Non-player Characters Research Articles

TEL Pedagogies: Gamification – Grammar Guru

The Centre for English Communication (CEC) developed and launched Grammar Guru (GG), a browser-based game application, as part of Singapore Management University’s (SMU) TEL initiative in 2023. GG is used as part of CEC’s blended learning resources, which complements our core curriculum module for undergraduates, Writing & Reasoning (WR). GG is an upgraded iteration of Power Grammar 1.0, a basic grammar game developed by students several years ago. GG is an effective TEL tool for teaching grammar as it uses gamification to make learning engaging and caters to the needs of learners with different language proficiency levels. GG improves student engagement through gamification. Gamification is the application of game design, techniques and elements in non-game contexts and activities (Deterding et al., 2011, p. 1). Research shows gamification is highly effective in increasing student engagement, attention, motivation, creativity, digital literacy and performance level (Barua & Bharali, 2023; Fernandez-Antolin et al. 2021; Skritsovali, 2023). GG includes elements such as points, leaderboards, hints, and non-playable characters (NPC) to teach grammar in a professional, corporate context. By contextualizing grammatical and linguistic forms in sentences and paragraphs, GG helps students achieve greater competence and fluency in their English language abilities. The gamification elements make learning more interactive and enjoyable which improves students’ knowledge retention and application. A primary quantitative study conducted by CEC established that “the positive correlation observed suggests that the higher level a student played, the higher the student’s English language proficiency”. CEC is currently conducting a qualitative study to gather students’ feedback. GG also addresses the requirements of learners with diverse language proficiency levels by varying the difficulty of questions. These questions include sentence and text correction, matching, re-arrangement, true/false, fill-in-the-blanks and multiple-choice questions. Players work their way through eight levels that comprises Junior and Senior Intern, Junior and Senior Management Trainee, Junior and Senior Middle Management and Junior and Senior Director. Perez (2020) and Langendah (2016) highlight how certain game elements such as storytelling, challenges, progression, and feedback can boost student drive and learning. The gamification elements in GG have a similar effect, motivating learners of different proficiency levels. GG’s interface is designed to be simple and intuitive. Regardless of students’ socioeconomic background or gaming aptitude, they would be able to navigate it effectively. One challenge GG faces is striking a balance between entertainment and education. Limited game development funds result in limited game design features and less engaging gameplay for students, especially in comparison to commercial games with substantial budgets that offer high entertainment value through advanced graphics and intricate storylines. Furthermore, as CEC instructors are not game design experts, we have limited knowledge that restricts our capacity in designing and maintaining GG. Currently, CEC outsources game design and maintenance to a third parties. This results in instructors not being able to directly make changes to the game questions and content. Moreover, the process of retrieving relevant data for analysis is tedious and time consuming. Despite these constraints, thoughtful and strategic approaches can create valuable TEL resources that improve student learning.

New immersive alcohol marketing and commerce in metaverse environments.

The study aims are to: (i) explore methods for identifying alcohol company marketing in metaverses; (ii) identify current types of alcohol marketing in metaverses; and (iii) identify dominant portrayals and meanings of alcohol marketing in these settings. Our design was exploratory, employing various approaches to identify alcohol company marketing across multiple metaverses. In stage one, we systematically navigated through metaverses as an avatar, documenting and coding all instances of alcohol company marketing. In stage two, the research team collaboratively explored and discussed excerpts of this marketing. The team thematically analysed the transcribed discussion, identifying key meanings and interpretations of immersive and interactive alcohol marketing. Stage one: alcohol company marketing was identified in two metaverses, Decentraland and Sandbox. Within those metaverses were five alcohol company marketing experiences: Heineken Silver, Jose Cuervo Tequila, Wisher Vodka, San Matias Tequila, and Mason Martell Cognac. Marketing strategies included immersive commerce, virtual drinking, immersive branding, immersive engagement, gaming, non-fungible tokens (digital assets), education, non-player characters promoting brands and virtual event-based marketing. Stage two: themes identified were: (i) immersive branding, representing continued exposure to brands that were both foregrounded and on the edge of users' awareness; (ii) immersive engagement, including alcohol-related gaming, quests, and alcohol production; (iii) avatars simulating drinking behaviour (virtual drinking); and (iv) immersive commerce representing how metaverse alcohol marketing may drive alcohol transactions. Alcohol companies are using novel immersive marketing techniques in metaverses. The impact on the experiences and drinking behaviours of users are unknown and require investigation.

Coordination of NPCs in multi-agent systems based on behavior trees

Abstract. This paper addresses the design and coordination challenges of controlling non-player characters' (NPCs) behaviors in multi-agent systems (MAS) using behavior trees (BTs), which are preferred over finite state machines (FSMs) due to their hierarchical structure and ease of maintenance. While BTs effectively resolve the question of "What to do next?" for individual NPCs, their application in MAS, particularly with the integration of a blackboard system for central control, reveals limitations in efficiency, robustness, and heuristic capacity as system complexity increases. To explore solutions to these challenges, this study analyzes various algorithms that enhance the functionality of behavior trees within MAS. The research focuses on three primary areas: the optimization of behavior trees, the development of behavior tree search algorithms, and the improvement of communication algorithms within BTs. Methods involve a comparative analysis of existing and new algorithmic approaches to identify and address inefficiencies in NPC coordination. The findings indicate that advanced behavior tree configurations, when combined with innovative search and communication strategies, significantly improve the coordination, robustness, and operational efficiency of MAS. These enhancements allow for more dynamic and responsive NPC interactions in complex gaming environments.

Nice day to go fishing

This article analyzes the representation of repetition in Viva la Dirt League’s online fantasy television series Epic NPC Man. The show is a parodic depiction of a fictional multiplayer fantasy computer game in which a variety of non-player characters (NPCs) exhibit varying degrees of self-awareness. The very concept of the show entails an underlying formal reliance upon strategies of reproduction, with the series providing live-action reenactment of various conventional situations from video games. But repetition also appears within the show as an explicit theme, with the characters defined by and in tension with the repetitive dialogue and routines of the game. This article argues that the significance of repetition in Epic NPC Man is defined by its relationship to the show’s broader investment in thematizing the escapist properties of fantasy. At one level, repetition emerges as a limit point, the moment at which fantasy breaks down. But the show also asserts repetition’s imaginative potential, situating it in opposition to a ludic, instrumental conception of gaming. The resulting image of fantasy gaming constructs the genre as both liberatory and surprisingly fragile, threatened both by the limitations of technology and by the actions of the players themselves.

Mr. Tumbles’ Maya and the Multiplicity of Personas: Leveraging Illusion and Reality in Educational Game Design for SEN Language Learners

Educational research for Special Educational Needs (SEN) students has increasingly recognised the necessity for tailored approaches that accommodate diverse learning needs. Despite advancements, there remains a significant gap in the development of digital interventions, particularly video games, that cater to the language acquisition and communicative needs of SEN learners. This study explores how psychological paradigms from the popular children's television show ‘Mr. Tumble’ (made specifically for children with special educational needs) can inform the creation of language learning video games. By analysing the use of ‘Makaton’ a multimodal communication tool that combines signs, symbols, and speech the study highlights the potential of integrating similar techniques into game design to enhance accessibility and engagement for SEN learners. The philosophical understanding of Maya, which emphasises the illusory nature of multiplicity, serves as a theoretical framework to understand how a single character can embody multiple roles within a game, providing a consistent yet diverse learning experience. This approach not only aids in language comprehension but also fosters emotional and social development through relatable Non-Player Characters (NPCs) designed to interact meaningfully with learners. The study posits that incorporating these elements can create immersive, emotionally resonant educational experiences and the development of parasocial relationship between the learner and the digital intervention, that better meet the needs of SEN students, ultimately leading to more inclusive and effective language learning environments. Children simultaneously navigate multiple roles and perspectives, each reflecting a different aspect of reality in make-believe play. The critical importance of integrating this cognitive theoretical framework similar to that into the design of NPCs in educational video games is highlighted in this research. The paper argues that the paradigms of ‘multiplicity of mirrors’, when effectively incorporated into NPC design, can reflect different aspects of language, culture, and social interaction, offering learners a more immersive and multifaceted learning experience.

Press A or Wave: User Expectations for NPC Interactions and Nonverbal Behaviour in Virtual Reality

Non-playable characters (NPCs) are important in games, as they can provide guidance to the player, create social engagement, and advance the game's narrative. Although much research exists regarding NPC interactions for traditional gaming environments, e.g. desktop or console, fewer works have considered this from a virtual reality (VR) perspective. Our work first uncovers the salient and unique dimensions of VR NPC interactions through observations of 47 existing games. We find that VR NPC interactions have an extended set of interaction mechanisms due to two key factors - interaction triggers and player constraints within the game, driven by the unique qualities of physical motion and immersion afforded by the medium. We augment these findings through a user study performed on 18 participants in a VR environment. Participant interactions with a responsive NPC allow us to delve deeper into understanding player perception and expectations of NPC behaviour and interactions. Our findings outline player expectations for NPC realism, player agency during NPC interaction, and NPC expected behaviour and feedback. We tie our findings into discussions on player agency within VR, highlighting design suggestions to develop NPCs to better fit within social behaviour expectations.

Impacto de los videojuegos narrativos en la percepción del patrimonio cultural: un análisis cualitativo de Assassin's Creed en estudiantes universitarios

Research on the interaction of students with educational video games that integrate elements of cultural heritage remains limited. Generally, studies focus on the mediation of educators in this interaction or on the direct analysis of the games. This has created a gap in our understanding of the meanings that students develop on their own while playing these video games. This study, based on qualitative interviews, examines the video game franchise Assassin's Creed, which recreates various historical periods and cultures through detailed narratives and settings. Participants indicated that the game offered them an immersive perspective on cultural heritage, different from the traditional educational experience in classrooms. They expressed a personal connection with non-playable characters (NPCs) and gained a more detailed and realistic understanding of the diverse perspectives in these natural, cultural, and social environments. Furthermore, they were willing to let their perceptions of cultural heritage be shaped by the game and reflected on the ethical and social implications of heritage representation in digital media. However, they showed a tendency to overlook opportunities for a more critical and in-depth analysis of these digital experiences. This highlights the need to explore strategies to foster a critical approach in the study of gaming experiences and underscores the importance of strengthening the human connection with heritage in heritage education.

AI-Driven Traffic Simulation using Unity: Implementing Finite State Machines for Adaptive NPC Behaviour

This research develops an AI-powered traffic simulation using the Unity Engine, leveraging finite state machines (FSM) to enable adaptive and responsive non-player characters (NPCs). The integration of FSM with advanced pathfinding algorithms, such as A*, allows NPCs to dynamically adjust their behavior based on traffic conditions, obstacles, and environmental changes. The experimental results indicate a 25% improvement in route optimization and a 30% reduction in path conflicts compared to conventional static models, demonstrating the robustness of the proposed approach. Optimized navmesh deployment further enhances navigation fluidity, ensuring efficient agent movement in high-density scenarios without compromising system performance. The findings establish the effectiveness of the FSM-driven NPC behavior in simulating realistic traffic environments, contributing both to the advancement of AI applications in game development and urban planning. By providing an interactive platform for traffic management, this simulation offers a practical tool to study congestion patterns and test intervention strategies. In addition, it improves player engagement by fostering emergent gameplay through dynamic NPC interactions. Future work could explore the integration of real-time procedural generation or multiplayer functionality to enrich simulation depth and scalability. This study provides a comprehensive framework that bridges AI-based mechanics with simulation technology, providing significant insights for researchers and practitioners in game design, artificial intelligence, and urban planning.

Modeling and analyzing Social Networks of Games

Digital games are dynamic environments where the players interact with the games and, commonly, also with other players. The interactions generate many types of relationships, such as to be friends or to share games with other players, and to buy, play or like the games. These relationships can be seen as a social network; in this context, a Social Network of Games (SNG). During gameplay, the player produces a vast amount of data continuously, including data that represents his/her experiences, preferences, and even behavioral patterns. These data can be used to understand the players’ preferences, which is known in the literature as Player Modeling, and also to improve the attractiveness of new games. However, both tasks require analyzing a vast amount of data that cannot be done manually; it must be performed by algorithms of a research area known as Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD). It is possible to employ KDD techniques in the data of an SNG to model the players, as well as to identify intrinsic features of the games. In our work, we explore a real SNG using a novel KDD technique aimed at identifying common features among popular games, which may represent why the games are popular. To this end, it is necessary to analyze games developed by non-influencer makers, because influencers may receive biased attention that is not necessarily motivated by the quality of their games. Therefore, we first focus on detecting the game influencers to filter their games out; empirical experiments show that a novel approach we developed detects influencers with high accuracy in an automatic manner, even when using data from distinct nationalities for training and testing. Then, we perform a detailed analysis of the features of the games, searching for combinations of objects that occur in the popular games developed by non-influencer makers, where each object can be either a game item or a non-player character, so to support game designers in the elaboration process of new games. This case study introduces a new pattern of design for Platform Games. Additionally, we present an extensive analysis of object combinations that commonly occur in popular games. All experiments were performed on real-world players and games from the worldwide well-known platform of video games Super Mario Maker (Nintendo, Kyoto, Japan).

Enhancing Non-Player Characters in Unity 3D using GPT-3.5

This case study presents a comprehensive integration process of OpenAI's GPT-3.5 large language model into Unity 3D to enhance non-player characters (NPCs) in video games and interactive applications. The study aims to develop an architecture and open source software framework that enables NPCs to engage in dynamic real-time interactions with players and other characters. The background and motivation for the study are provided, highlighting the existing limitations of traditional NPC programming and the potential of advanced natural language models such as GPT-3.5 to overcome these limitations. The methodology section outlines the step-by-step process, covering framework design and preparation, core architecture development, humanoid avatar integration and animation, and important feature extensions. The progression of framework design and implementation is described, emphasizing key architectural concepts, design patterns, and essential classes and interfaces. The results of the case study are discussed, focusing on the valuable insights gained and the implications for future advancements. Lessons learned from the integration process are shared, along with suggestions for potential improvements and directions for future research. This case study provides a practical resource for game developers and researchers interested in leveraging advanced natural language processing capabilities to create more immersive and interactive NPC experiences in Unity 3D environments.

Gaming with Etiquette: Exploring Courtesy as a Game Mechanic in Speech-Based Games

As the gaming industry advances, it seeks increased immersion. Concurrently, recent advancements in speech recognition substantially enhanced its accuracy, creating opportunities for speech-based interactions in gameplay. Integrating speech into single-player games with non-player characters (NPCs) introduces a new social dimension. Yet, like toxicity in social media and multiplayer games, anti-social behavior can infiltrate NPC interactions, generating a toxic gaming atmosphere. We designed a speech-based game called “A Day at the Office” and conducted a within-subject study with 26 participants to explore player interactions with NPCs possessing different human qualities. Furthermore, we introduced courtesy-based game mechanics, where NPCs react to players’ choice of words and loudness, investigating player experiences. Results revealed that participants spoke differently with NPCs based on their human qualities, such as gender and hierarchical roles. Moreover, the courtesy-based interactions fostered greater cognitive engagement, suggesting that tactful interactions contribute to enhanced immersion and presence in the game.

New Metaverse Games Based on Artificial Intelligence: A Review

The current review conveys Metaverse integration with AI-based gaming exploring the advancements in Metaverse games and its potential in growing self-learning AI in the latest years for the readers. Using state-of-the-art deep learning techniques, it aimed to pinpoint its advancements, issues, and suggested solutions. For the current review, 18 papers were used that appeared in peer-reviewed publications and were searchable on Google Scholar within the last five years (2020–2024). To analyse the collected data, thematic analysis was employed. The article delves into the various ways the Meta-Metaverse might be used in the gaming industry. It highlights how it can enhance character creation, game design, level design, and visual effects, among other areas. The entertainment industry’s usage of AI in game production encompasses a wide range of methods, such as CVEs, deep learning, and intrinsic curiosity-driven variation autoencoders.). The Metaverse, a dynamic platform, uses ML/DL algorithms for classification, clustering, and regression, while pre-trained AI models can achieve great responses quickly. These technologies streamline the gaming world and create interactive platforms for various applications. Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is proposed as a dynamic solution to balance the stability of the game world, the intelligence of non-player characters, and the sustainability of the Metaverse environment.

Penerapan Finite State Machine dalam Perancangan Perilaku Musuh pada Game 2D Platformer bertema Sejarah

Understanding of history decreases with each generation, especially among the younger generation. This happens because the delivery media used is considered less attractive. Games are considered to be an interesting educational medium to increase understanding of history in Indonesia. This research takes the theme of the history of the Islamic Mataram Kingdom. To make an educational game that is interesting and not boring, there are several things you need to pay attention to, such as the behavior of Non-Playable Characters (NPC). Dynamic enemy NPC behavior can provide players with an interactive gaming experience, making the game feel more interesting and not boring. In this research, the game created is an Action Platformer type with a method approach using Finite State Machine (FSM) to shape behavior in NPCs. The parameters used as input are the enemy's health points and the distance between the enemy and the player. The test results in this research show that the enemy's behavior patterns change according to the conditions received by the enemy NPC. These results show that the behavior of enemy NPCs in the Islamic Mataram Kingdom game "Glory of Matawis" has dynamic and interactive behavior with variations in behavioral patterns that can change according to conditions.

Comparative Analysis of SAAS Model and NPC Integration for Enhancing VR Shopping Experiences

This article examines the incorporation of the Shopping Assistance Automatic Suggestion (SAAS) model into Virtual Reality (VR) environments in order to improve the online shopping experience. The SAAS model employs sophisticated deep learning methods to offer customized product recommendations, which are conveyed by non-player characters (NPCs) via voice-based interactions. Our goal is to develop an interactive shopping experience that replicates real-life interactions by integrating AI-powered recommendations with immersive VR technology. We gather and standardize data from several open commerce databases, such as Amazon Product and Customer Reviews. The SAAS model, in conjunction with GPT-3, BERT, and T5, undergoes training and testing to evaluate its effectiveness across multiple criteria. The results demonstrate that the SAAS model surpasses other models in delivering contextually aware and pertinent recommendations. The integration process outlines the specific steps involved in capturing, processing, and transforming user interactions in virtual reality (VR) into vocal suggestions provided by non-player characters (NPCs). This strategy improves customization and utilizes the immersive features of virtual reality to effectively engage people. The results of our research establish a higher standard for e-commerce, with the goal of enhancing the user experience of online purchasing by making it more instinctive, engaging, and pleasurable.

Fostering Design Thinking mindset for university students with NPCs in the metaverse

This study investigates the efficacy of Non-Player Characters (NPCs) in the metaverse as a tool for enhancing the design thinking mindset of university students. Utilizing a controlled experimental design, we compared the design thinking competencies of two student groups: those who interacted with NPCs in the metaverse and those who did not. Over design thinking mindset questionnaire and four assignments, we measured dimensions of design thinking, including Human centeredness, Empathy, Mindfulness and awareness of process, Holistic view; Problem reframing; Team Working; Multi-/inter-/cross-disciplinary collaborative teams, Open to different perspectives/diversity, using a t-test for statistical significance. The findings reveal that NPCs significantly foster the development of Empathy, Problem reframing, and Open to different perspectives/diversity skills, which are essential to design thinking. In contrast, no significant effect was observed in the areas of human-centeredness, process awareness, team working, and collaboration in diverse disciplines. The use of NPCs was particularly impactful in complex tasks, as evidenced by the increasing effectiveness observed in later assignments. The results underscore the selective benefits of NPCs in metaverse learning environments, suggesting that their integration should be strategically targeted to enhance specific design thinking skills. The study suggests a potential for NPCs to play a significant role in long-term learning strategies, where a step-by-step skill acquisition could culminate in advanced design thinking tasks. These insights pave the way for educators to develop nuanced curricula that leverage the strengths of NPCs and for further research to optimize their use in educational metaverse platforms.

XR4ED: An Extended Reality Platform for Education.

Recent developments in extended reality (XR) are already demonstrating the benefits of this technology in the educational sector. Unfortunately, educators may not be familiar with XR technology and may find it difficult to adopt this technology in their classrooms. This article presents the overall architecture and objectives of an EU-funded project dedicated to XR for education, called Extended Reality for Education (XR4ED). The goal of the project is to provide a platform, where educators will be able to build XR teaching experiences without the need to have programming or 3-D modeling expertise. The platform will provide the users with a marketplace to obtain, for example, 3-D models, avatars, and scenarios; graphical user interfaces to author new teaching environments; and communication channels to allow for collaborative virtual reality (VR). This article describes the platform and focuses on a key aspect of collaborative and social XR, which is the use of avatars. We show initial results on a) a marketplace which is used for populating educational content into XR environments, b) an intelligent augmented reality assistant that communicates between nonplayer characters and learners, and c) self-avatars providing nonverbal communication in collaborative VR.

The effect of in-game moral choices and NPCs’ identities on players’ intergroup attitudes

Extant literature suggested that committing immoral actions in video games may elicit feelings of guilt and encourage prosocial outcomes. However, there is a dearth of research that examined how decision-making involving various moral foundations in video games can influence players' intergroup perceptions. Therefore, this study examined how players’ in-game decisions with respect to the six moral foundations and interactions with different non-player characters’ (NPCs’) identities influenced their attitudes toward outgroup foreign immigrants. A 2 (video game scenarios: moral choices vs. non-moral choices) by 3 (NPCs’ nationality: all citizens vs. citizens and foreigners vs. all foreigners) experiment was conducted (N = 300). There was no main interaction effect across conditions. Participants who interacted with only citizen NPCs reported significantly more positive post-game attitudes toward immigrants than those who interacted with both citizen and foreigner characters. Participants who violated the care/harm, ingroup/loyalty, and liberty/oppression foundations experienced higher levels of guilt, but this had no impact on their immigrant attitudes. However, those who violated the fairness/reciprocity and liberty/oppression foundations reported poorer intergroup attitudes. Implications of the findings are discussed.

The Proteus effect in Fallout: New Vegas: Investigating gender-conforming behaviours in videogames

Avatars are often a key component of many videogames, and users can frequently develop relationships with these virtual characters that can impact their gameplay behaviour. The purpose of the present study was to explore the Proteus effect (PE) and the impact that avatar gender can have on an individual’s gameplay experience in Fallout: New Vegas, a videogame environment that has not been present in any previous PE research. A total of 353 participants were recruited using an online survey measuring three previously unexplored gameplay behaviours, comprising (i) number of quests completed, (ii) number of locations discovered, and (iii) number of non-player characters (NPCs) or enemies killed. The results of the present study indicated that players controlling an avatar of the same gender to their physical selves demonstrated a significantly greater performance across the variables of quest completion and location discovery than players controlling an avatar of a different gender. Furthermore, a newly identified potential PE consequence was found in terms of the number of NPCs or enemies killed, with players controlling a female avatar achieving a significantly higher score on this measure irrespective of the physical world gender of the user.

Creating NFT-backed emoji art from user conversations on blockchain

In metaverse, digital assets are essential to define identity, shape the virtual environment, and facilitate economic transactions. This study introduces a novel feature to the metaverse by capturing a fundamental aspect of individuals–their conversations–and transforming them into digital assets. It utilizes natural language processing and machine learning methods to extract a key sentence from user conversations and matches them with emojis that reflect their sentiments. The selected sentence, which encapsulates the essence of the user’s statements, is then transformed into digital art through a generative visual model. This digital artwork is transformed into a non-Fungible Token (NFT), becoming a valuable digital asset within the blockchain ecosystem that is ideal for integration into metaverse applications. Our aim is that the management of personality traits as digital assets will foster individual uniqueness, enrich user experiences, and facilitate more personalized services and interactions with both like-minded users and non-player characters, thereby enhancing the overall user journey.

CSS for CVR: A Reciprocal Velocity Obstacle-Based Crowd Simulation System for Non-Playable Character Movement of Campus Virtual Reality

Along with the development of multimedia technology, an overview of the campus environment for prospective new visitors can be visualized through a 3D virtual environment based on virtual reality. A crowd simulation system is needed to provide an overview of the crowds in campus virtual reality (CVR). The simulation helps make it easier for individuals to predict crowds in certain areas virtually. In this study, we propose using the Reciprocal Velocity Obstacle (RVO) method to support the simulation of Non-Playable Character (NPC) crowds in a visualized virtual environment. RVO implements multi-agent navigation by estimating the possibility of moving without communication between agents and being able to perform collision avoidance. The use of RVO in this study aims to contribute to the collision detection development process for each NPC. The application of RVO is carried out in the development of virtual reality by using Unity3D and Blender asset support tools. The results of this study indicate that the RVO method can be applied in multi-agent navigation. These results were confirmed by the success of the NPC as a simulation agent in selecting routes and independently navigating to avoid collisions between agents without the need for communication. In every simulation, collisions will occur within a set of agents due to high density, which causes complex computations. The development of CSS can help every CVR user experience a virtual environment. In addition, each user can experience a more natural experience with the presence of 3D objects and virtual reality with RVO-based CSS. Furthermore, this research material is expected to be developed from various perspectives and themes related to crowd simulation for games and other simulation media.