Non-progressive Brain Damage Research Articles

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation as Adjuvant to Gamified Rehabilitation for Upper Limb Function in Paediatric Brain Damage (CHILDBOOST Project): A Study Protocol for a Triple-Blind Randomised Controlled Trial

(1) Background and objectives: Paediatric brain injuries can lead to motor and cognitive deficits. Effective rehabilitation is critical for enhancing independence. While virtual reality (VR) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have independently demonstrated beneficial effects on motor and cognitive functions, their combined efficacy and its cognitive effects remain to be explored in this population. We aim to investigate the effects of integrating tDCS with VR training on upper limb (UL) functionality and cognitive outcomes through a triple-blind randomised trial. (2) Methods: Twenty-eight children with hemiparesis secondary to non-progressive brain damage will be randomly allocated into two groups: active anodal tDCS (2 mA) plus UL VR training, and sham tDCS with identical VR training. The tDCS will target M1 of the affected or most affected hemisphere for 20 min, simultaneous to VR training. The following four assessments will be carried out: pre-intervention, post-intervention, and three- and six-months follow-up. (3) Results: This study will explore motor and cognitive outcomes of a motor-based intervention in paediatric brain damage. We hypothesise that the experimental group will show significant improvements in UL function and cognition, enhancing their functional recovery. (4) Conclusions: We propose a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach combining neuromodulation and VR to potentiate functional recovery through enhancing motor and cognitive performance in paediatric brain damage.

Effect of Cardiovascular Endurance Training on the Exercise Capacity and Endurance in Children With Cerebral Palsy.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is non-progressive brain damage that occurs before, during, or shortly after birth. CP is associated with poor physical fitness, which is linked to health problems and the development of secondary illnesses like obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Compared to healthy peers without CP, children with CP have considerably lower VO2 peaks, which reduces their performance and aerobic capacity. This study aimed to evaluate changes in exercise capacity and endurance among children with CP, as well as fatigue levels among their parents and caregivers, after participation in cardiovascular endurance training. This study included 16 children aged 7-12 years with CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I, II, or III). Participants completed a 12-week cardiovascular endurance program consisting of 60-minute sessions three times weekly designed to achieve 64-95% of their heart rate maximum,based on the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines. Pre- and post-intervention measurements were recorded for the following: distance covered in a six-minute walk, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) level, Early Activity Scale for Endurance rating, and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric Fatigue Scale score and PROMIS Parent Proxy Scale and Fatigue Scale scores. Result: Upon completing the cardiovascular endurance training, the distance covered during a six-minute walk improved by 20.95 points, resting heart rate by 5.19 points, VO2 max by 0.06 points, Early Activity Scale for Endurance by 4.06 points, PROMIS Pediatric Fatigue Scale by 7.29 points, PROMIS Parent Proxy Scale by 6.81 points, and PROMIS Fatigue Scale by 5.07 points. The maximum heart rate also showed a slight improvement of 0.33 points (p<0.01). A structured exercise protocol aimed at improving cardiovascular endurance can benefit children with CP by improving their exercise capacity and endurance, which in turn can help decrease fatigue levels among their parents and caregivers.

FNIRS based study of brain network characteristics in children with cerebral palsy during bilateral lower limb movement.

Motor dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy (CP) are caused by nonprogressive brain damage. Understanding the functional characteristics of the brain is important for rehabilitation. This paper aimed to study the brain networks of children with CP during bilateral lower limb movement using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and to explore effective fNIRS indices for reflecting functional brain activity. Using fNIRS, cerebral oxygenation signals in the bilateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC/RPFC) and motor cortex (LMC/RMC) were recorded from fifteen children with spastic CP and seventeen children with typical development (CTDs) in the resting state and during bilateral lower limb movement. Functional connectivity matrices based on phase-locking values (PLVs) were calculated using Hilbert transformation, and binary networks were constructed at different sparsity levels. Network metrics such as the clustering coefficient, global efficiency, local efficiency, and transitivity were calculated. Furthermore, the time-varying curves of network metrics during movement were obtained by dividing the time window and using sparse inverse covariance matrices. Finally, conditional Granger causality (GC) was used to explore the causal relationships between different brain regions. Compared to CTDs, the connectivity between RMC-RPFC (p=0.017) and RMC-LMC (p=0.002) in the brain network was decreased in children with CP, and the clustering coefficient (p=0.003), global efficiency (p=0.034), local efficiency (p=0.015), and transitivity (p=0.009) were significantly lower. The standard deviation of the changes in global efficiency of children with CP during motion was also greater than that of CTDs. Using GC, it was found that there was a significant increase in causal strength from the RMC to the RPFC (p=0.04) and from the RMC to the LMC (p=0.042) in children with CP during motion. Additionally, there were significant negative correlations between the PLV of LMC-RMC (p=0.002) and the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and between the GMFCS and the clustering coefficient (p=0.01). During rehabilitation training of the lower limbs, there were significant differences in brain network indices between children with CP and CTDs. The indicators proposed in this paper are effective at evaluating motor function and the real-time impact of rehabilitation training on the brain network and have great potential for application in guiding clinical motor function assessment and planning rehabilitation strategies.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICAL THERAPY AND REHABILITATION IN IMPROVING MOTOR SKILLS AND MENTAL FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY

Cerebral palsy was first described by William John Little in 1846. There are many definitions of cerebral palsy that vary from author to author. However, we can say that cerebral palsy (CP) is a chronic non-progressive brain damage, postural and body motility disorder. Apart from sensorimotor abnormalities, some cases are accompanied by mental disorders as well as disorders of cognitive functions. It can occur during pregnancy, at birth or during the postnatal period, ie. prenatal, perinatal and postnatal - equally in both sexes. There are different classifications of cerebral palsy: according to changes in muscle tone, according to topographic features and according to the severity of the clinical picture.According to changes in muscle tone, they are divided into: Spastic form, Athetoid form, Ataxic form, Hypotonic form and Mixed form. According to the topography they are classified as: Diplegia, Quadriplegia, Hemiplegia, Triplegia and Monoplegia Physical therapy program is determined based on the clinical form of the disease. When determining a rehabilitation program, the principle of an individual approach is followed. Rehabilitation includes: physical medicine, kinesitherapy, reflex exercises according to Vojta, manual massage, thermotherapy, education of parents for rehabilitation at home; orthopedic aids; special education techniques. The aim of this study is to determine the role and impact of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in the treatment of children with Cerebral Palsy in early childhood. The research was conducted at the University of Southeast Europe - (Stul University) at the Faculty of Health Sciences in the Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, over a period of 6 months, from the beginning of April to the end of September 2023. 61 patients with cerebral palsy are included in the research, of which 28 are male, and the remaining 33 patients are female. The patients included in the research are classified into groups according to: gender, age and clinical form of cerebral palsy. The treatment of Cerebral Palsy (CP) has a complex character and includes medical, pedagogical and social rehabilitation. The individual tasks of the rehabilitation are determined after a functional examination of the motor abilities, where the main role is played by muscle tone, normal and pathological reflex motor activity, in the period up to 1 year of age. The goal of treatment with Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation is to achieve correct and timely development of movements and correction of pathological movement stereotypes (models), which occurred as a result of brain tissue damage. As for the motor deficit, kinesitherapy plays a major role. Established modern methods for kinesitherapy are the specialized methods for neuromuscular re-education of Vojta and Bobath. The Rood and Rabat methods werw also be used to facilitate the required movements and train coordination. Physical therapy and rehabilitation combined with kinesitherapy have an exceptional positive effect in: prevention of pathological primitive reflexes;creation and automation of normal active movements;saving irregular positions of the limbs and the whole body;establishment of balance and correct pattern of movement; fight against spasticity, secondary contractures and deformities; improvement of coordination and awareness of the body in relation to the environment.

Rehabilitation of Gait and Balance in Cerebral Palsy: A Scoping Review on the Use of Robotics with Biomechanical Implications.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a congenital and permanent neurological disorder due to non-progressive brain damage that affects gross motor functions, such as balance, trunk control and gait. CP gross motor impairments yield more challenging right foot placement during gait phases, as well as the correct direction of the whole-body center of mass with a stability reduction and an increase in falling and tripping. For these reasons, robotic devices, thanks to their biomechanical features, can adapt easily to CP children, allowing better motor recovery and enjoyment. In fact, physiotherapists should consider each pathological gait feature to provide the patient with the best possible rehabilitation strategy and reduce extra energy efforts and the risk of falling in children affected by CP.

Oral Health and Oromotor Skills of Children with Cerebral Palsic Infirmity in the City of Yaounde

Introduction: Cerebral palsy is a disorder due to non-progressive brain damage on an immature brain, occurring before, during or after birth. Oral repercussions are often present but overlooked. Hence, the description oral health and oral motor skills of children affected by this condition. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for eight months, in two specialized centers in the city of Yaoundé. Information was collected from medical records, consents obtained and oral examination of patients performed. The significance threshold was considered for p &lt; 0.05. Results: Of the 60 patients included, 56.7% suffered from spastic hemiplegia, 50% had a level III gross motor classification system (GMFCS) and 28.3% had a level II. Their oral condition and oral-motor dexterity revealed salivary and labial incontinence, poor oral hygiene in 28.3% of cases, severe gingival inflammation in 34 patients (56.7%),the loss of part of the food ingested in 50 patients (84%) and swallowing and phonation disorders, respectively in 88.3% of cases and swallowing. A significant association between the severity of BMI and the occurrence of caries (P=0.001) and gingivitis (P=0.01). Conclusion: Oral health and oral motility of IMC patients is a function of the severity of brain damage. This oral state, requiring a specialized odontostomatology follow-up adapted to the handicap presented by the patient.

Efficacy of using of the apparatus «Exobot» on the gait of a child with cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy is characterized by non-progressive brain damage but a progressive cascade of secondary diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The characteristic changes in the infantile cerebral palsy lead to dysfunction of the ankle, knee and hip joints, which affects the biomechanics of walking and leads to the pathological transformation. Purpose: to determine the effect of the Exobot simulator on the walking biomechanics of children with cerebral palsy. The review compares the normal and pathological biomechanics of walking in children with cerebral palsy, starting from the Amsterdam classification of pathological gait, which includes five types depending on the position of the knee joint and foot concerning the horizontal surface mid-support phase. Despite the child’s level with cerebral palsy according to the classification of global motor functions and the type of gait according to the Amsterdam classification, all children in the contact phase begin contact not from the heel but the forefoot. This entails a deterioration in the control of the trunk balance and an increase in the energy consumption for verticalization. The gait of a child with cerebral palsy in the Exobot simulator, due to the fixation of the foot, ankle joint and the system of carabiners and elastic rods, always begins from the heel. Thus, the correct step pattern and muscle memory are formed in a child with cerebral palsy. There is an improvement in the control over the balance on the part of the child, his motivation for motor development increases.

Ocena zachowań związanych z zaburzeniami odżywiania w grupie u osób chorych na mózgowe porażenie dziecięce

Introduction: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of symptoms that describes a variety of movement or posture disorders that result from permanent but non-progressive brain damage early in a child’s development. They have a direct impact on the patient’s quality of life and relationships in his close surroundings. Very often CP is accompanied by dysphagia and neophobia, where the former is a typical physical disorder resulting from difficulties in swallowing food, and the latter, depending on factors, may be a psychological nutritional barrier, due to the patient’s fear of eating unknown foods. In the group of eating disorders occurring in people with CP, anorexia and bulimia are usually overlooked. The aim of the study is to assess eating disorders in people with CP not mentally retarded and the impact of the environment on their occurrence, as well as to compare the frequency with the general population. Material and methods: The study uses the method of a diagnostic survey and a self-authored questionnaire. The research tool is a questionnaire consisting of 27 questions addressed to parents of children with CP whose intellectual development was normal. Parents of children suffering from CP were examined and their psychosocial development was not abnormal. The study group consisted of 50 people aged 18–50, participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. The research group consists of people associated in a support group for parents and carers of people with CP. Results: Children suffering from CP very often suffer from eating disorders. There are many types of eating disorders that children with CP suffer from. The most common disturbing eating behavior was fear of eating food (42%), obsessive thoughts about eating (90%), difficulty in swallowing food (86%), perfect knowledge of the caloric content of food products (76%), lack of control over the amount of food consumed (38%), the use of restrictive diets (32%), weight change (24%), vomiting (18%) and reluctance to eat (14%). Conclusions: Directing attention only to the negative aspects of family relationships in people with CP is definitely insufficient. In the prevention of anorexia or bulimia in this group of patients, the need to stimulate and strengthen such forms of behavior of patients and adult caregivers towards children with CP should be taken into account. It is necessary to conduct further research on the coexistence of anorexia and bulimia in people with cerebral palsy.

Effects of Melatonin on Neurobehavior and Cognition in a Cerebral Palsy Model of plppr5-/- Mice.

Cerebral palsy (CP), a group of clinical syndromes caused by non-progressive brain damage in the developing fetus or infant, is one of the most common causes of lifelong physical disability in children in most countries. At present, many researchers believe that perinatal cerebral hypoxic ischemic injury or inflammatory injury are the main causes of cerebral palsy. Previous studies including our works confirmed that melatonin has a protective effect against convulsive brain damage during development and that it affects the expression of various molecules involved in processes such as metabolism, plasticity and signaling in the brain. Integral membrane protein plppr5 is a new member of the plasticity-related protein family, which is specifically expressed in brain and spinal cord, and induces filopodia formation as well as neurite growth. It is highly expressed in the brain, especially in areas of high plasticity, such as the hippocampus. The signals are slightly lower in the cortex, the cerebellum, and in striatum. Noteworthy, during development plppr5 mRNA is expressed in the spinal cord, i.e., in neuron rich regions such as in medial motor nuclei, suggesting that plppr5 plays an important role in the regulation of neurons. However, the existing literature only states that plppr5 is involved in the occurrence and stability of dendritic spines, and research on its possible involvement in neonatal ischemic hypoxic encephalopathy has not been previously reported. We used plppr5 knockout (plppr5−/−) mice and their wild-type littermates to establish a model of hypoxicischemic brain injury (HI) to further explore the effects of melatonin on brain injury and the role of plppr5 in this treatment in an HI model, which mainly focuses on cognition, exercise, learning, and memory. All the tests were performed at 3–4 weeks after HI. As for melatonin treatment, which was performed 5 min after HI injury and followed by every 24h. In these experiments, we found that there was a significant interaction between genotype and treatment in novel object recognition tests, surface righting reflex tests and forelimb suspension reflex tests, which represent learning and memory, motor function and coordination, and the forelimb grip of the mice, respectively. However, a significant main effect of genotype and treatment on performance in all behavioral tests were observed. Specifically, wild-type mice with HI injury performed better than plppr5−/− mice, regardless of treatment with melatonin or vehicle. Moreover, treatment with melatonin could improve behavior in the tests for wild-type mice with HI injury, but not for plppr5−/− mice. This study showed that plppr5 knockout aggravated HI damage and partially weakened the neuroprotection of melatonin in some aspects (such as novel object recognition test and partial nerve reflexes), which deserves further study.

A New Mixed Clustering-based Method to Analyze the Gait of Children with Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is a group of persistent central movement and postural developmental disorders, and restricted activity syndromes. This syndrome is caused by non-progressive brain damage to the developing fetus or infants. Cer... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press

Neuropsychological rehabilitation of acquired, non-progressive cognitive-behavioral disorders in evidence-based clinical recommendations

Introduction: Neuropsychological rehabilitation is an important area of neurological rehabilitation. Its techniques are studied in terms of effectiveness and subjected to collective analyses in order to identify the best interventions. Objective: The purpose of the article is to present current clinical recommendations for neuropsychological rehabilitation among adult patients with acquired, non-progressive brain damage usually caused by a stroke or head injury. Data sources: The recommendations are based on the latest scientific papers containing systematic reviews and meta-analysis of studies on the rehabilitation of patients with cognitive dysfunctions and/or behavioral abnormalities. Conclusions: To date, the highest recommendation and the status of practice standards in neuropsychological rehabilitation have been achieved by therapeutic techniques of 5 post-stroke disorders (attention deficits, mild memory deficits, left-sided visual neglect, aphasia, global decline in cognitive-behavioral functioning) and 5 post-traumatic disorders (attention deficits, mild memory deficits, mild and moderate executive dysfunctions, abnormalities in social functioning and interpersonal communication, global decline in cognitive-behavioral functioning). These techniques may be used independently or introduced in combination with interventions of a lower recommendation level, classified as practice guidelines or practice options. The use of lower grade recommendations should also be considered in situations where there are no standard techniques for specific forms of disorders. In the case of deficits for which no recommendations have yet been made, further research is necessary. This applies to agnosia, profound memory disorders and amnesia, as well as profound executive dysfunctions.

Comprehensive Rehabilitation After Selective Posterior Rhizotomy In Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy at Different Ages Study Protocol for A Prospective Cohort Study

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of symptoms characterized by persistent central motor impairment, postural dysplasia and limited movement, which are caused by non-progressive brain damage in fetuses or infants...

A Study on Efficacy of Respiratory Exercises Coupled with Neurodevelopmental Treatment on Pulmonary Function of Children with Spastic Quadriplegic Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is a group of condition characterized by motor dysfunction due to non-progressive brain damage early in life. They may also have decreased mobility, restriction in physical activity and limitation in functional capacities, Along with motor dysfunction, children with cerebral palsy can have abnormality of respiratory function This study was intended to study the efficacy of Respiratory exercises along with Neurodevelopmental treatment in Pulmonary function of children with Spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy.

Effect of Kinesio Taping on Grasp and Release in Children with Spastic Hemiparetic Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study

AbstractBackground: Cerebral Palsy (CP) children have motor dysfunction due to non-progressive brain damage. Hemiplegic cerebral palsy children usually have marked hand involvement with limited active wrist extension and excessive thumb adduction and flexion which appears from infancy. Various techniques are generally used in the course of CP management. A recent method such as taping is frequently used in pediatrics rehabilitation clinics. It is easy to apply and inexpensive and can be easily removed or changed according to therapy objects. In CP it corrects postural misalignment enhance joint stability, activate weak muscle and manage spasticity.Aim of Study: To determine the short term effect of kinesio taping on hand functions especially grasp and release in the children with spastic hemiparetic cerebral palsy.Participants and Methods: Eleven spastic hemiparetic cerebral palsied children (2-7 years old) of both sexes with mild hand and/or wrist spasticity (grade 1 to 1+) according to the Modified Ashowrth Scale, and had impaired hand functions level II, III and IV according to Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) participated in this study. Participants received kinesio tape for wrist and thumb in addition to the standard conventional physical therapy program (2-3 hours per week). Participants were evaluated before and after four weeks using the Grasping subtests of the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test (QUEST) and Peabody Devel-opmental Motor Scale (PDMS).Results: After Four weeks of intervention results showed that no significant changes post treatment application when compared with corresponding pretreatment for the PDMS (p-value=0.096) and QUEST (p-value=0.052) scores.Conclusion: These results suggested that four weeks Kinesio taping was not effective in improving the hand functions of spastic hemiparetic cerebral palsy children.

An Optical Flow-Based Method to Predict Infantile Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a perinatally acquired nonprogressive brain damage resulting in motor impairment affecting mobility and posture. Early identification of infants with CP is desired to target early interventions and follow-up. During early infancy, distinct motion patterns occur which are highly predictive for later disability. These motor patterns can be observed and recorded. In this paper, a method to predict later CP based on early video recordings of the infants' spontaneous movements, applying optical flow and statistical pattern recognition, is presented. We extract motion information from video recordings of young infants using a total variation related optical flow method. By using wavelet analysis features from motion trajectories of points initiated on a regular grid were extracted and classified using a support vector machine.

Comments on “Psychopathology in Neuropsychiatry: DSM and Beyond”

Comments on “Psychopathology in Neuropsychiatry: DSM and Beyond”

Comments on "Psychopathology in Neuropsychiatry: DSM and Beyond"

Comments on "Psychopathology in Neuropsychiatry: DSM and Beyond"

Speech and language therapy for dysarthria due to non-progressive brain damage.

Dysarthria is a common sequel of non-progressive brain damage (typically stroke and traumatic brain damage). Impairment-based therapy and a wide variety of compensatory management strategies are undertaken by speech and language therapists with this patient population. To determine the efficacy of speech and language therapy interventions for adults with dysarthria following non-progressive brain damage. This review has drawn on the search strategies developed for the following Cochrane Groups as a whole: Stroke, Injuries, and Infectious Diseases. Relevant trials were identified in the Specialised Registers of Controlled Trials (see Review Group Details for more information). We also searched the trials register of the Cochrane Rehabilitation and Related Therapies Field. The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycLIT, and Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts were electronically searched. Hand-searching of The International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders and of reference lists from relevant articles and conference proceedings was also undertaken. Colleagues were approached to identify other possible published and unpublished studies. Date of most recent searches: May 2000. Unconfounded randomised controlled trials. One reviewer assessed trial quality. Two co-reviewers were available to examine any potential trials for possible inclusion in the review. No trials of the required standard were identified. There is no evidence of the quality required by this review to support or refute the effectiveness of Speech and Language Therapy interventions for dysarthria following non-progressive brain damage. There is an urgent need for good quality research in this area.

Speech and language therapy for dysarthria due to nonprogressive brain damage: a systematic Cochrane review.

Dysarthria is a common sequel of nonprogressive brain damage (typically stroke and traumatic brain damage). Impairment-based therapy and a wide variety of compensatory management strategies are undertaken by speech and language therapists with this patient population. To determine the efficacy of speech and language therapy interventions for adults with dysarthria following nonprogressive brain damage. Systematic review. This review has drawn on the search strategies developed for the following Cochrane Groups as a whole: Stroke, Injuries, and Infectious Diseases. Relevant trials were identified in the Specialised Registers of Controlled Trials. We also searched the trials register of the Cochrane Rehabilitation and Related Therapies Field. The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycLIT, and Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts were electronically searched. Hand-searching of the International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders and of reference lists from relevant articles and conference proceedings was also undertaken. Colleagues were approached to identify other possible published and unpublished studies. Unconfounded randomized controlled trials. One reviewer assessed trial quality. Two co-reviewers were available to examine any potential trials for possible inclusion in the review. No trials of the required standard were identified. There is no evidence of the quality required by this review to support or refute the effectiveness of speech and language therapy interventions for dysarthria following nonprogressive brain damage. There is an urgent need for good quality research in this area.

Failure of Prospective Memory after Acquired Brain Damage: Preliminary Investigation and Suggestions for Future Directions

This paper investigates the premise that the greater frequency of errors after acquired brain damage will facilitate identification of essential components of successful prospective memory. It examines performance by patients with recent acquired non-progressive brain damage and age-matched control subjects on two experimental measures of prospective memory. A significant different between patients and control subjects arises mainly from performance on a time-based prospective memory task. Results from patients on tests of time- and event-based prospective memory are compared with scores on tests of episodic memory and executive skills. A relationship is identified between event-based prospective memory and retrospective episodic memory but not between time-based prospective memory and executive skills. Premorbid intelligence and current mood state are identified as variables that should be considered when investigating prospective memory under experimental conditions.