored over random ones, while in patents the case is strongly the opposite. Furthermore, results using triangles tend to be more comprehensive as opposed to those of the clustering coefficient. Finally, we identify which NUTS2 regions frequently exhibit a high clustering coefficient in either of the layers, and we present a map with these values for all regions. The results of this research can help policy making organizations understand the spatial dimension of subsidized research and patented innovation collaboration networks and perhaps to strengthen regional collaboration.

Inferring Behavior From Partial Social Information Plays Little or No Role in the Cultural Transmission of Adaptive Traits.

Many human cultural traits become increasingly beneficial as they are repeatedly transmitted, thanks to an accumulation of modifications made by successive generations. But how do later generations typically avoid modifications which revert traits to less beneficial forms already sampled and rejected by earlier generations? And how can later generations do so without direct exposure to their predecessors' behavior? One possibility is that learners are sensitive to cues of non-random production in others' behavior, and that particular variants (e.g., those containing structural regularities unlikely to occur spontaneously) have been produced deliberately and with some effort. If this non-random behavior is attributed to an informed strategy, then the learner may infer that apparent avoidance of certain possibilities indicates that these have already been sampled and rejected. This could potentially prevent performance plateaus resulting from learners modifying inherited behaviors randomly. We test this hypothesis in four experiments in which participants, either individually or in interacting dyads, attempt to locate rewards in a search grid, guided by partial information about another individual's experience of the task. We find that in some contexts, valid inferences about another's behavior can be made from partial information, and these inferences can be used in a way which facilitates trait adaptation. However, the benefit of these inferences appears to be limited, and in many contexts-including some which have the potential to make inferring the experience of another individual easier-there appears to be no benefit at all. We suggest that inferring previous behavior from partial social information plays a minimal role in the adaptation of cultural traits.

Non-extensive processes associated with heating of the Galactic disc

We analyse the mechanisms ruling galactic disc heating through the dynamics of space velocities U, V and W, extracted from the Geneva-Copenhagen catalogue. To do this, we use a model based on non-extensive statistical mechanics, where we derive the probability distribution functions that quantify the non-Gaussian effects. Furthermore, we find that the deviation q –1 at a given stellar age follows a non-random behaviour. As a result, the q-index behaviour indicates that the vertical component W, perpendicular to the Galactic plane, does not “heat up” at random, which is in disagreement with previous works that attributed the evolution of W to randomness. Finally, our results bring a new perspective to this matter and open the way for studying Galactic kinematic components through the eyes of more robust statistical models that consider non-Gaussian effects.The authors would like to dedicate this paper to all the victims of the COVID-19 pandemic around the world.

Exploring the collective consciousness fields of Ardha Kumbh Mela 2019

Background: Kumbh mela as a pilgrimage site represents the common collective consciousness engaging their participants with religious and spiritual feelings. People connected with Kumbh mela rituals display different emotions that exerts its influence not only on personal consciousness level but at interpersonal, collective consciousness level linking people to reconnect with others and community. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore and correlate the nature of random event generator (REG) toward the Shahi snan and Aarti durations of Magha Month of Ardha Kumbh Mela 2019 in Prayagraj, Allahabad. Materials and Methods: An observational study conducted at Arail Ghat, Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj from January 15 to March 4, 2019 considering only shahi snan dates. Psyleron REG connected to a laptop was placed in one of the high-tech tents created on the banks of the Sangam river. During the early morning and evening hours on the selected days, the REG was observed for its nonrandom behavior and its deviations. Results: Positive significant deviations (P < 0.05) were observed for all Shahi snan periods of Kumbh: Makara Sankranti (Z = 1.748), Paush Purnima (Z = 1.642), on Mauni Amavasya (Z = 1.68), Basant Panchami (Z = 1.978), Maghi Purnima (Z = –2.149), and Mahashivaratri (Z = 1.697). The shahi snan showed the trend of the collective consciousness fields in the increasing directions of REG except on Maghi Purnima Day. The Aarti of evening hours shows significant negative deviations P < 0.05 in decreasing directions of REG on Mauni Amavasya (Z = –1.762), on Basant Panchami (Z = –2.372). REG trend with P = .07* (Z = –1.429) for Mahashivaratri. No significant deviations were observed for the Aarti time on Makara Sankranti (Z = –0.919), Paush Purnima (Z = –1.175), and for the Maghi Purnima (Z = 0.421). Conclusion: Shahi snan and Aarti time periods of the Ardha Kumbh mela have fostered a profound subjective resonance resulting in significant directional deviations for the REG.

Memoryless Cumulative Sign Detector for Stealthy CPS Sensor Attacks

Stealthy false data injection attacks on cyber-physical systems introduce erroneous measurements onto sensors with the intent to degrade system performance. An intelligent attacker can design stealthy attacks with knowledge of the system model and noise characteristics to evade detection from state-of-the-art fault detectors by remaining within detection thresholds. However, during these hidden attacks, an attacker with the intention of hijacking a system will leave traces of non-random behavior that contradict with the expectation of the system model. Given these premises, in this paper we propose a run-time monitor called Cumulative Sign (CUSIGN) detector, for identifying stealthy falsified measurements by identifying if measurements are no longer behaving in a random manner. Specifically, our proposed CUSIGN monitor considers the changes in sign of the measurement residuals and their expected occurrence in order to detect if a sensor could be compromised. Moreover, our detector is designed to be a memoryless procedure, eliminating the need to store large sequences of data for attack detection. We characterize the detection capabilities of the proposed CUSIGN technique following the well-known X2 failure detection scheme. Additionally, we show the advantage of augmenting CUSIGN to the model-based Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) detector, which provides magnitude bounds on attacks, for enhanced detection of sensor spoofing attacks. Our approach is validated with simulations on an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) during a navigation case study.

Econometric Models and Tests of Volatility, Cointegration and Randomness in Indian Equity Indices and other Vista Countries Post Global Financial Crisis

The study examines the association between the equity indices of India and VISTA nations post the Financial Crisis affecting the globe which happened in the years 2007–08. The monthly closing prices of equity indices of India (Nifty), Vietnam (HNXI), South Africa (JKSE), Turkey (XU100.IS) and Argentina (MERV) are recorded for the period starting January 2008 until January 2020. Statistical tests such as Run test, ARCH, GARCH, EGARCH, TGARCH and Johansen's cointegration test are implemented on the time series data. The study concludes that all indices exhibit non-random behavior (market inefficiency). Strong evidence is found for the existence of volatility persistence, leverage effect and spillover effect. The HNXI, JKSE and JSE indices move in opposite direction to Nifty while XU100. IS moves in the same direction.

A Research on Volatility in the Indian Stock Market with Special Reference to Nifty and Selected Companies Offinancial Service Sector of NSE of

In recent years the increasing importance of the future market in the Indian markets has received considerable attention from researchers,academicians and financial analysis.the present study is undertaken with an attempt to determine the share price movements and its volatility of the selected ten companies of financial service sector,which is in nifty fifty companies list.The period of the study selected between January 2009 and December 2017.for examining the share price movements and its volatility,the researcher took descriptive statistics and for finding the volatility ,kolmogorovsmirnovtest,from the results,among the selected ten financial service companies are not homogenous during the study period, and also examine the run test in Indian stock market is weak form efficient, the non-random behavior of the market has only short termimplications.Finally should take necessary steps to maintain its financial health and increase the market share in India.

Characterizing stochastic time series with ordinal networks.

Approaches for mapping time series to networks have become essential tools for dealing with the increasing challenges of characterizing data from complex systems. Among the different algorithms, the recently proposed ordinal networks stand out due to their simplicity and computational efficiency. However, applications of ordinal networks have been mainly focused on time series arising from nonlinear dynamical systems, while basic properties of ordinal networks related to simple stochastic processes remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate several properties of ordinal networks emerging from random time series, noisy periodic signals, fractional Brownian motion, and earthquake magnitude series. For ordinal networks of random series, we present an approach for building the exact form of the adjacency matrix, which in turn is useful for detecting nonrandom behavior in time series and the existence of missing transitions among ordinal patterns. We find that the average value of a local entropy, estimated from transition probabilities among neighboring nodes of ordinal networks, is more robust against noise addition than the standard permutation entropy. We show that ordinal networks can be used for estimating the Hurst exponent of time series with accuracy comparable with state-of-the-art methods. Finally, we argue that ordinal networks can detect sudden changes in Earth's seismic activity caused by large earthquakes.

Adsorptive removal of dibenzothiophene from diesel fuel using microwave synthesized carbon nanomaterials

Microwave synthesized carbon nanotube (M-CNT), and carbon nanofiber (M-CNF) were tested for removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) from a model diesel fuel (MDF) by adsorption process. M-CNT showed relatively higher DBT removal capacity over M-CNF. The maximum DBT adsorption by M-CNT and M-CNF were 43% and 35%, respectively, for an adsorption condition of 0.25 g of adsorbent, 250 mg/l of DBT in MDF, 30 °C, 60 min and 250 rpm. The Sips and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were used to correlate the adsorption equilibrium experimental results of DBT on M-CNT and M-CNF. The negative values of ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° from the thermodynamic studies confirm the spontaneity and feasibility of the system, exothermic nature and non-random behavior of DBT molecule on M-CNT respectively. The adsorption kinetic results show that the adsorption systems of DBT-M-CNT and DBT-M-CNF obey the pseudo-second order and pseudo-first order kinetic model, respectively. Further it was also found that the surface diffusion is the rate controlling step for DBT adsorption on both M-CNT and M-CNF.

Cryptanalysis of Round-Reduced Fantomas, Robin and iSCREAM

In this work, we focus on LS-design ciphers Fantomas, Robin, and iSCREAM. LS-designs are a family of bitslice ciphers aimed at efficient masked implementations against side-channel analysis. We have analyzed Fantomas and Robin with a technique that previously has not been applied to both algorithms or linear cryptanalysis. The idea behind linear cryptanalysis is to build a linear characteristic that describes the relation between plaintext and ciphertext bits. Such a relationship should hold with probability 0.5 (bias is zero) for a secure cipher. Therefore, we try to find a linear characteristic between plaintext and ciphertext where bias is not equal to zero. This non-random behavior of cipher could be converted to some key-recovery attack. For Fantomas and Robin, we find 5 and 7-round linear characteristics. Using these characteristics, we attack both the ciphers with reduced rounds and recover the key for the same number of rounds. We also apply linear cryptanalysis to the famous CAESAR candidate iSCREAM and the closely related LS-design Robin. For iScream, we apply linear cryptanalysis to the round-reduced cipher and find a 7-round best linear characteristics. Based on those linear characteristics we extend the path in the related-key scenario for a higher number of rounds.

Motherhood Delay, Polarized Return of Education and Fertility Supporting Policies

The implementation of the universal two-child policy and the complete release of dividend policy reform need to actively improve all kinds of fertility supporting policies on the basis of the top-level design. From the perspective of motherhood delay, the paper provides empirical evidence on how to improve fertility supporting policies. Based on the revised Mincer wage function and using the CHIP2008 and CHIP2013 datasets, the impact and the mechanism of motherhood delay on the return of education are studied. The paper proposes a research hypothesis that motherhood delay will polarize the return of education. Theoretical analyses show that there are two reasons, active and passive delay, for women delaying childbearing age, which corresponds to the two results, increase and decrease of income. The difference comes from different jobs chosen due to education. The empirical results are consistent with theoretical analyses by econometric empirical studies about effects of motherhood delay on women’s income. Motherhood delay has polarized effects on the return of different education, which increases the return of high education and reduces the return of low education. In order to guarantee robustness of empirical results above, the paper performs deep analyses from four perspectives: extending the length of data, dealing with the ability variable omitted, changing the measure index of motherhood delay, and considering nonrandom behaviors of fertility. Specifically, CHIP2008 is added on the basis of CHIP2013, the problem of omitted abilities is solved using the instrumental variable method, motherhood delay is measured using continuous variables, and self-selection is solved using the framework of counterfactual analyses and the method of propensity score matching. The robust test shows that the empirical results still hold. Further studies show that polarized effects come from the difference in job stability and difficulty of professional title or leading roles. Specifically, women with high education mainly engage in jobs with more stable and easily obtaining professional titles or leading roles, while women with low education usually engage in jobs with the opposite. When choosing motherhood delay, the income of the former increases, while the latter decreases. Hence, the paper argues that different fertility supporting policies should be made among different education groups to improve the women childbearing willingness. Specifically, income compensation policies should be made for women with low education to overcome the willing but unable to give birth” problem, and professional development compensation policies should be made for women with high education to settle the able but unwilling to give birth” phenomenon.