Non-professional Backgrounds Research Articles

Exploring the Intersection of Subliminal Perception and Digital Marketing

Abstract: Subliminal refers to stimuli that operate below the threshold of conscious perception. Subliminal advertisements target the subconscious, where consumers may not consciously assess the content. However, their impact becomes apparent through indirect observations, such as the influence on emotions, the effect on cognitive processes, the ability of consumers to consciously evaluate these ads, the level of excitement and engagement with characters portrayed in subliminal ads, and various other aspects. This research delves into the intersection of subliminal perception and digital marketing, seeking to unravel the subtle influences that impact consumer behaviour in the digital realm. By employing a comprehensive methodology that includes surveys, content analysis, and hypothesis testing, the study aims to explore how individuals perceive and respond to subliminal cues embedded in digital marketing content. Ethical considerations guide the research process to ensure transparency and consumer well-being. A sample size of 126 participants, encompassing both male and female youths aged 18-30, was selected from diverse professional and non-professional backgrounds. The findings contribute valuable insights into the complex interplay between subliminal perception and digital marketing strategies, offering implications for marketers aiming to enhance user engagement, brand perception, and overall effectiveness in the online landscape.

Citizen Science for Disaster Risk Governance: Towards a Participative Seismological Monitoring of the Mayotte Volcanic Crisis

The United Nations (UN) Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 aims to mitigate natural disasters, specifically in developing regions. It promotes the adoption of people-centered disaster risk reduction approaches. Hence, citizen science represents an interesting tool to engage populations in the mitigation of disaster risk, through data collection and analysis, and in the dissemination of scientific and safety information. Herein, we evaluate the potential and feasibility of a citizen science project on the island of Mayotte (in the Mozambique Channel). Mayotte has been experiencing an unexpected volcano-seismic crisis since 2018, which has generated strong anxiety in the population. To address this, we have developed a citizen seismology program to engage Mayotte’s inhabitants in seismic data processing. First, we conducted an initial test of our protocol to identify seismic events with a set of university students. We then conducted 15 interviews with members of local administrations and associations to assess the potential for engaging the general population in this project. The results show that we are able to collect reliable data from citizens with non-professional backgrounds using the protocol designed in the project. We also show a strong demand for scientific information from Mayotte’s inhabitants, associated with a robust trust in science and scientists, despite the circulation of alternative explanations for the seismicity among the population. Based on these results, our citizen science project could be positively received by Mayotte’s inhabitants, if advertised adequately. Finally, we discuss the value of these results for disaster risk reduction in vulnerable territories.

Nursing in the 21st century: results of a pilot survey on attitudes towards nurses and nursing.

This study piloted an electronic survey with open and closed questions. Descriptive statistics were collated for closed questions using Excel. Open-ended questions were analysed using the text analysis program Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) for tone, emotion and criticality. This pilot study recruited 72 participants from professional and non-professional backgrounds. Respondents displayed diversity in their perceptions of nursing, the role of nurses and the role that nurses perform. Nursing is a complex, multifaceted profession. The view of nursing was generally positive and authentic although not easy to define. Nursing was felt to be an inclusive profession; however, it is extremely diverse in nature. Further research is required to explore these concepts in greater depth.

Conceptualising and constructing \u2018diversity\u2019 through experiences of public and patient involvement in health research

BackgroundIncreasing the accessibility of public and patient involvement (PPI) in health research for people from diverse backgrounds is important for ensuring all voices are heard and represented. Critiques of PPI being dominated by ‘the usual suspects’ reflect concerns over the barriers to involvement in PPI faced by people from minority groups or non-professional backgrounds. Yet, what has received less attention is how undertaking PPI work might produce diverse experiences, potentially shaping the motivation and capacity of people from different backgrounds to continue in PPI.MethodsWe conducted qualitative research to explore experiences of the health research PPI field in the UK and to understand how these might shape the accessibility of PPI for people of diverse backgrounds. We conducted in-depth and follow-up interviews with five PPI contributors with experience of multiple health research projects, and a focus group with nine people in professional roles relating to PPI. Interview data were analysed using a narrative approach, and then combined with the focus group data for thematic analysis.ResultsThe structure, organisation and relationships of health research in the UK all shape PPI experiences in ways that can intersect the different backgrounds and identities of contributors, and can pose barriers to involvement and motivation for some. Navigating processes for claiming expenses can be frustrating particularly for people from lower-income backgrounds or with additional needs, and short-term research can undermine relationships of trust between contributors and professionals. Pressure on PPI coordinators to find ‘more diverse’ contributors can also undermine ongoing relationships with contributors, and how their inputs are valued.ConclusionsTo increase diversity within PPI, and to ensure that people of different backgrounds are supported and motivated to continue in PPI, changes are needed in the wider health research infrastructure in the UK. More resources are required to support relationships of trust over time between contributors and professionals, and to ensure the unique circumstances of each contributor are accommodated within and across PPI roles. Finally, critical reflection on the pressure in PPI to seek ‘more diverse’ contributors is needed, to understand the impacts of this on those already involved.

On the Sustainability of Local Cultural Heritage Based on the Landscape Narrative: A Case Study of Historic Site of Qing Yan Yuan, China

As a feature of local cultural heritage, historical garden sites should not only focus on landscape sightseeing, but should also champion the sustainability of cultural heritage and promote the local community’s wellbeing. This article uses the landscape narrative method to explore how the local public, with both professional and non-professional backgrounds, manages the cultural heritage and enhances its sustainability. Qing Yan Yuan is a historical garden site in Huai’an, Jiangsu Province, China, and constitutes the research area of this study. This article firstly conducts in-depth interviews with local residents with non-professional backgrounds; then, it collects relevant information from professionals, such as introductions, comments, news, periodicals, etc.; finally, it adopts the content analysis method to decode, summarize and sort out accordingly. Through the analysis of landscape narrative data, this paper found that three cultural heritage value strategies are used by the public: (1) origin landscape narrative; (2) functional landscape narrative; (3) meaningful landscape narrative. The origin landscape narrative is the expression of a cultural heritage value of “past presentation”; the functional landscape narrative is a cultural heritage value of “place identity”; the meaningful landscape narrative shows a cultural heritage value of “future education”; all these together constitute the local public subjective conception of the sustainability of cultural heritage.

Predictors of fitness to practise declarations in UK medical undergraduates

BackgroundMisconduct during medical school predicts subsequent fitness to practise (FtP) events in doctors, but relatively little is known about which factors are associated with such issues during undergraduate education. This study exploits the newly created UK medical education database (UKMED), with the aim of identifying predictors of conduct or health-related issues that could potentially impair FtP. The findings would have implications for policies related to both the selection and support of medical students.MethodsData were available for 14,379 students obtaining provisional registration with the General Medical Council who started medical school in 2007 and 2008. FtP declarations made by students were available, as were various educational and demographic predictor variables, including self-report ‘personality measures’ for students who participated in UK Clinical Aptitude Test (UKCAT) pilot studies. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were developed to evaluate the predictors of FtP declarations.ResultsSignificant univariable predictors (p < 0.05) for conduct-related declarations included male gender, white ethnicity and a non-professional parental background. Male gender (OR 3.07) and higher ‘self-esteem’ (OR 1.45) were independently associated with an increased risk of a conduct issue.Female gender, a non-professional background, and lower self-reported ‘confidence’ were, among others, associated with increased odds of a health-related declaration. Only ‘confidence’ was a significant independent predictor of a health declaration (OR 0.69). Female gender, higher UKCAT score, a non-professional background and lower ‘confidence’ scores were significant predictors of reported depression, and the latter two variables were independent predictors of declared depression.ConclusionsWhite ethnicity and UK nationality were associated with increased odds of both conduct and health-related declarations, as were certain personality traits. Students from non-professional backgrounds may be at increased risk of depression and therefore could benefit from targeted support. The small effect sizes observed for the ‘personality measures’ suggest they would offer little potential benefit for selection, over and above those measures already in use.

Exploring social inclusivity within the University of the Third Age (U3A): a model of collaborative research

ABSTRACTLifelong learning is believed to have physical, social and emotional benefits for older adults. In recognition of this, numerous programmes encouraging learning in later life exist worldwide. One example is the University of the Third Age (U3A) – a lifelong learning co-operative rooted in peer-support and knowledge sharing. This article is based on a collaborative study conducted by university researchers and members of a U3A in North-East England (United Kingdom) investigating the social inclusivity of the group in light of low attendance levels among those from social housing and non-professional backgrounds. A qualitative approach comprising semi-structured interviews and focus groups was adopted to explore knowledge and experience of lifelong learning and the U3A. Sixty individuals aged 50+ were interviewed. The demographic profile of participants largely reflected the socio-economic make-up of the area, with the majority living in areas of high socio-economic deprivation. Several barriers to lifelong learning were revealed, including: poor health, insufficient transport and caring responsibilities. Regarding U3A participation, three exclusionary factors were outlined: lack of knowledge, organisational name and location. Poor comprehension of the purpose and remit of the U3A can result in the development of ‘middle-class' myths regarding membership, perpetuating poor participation rates among lower socio-economic groups. Such perceptions must be dispelled to allow the U3A to fulfil its potential as a highly inclusive organisation.

Educational influences on early retirement through disability in Ireland.

Studies suggest a higher prevalence of early retirement through disability among older people with lower educational attainment. There have been no national studies in Ireland on the factors that affect early withdrawal from the labour force through disability or long-term illness. To identify and analyse potential impacts of education on early retirement through disability in the over 50 age cohort of the Irish Labour force. We analysed the educational attainment of participants using The Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA). The group of interest were those aged 50-75 who had retired early. The sample was dichotomized on disability. Examination of interviewer-recorded information on background influences determining early retirement decisions included the following factors: age, gender, education, family and socio-economic circumstances, including parental education. A total of 334 of 1179 study subjects (28%) retired early through disability. Comparison of those retired early with and without disability showed a significantly higher frequency of lower educational attainment both personally and for parents. Men with lower educational attainment and from a non-professional background were more likely to retire early through disability. Non-professional disabled respondents with less well-educated parents had lower educational attainment than non-disabled respondents. Among TILDA participants, educational attainment appears to influence early retirement through disability. The sector of previous employment was also a significant factor. Behaviour, lifestyle and employment choice are influenced by educational level, which may affect cognitive ability to process health information. Factors affecting the education-disability relationship could include parental education, employment status and socio-economic characteristics.

Country, sex, and parent occupational status: moderators of the continuity of aggression from childhood to adulthood.

Using data from two American and one Finnish long-term longitudinal studies, we examined continuity of general aggression from age 8 to physical aggression in early adulthood (age 21-30) and whether continuity of aggression differed by country, sex, and parent occupational status. In all samples, childhood aggression was assessed via peer nominations and early adulthood aggression via self-reports. Multi-group structural equation models revealed significant continuity in aggression in the American samples but not in the Finnish sample. These relations did not differ by sex but did differ by parent occupational status: whereas there was no significant continuity among American children from professional family-of-origin backgrounds, there was significant continuity among American children from non-professional backgrounds.

Diagnosis of Interactive Conjoint Analysis Based on Social Comparison

To help non-professional background respondents to get awareness from complicated calculations of conjoint analysis, this paper presents overview and functions of preference diagnosis, transforming results of conjoint analysis from tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. This process also leads to the creation of new knowledge. In addition, this paper also discusses a design of diagnosis model by positioning on individual, groups and clusters. A simple example is also discussed. The proposal includes two types of strategy: by-individual feature, a diagnosis generated in the result of conjoint analysis for individual and by-social feature, a diagnosis based on the comparison with analytical result of other respondents.

Widening access to UK medical education for under-represented socioeconomic groups: modelling the impact of the UKCAT in the 2009 cohort

Objective To determine whether the use of the UK clinical aptitude test (UKCAT) in the medical schools admissions process reduces the relative disadvantage encountered by certain sociodemographic groups.Design Prospective cohort...

A Study on the User Innovation Toolkit Model Based on Interactive Genetic Algorithms

A technical plan for realizing user toolkit for innovation (UTI) is proposed to release the vast creative energy of users, and help to make users qualified for the subject of innovation work. The model discussed in this paper is mainly aiming at two key problems in user innovation: 1) the essentials and technical access for the innovaiton style in the non-professional background of the ordinary users; 2) mechanism for driving innovaiton and optimization through user’s evaluation message. Interactive genetic algorithms (IGA) is applied to plan the functions of UTI, and is improved in several aspects for the demands of user innovation: 1) designed a selection based interactive evaluation method; 2) introduced market data as a kind of evaluation information; 3)built an integral user innovation decision making system; 4) visualized the optimizaion process, which enriched user’s perceptive interaction with UTI during working. The model also made regulations to IGA’s inner process, which strengthened IGA’s analyzing and mining ability to user’s evaluation information through latent local optimal chart making, solution space down-sizing and continuity building for discrete space.

Choosing What to Believe About Forests: Differences Between Professional and Non-Professional Evaluative Criteria

This study examined the process of information exchange between natural resource management professionals and forest owners to determine whether and how professionals could improve their ability to persuade forest owners to adopt recommended stewardship practices. Using the inductive ‘grounded theory’ method of qualitative research, 109 stakeholders throughout the State of Washington, USA were interviewed and asked to discuss their information sources and preferences. The study findings reveal that many natural resource management professionals may not correctly anticipate how forest owners evaluate new forest management information. Professionals in the study typically chose and evaluated new information on the basis of established standards of scientific credibility, including peer review or the professional reputation of the individuals and institutions conducting the research or publishing the information. Most professionals expected forest owners would do the same. Forest owners with non-professional backgrounds, however, were often unfamiliar with or unimpressed by such credentials, and often used a very different evaluative screen. Willingness to adopt information was greatly influenced by their social impressions of the individuals delivering it. When a professional pressed for an ‘expert to non-expert’ relationship or did not establish a mutually respectful interpersonal learning atmosphere, non-professional forest owners frequently resisted not only that individual, but also the information they provided. This paper links these findings to androgogy (adult learning theory), and demonstrates that the natural resource professionals most effective with forest owners are those providing what the established literature describes as classic elements of a good adult learning environment. These elements include empathy, mutual respect, non-hierarchical information exchange, praxis, emphasis on experiential rather than passive learning, and evidence that tangible results may be expected. An improved understanding of the fundamentals of the adult learning process can be expected to enhance the effectiveness of natural resource professionals in information exchange with forest owners.

Fostering a culture of engagement: an evaluation of a 2‐day training in solution‐focused brief therapy for mental health workers

The focus of mental health care has changed considerably in recent years, from an almost exclusive inpatient system of care to one where the majority of care is being delivered within the community. Arguably this has contributed to a reduction in the length of inpatient admissions. Therefore, there is a need to understand the ramifications that shorter admissions have on inpatient care and nursing practice. This paper reports on a study designed to test the knowledge and skill acquisition and self-reported application of solution-focused brief therapy by staff following a 2-day training. The study adopted a repeated measures design where participants' baseline knowledge was measured prior to the 2-day training and then at 3 and 6 months post-training. This study has demonstrated that the 2-day training was effective in increasing participants' reported knowledge and understanding of solution-focused brief therapy and their self-reported use of the techniques in routine clinical practice. In conclusion, this study has established that staff from a variety of professional and non-professional backgrounds can make good skill acquisition from a fairly modest training. Additionally, the current study has also highlighted the need for well-conducted large-scale trials of this potentially important technology.

Signature pedagogies and legal education in universities: epistemological and pedagogical concerns with Langdellian case method

This paper offers an analysis of Lee S. Shulman's concept of ‘signature pedagogies’ as it relates to legal education. In law, the signature pedagogy identified by Shulman is the Langdellian case method. Though the concept of signature pedagogies provides an excellent infrastructure for the exchange of teaching ideas, Shulman has a tendency to portray the concept in Manichean terms with the forces of light of professional education (where students are engaged in a rigorous and systematic education) ranged against the forces of darkness of non-professional education (where students are non-participative and where education is to some extent in a state of flux). It will be argued in this paper that the signature pedagogy of law has a number of pedagogical and epistemological shortcomings that should make those from non-law and non-professional backgrounds cautious about imitating its various constituent elements in their respective disciplines.

Mathematics and the Twelve-Tone System: Past, Present, and Future

Mathematics and the Twelve-Tone System: Past, Present, and Future Robert Morris Introduction Certainly the first major encounter of non-trivial mathematics and non-trivial music was in the conception and development of the twelve-tone systemfrom the 1920s to the present. Although the twelve tone systemwas formulated byArnold Schoenberg, itwas Milton Babbitt whose ample but non-professional background inmathematics made it possible for him to identify the links between themusic of the Second Viennese School and a formal treatment of the system.To be sure, there were also important inroads inEurope aswell,1 but thesewere not often marked by the clarity and rigor introduced by Babbitt in his series of seminal articles from 1955 to 1973 (Babbitt 1955, 1960, 1962, 1974). Mathematics and the Twelve-Tone System 77 This paper has four parts. First, I will sketch a rational reconstruction of the twelve-tone system as composers and researchers applied mathematical terms, concepts, and tools to the composition and analysis of serial music. Second, I will identify some of the major trends in twelve-tone topics that have led up to the present. Third, I will give a very brief account of our present mathematical knowledge of the system and the state of this research. Fourth, Iwill suggest some futuredirections aswell as provide some open questions and unproven conjectures. But before I can start,we need to have a working definition of what the twelve-tone system is, ifonly tomake this paper's topic manageable. Research into the system eventually inspired theorists to undertake formal research into other types of music structure; moreover of late, such research has now actually identified twelve-tone music and structure as special cases of much more general musical and mathematical models, so that for instance serialmusic and Riemannian tonal theory are both aptly modeled by group theory, rather than demarked as fundamentally different or even bi-unique. Thus I will provisionally define the twelve-tone system as themusical use of ordered sets of pitch classes in the context of the twelve-pitch class universe (or aggregate) under specified transformations that preserve intervals or other features of ordered sets or partitions of the aggregate. Thus the row, while itonce was thought to be the nexus of the system, isonly one aspect of thewhole?even ifthe row embraces all of the characteristics I've mentioned: the aggregate, ordered pc sets and, not so obviously, partitions of the aggregate. Thus an object treated by the twelve-tone system can be a series or cycle of any number of pitch classes, with or without repetition or duplication, as well as multi dimensional constructs such as arrays and networks, or sets of unordered sets that partition the aggregate. The Introduction of Math into Twelve-Tone Music Research Schoenberg's phrase, "The unity of musical space," while subject to many interpretations, suggests that he was well aware of the symmetries of the system (Schoenberg 1975). In theoretic word and compositional deed he understood that therewas a singular two-dimensional "space" inwhich his music lived?that is, the space of pitch and time. Indeed, the basic transformations of the row, retrograde and inversion, plus ret rograde-inversion for closure (and P as the identity) were eventually shown to form a Klein four-group (see Example 1). That this space is not destroyed or deformed under these operations 78 PerspectivesofNew Music P R I RI R P RI I I RI P R RI I R P P! fe IJU _ m w_m\m * -*"* 01627934AB58 R! ? _ #t* .. * Ji-_ 85BA43972610 I: (| ^ ?j,?^ .^ ,fl? ^ p 0 B 6A5 3 9 8 2 1 7 4 RIs fe ^ ?* m\ -V+hm # 47128935A6B0 EXAMPLE 1 :THE SERIAL FOUR-GROUP gives itunity. Yet, from today's standpoint, the details of this symmetry are quite unclear. What kinds of pitch spaces? Pitch, or pitch-class, or merely contour? Is I mirror inversion or pitch-class inversion? Is RI a more complex operation than I or R alone? What about transposition's interaction with the P, I, R, RI group? And so forth.The lack of clarity, which is actuallymore equivocal than I've mentioned (because there isno acknowledgment of the different conceptions of intervals between...

The organizational implications of the role NHS Service Managers played in the quality process in the mid-1990s.

It is the intention of this paper to highlight the problems associated with the organizational implications of the role NHS Service Managers (SMs) played in the quality process of the mid-1990s. To provide quality care all staff must be committed and involved, in this study it appeared that few SMs played a part in the process. Semistructured taped interviews were conducted with 33 SMs and three Chief Executives in seven Trusts. As part of a study they were asked the role SMs played in quality in their clinical directorate. The data was transcribed and analysed in a content-analysis approach. Quality of care was not the SMs' primary objective. The role played by SMs was dependent on their background, experience and the organization in which they worked. Most Trusts' quality-control strategy was not standardized, co-ordinated or integrated, nor was the audit process regulated. For most, quality was seen as synonymous with professions, managers from a non-professional background found the monitoring of the quality of performance inherently difficult. Only one Trust (the most successful) appeared to undertake organizational learning, influenced by the philosophy of the Chief Executive.

A profile of patients attending sports medicine clinics

Objectives—To describe the sociodemographic profile of sports injury patients who attend sports medicine clinics for treatment and to describe their reasons for choosing to attend such clinics.Method—Data were collected as...