Non-parametric Statistical Tests Research Articles

Effects of composition and structure variables of urban trees in the reduction of heat islands; case study, Temuco city, Chile

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is a growing problem that has a critical impact on human thermal comfort and public health. Some strategies to reduce the UHI effect are increasing the amount of urban forest. This research aims at assessing the effect of the composition and structure of urban trees, as part of cities's Green Infrastructure (GI), on the UHI phenomenon in the south of Chile. Linear regression analysis and non-parametrical statistical tests were used to assess the relationship. Micro-level features analysis demonstrates that shape and quality of trees have significant effect on temperature oscillations (p-value = 0.003 and 0.072, respectively). Better quality and larger area of canopy favour the refrigeration process. Besides, there are differences between native and introduced tree species behaviour, but they do not result significant. Composition and structure variables of the GI are relevant for dealing with the UHI phenomenon. Then, a proper management of the urban GI would ensure better and more sustainable planning of cities.

Burnout syndrome in nursing residents in COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: The incidence of Burnout Syndrome (BS) among nurses is higher. For this group, nursing residents undergo periodic assessments regarding compliance with the care workload in closed sectors, such as Intensive Care and Emergency Care, that put them at higher risk for the syndrome. Objective: Identify the prevalence and related factors for BS in nursing residents. Material and Methods: Quantitative, analytical, cross-sectional study with 106 nurses enrolled in the Residency program in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, based on the following instruments: Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey Scale and an occupational sociodemographic questionnaire. Non-parametric statistical tests for independent samples were applied and Mann-Whitney test 15 was used for quantitative variables. Results: The results show that variable changes in relationships indicates stage 4 of the BS when compared to the other stages. For the other variables, there were no statistically significant differences. Discussion: Studies reveal that work-family balance is closely related to how job satisfaction is affected and mitigates the negative effects of BS. Conclusions: Consequences on relation patterns are among the most affected symptoms in the lives of nursing residents. This study is expected to contribute to raising awareness of the problem in question and to improve the quality of work life of resident nurses, detecting and preventing their illness.

Sirtuin1, not NAMPT, possesses anti-inflammatory effects in epicardial, pericardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue in patients with CHD

BackgroundInflammation in cardiac adipose tissue (AT) is associated with atherosclerosis. We investigated whether the epicardial-, pericardial and pre-sternal subcutaneous AT (EAT, PAT and SAT) expression of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) are involved in the inflammatory process in coronary heart disease (CHD), and potentially associated to nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-related markers, macrophage polarization markers, cell markers and the cardiometabolic profile.MethodsIn this cohort study performed between 2016 and 2018, EAT, PAT and SAT biopsies were retrieved from 52 CHD patients (77% men, median age 67) undergoing open-chest coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and 22 patients (50% men, median age 69) undergoing aortic valve replacement serving as controls. AT samples were snap-frozen at – 80 °C until RNA extraction and AT expression of actual markers, relatively quantified by PCR. Circulating SIRT1 and NAMPT were measured with Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Non-parametric statistical tests were mainly used, including Friedman’s test coupled to Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman Correlation.ResultsSIRT1 and NAMPT levels were similar in CHD and controls. In CHD, SIRT1 and NAMPT were inter-correlated in all AT compartments (r = 0.37–0.56, p < 0.01, all), and differently expressed between compartments, with the highest expression in SAT, significantly different from EAT (p < 0.01, both). Circulating SIRT1 and NAMPT levels were inversely associated (r = − 0.32, p = 0.024). In EAT and SAT, SIRT1 expression was inversely associated with IL-18 (r = − 0.43 and r = − 0.38, p < 0.01, both), whereas NAMPT expression was positively associated with the NLRP3 inflammasome-related markers in all compartments (r = 0.37–0.55, p < 0.01, all). While SIRT1 and NAMPT correlated to nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), especially in SAT (r = 0.50–0.52, p ≤ 0.01, both), SIRT1 expression was related to endothelial cells, and NAMPT to macrophages. SIRT1 levels were correlated to weight and waist (r = 0.32 and r = 0.38, p < 0.03, both) and inversely to triglycerides and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (r = − 0.33–− 0.37, p < 0.03, all), the latter positively correlated to NAMPT concentration (r = 0.39, p = 0.010).ConclusionThe study indicates that targeting SIRT1, with its anti-inflammatory properties, may be a novel anti-inflammatory strategy in preventing atherosclerosis and CHD progression. NAMPT may be an early player in AT inflammation, mediating/reflecting a pro-inflammatory state.Trial Registration: Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT02760914, registered the 5th of February 2016, http://clinicaltrials.gov/NCT02760914Graphical

Impact of class imbalance ratio on ensemble methods for imbalance problem: A new perspective

Class imbalance problem (CIP) exists when the class distribution is not uniform. Many real-world scenarios face CIP which attracted the researcher’s attention to this problem. Training machine learning (ML) models with class imbalanced datasets is a challenging problem. Ensemble methods in ML involve training multiple classifiers, combining or averaging their predictions to come to a final prediction. Specifically designed ensemble-based methods can overcome the difficulty faced by traditional classifiers and can handle the CIP. The performance of 19 ensemble methods for 44 unbalanced datasets is assessed in this paper in order to observe the effects of the class imbalance ratio (CIR). For performance evaluation, we divide these datasets into three categories, i.e., Slightly Imbalance (SI), Moderately Imbalance (MI) and Highly Imbalance (HI) based on CIR. With the proposed perspective, we observe that different ensemble methods perform well in different categories suggesting that the percentage of minority or majority class could be a criterion for the selection of ensemble methods for class imbalance datasets. Moreover, visual representations and different non-parametric statistical tests are also used to have more reliable results.

Differences in Lay Up Ability of Boys and Girls of Lower Class Elementary School Students

Studi purpose. This study aims to determine the ability of elementary school students, especially the lower classes, to do layups Materials and methods. The sample is 117 elementary school students, 52 boys, and 65 girls. The layup ability test is carried out by giving five opportunities to students. Admission is scored one, and non-entry is scored 0. Descriptive and non-parametric analysis is used to explain the data that has been collected. Results. The results showed little difference in the skill of laying up between boys and girls of low-grade elementary school students. This can be seen from the average layup ability and standard deviation values , which are not much different. This similarity is even more convincing when a non-parametric statistical test is carried out, which gives a significant count of 0.165 Conclusion. This concludes that there is no difference between boys and girls in the ability to do the lay up

Comparative study of video recordings of non-medical devices in laparoscopic surgery: a cross-sectional study.

Laparoscopic surgery is the approach of choice for multiple procedures, being laparoscopic cholecystectomy one of the most frequently performed surgeries. Likewise, video recording of these surgeries has become widespread. Currently, the market offers medical recording devices (MRD) with an approximate cost of 2000 USD, and alternative non-medical recording devices (NMRD) with a cost ranging from 120 to 200 USD. To our knowledge, no comparative studies between the available recording devices have been done. We aim to compare the perception of the quality of videos recorded by MRD and NMRD in a group of surgeons and surgical residents. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey to compare recordings from three NMRDs (Elgato 30fps, AverMedia 60fps, Hauppauge 30fps) and one MRD (MediCap 20fps) during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The survey assessed: definition of anatomical structures (DA), fluidity of movements (FM), similarity with the operating room screen (ORsim), and overall quality (OQ). Descriptive and nonparametric analytical statistics tests were applied. Results were analyzed using JMP-15 software. Forty surveys were collected (80% surgeons, 20% residents). NMRDs scored significantly higher than MRD in DA (p = 0.003), FM (p < 0.001), ORsim (p < 0.001), and OQ (p < 0.001). One NMRD was chosen as the highest quality device (70%), and MRD as the poorest (78%). No significant differences were found when analyzing by surgical experience. In terms of recording laparoscopic procedures, non-medical video recording devices (NMRDs) outperformed medical-grade recording device (MRD) with a higher overall score. This suggests that NMRDs could serve as a cost-effective alternative with superior video quality for recording laparoscopic surgeries.

Implementing depression care in under-resourced communities: a school-based family resilience skill-building pilot randomized controlled trial in the United States.

Youth in under-resourced communities are more likely to have greater social risk factors for mental health needs yet have less access to needed care. School-based mental health services are effective in treating common disorders such as adolescent depression; however, few have a family-centered approach, which may especially benefit specific populations. Utilizing a community-partnered approach, we adapted an established, trauma-informed, resilience skill-building family intervention for adolescents with depression. We conducted a small randomized controlled feasibility pilot of an adapted intervention in a large school district that serves predominately low-income, Latinx students in the Southwest United States between 2014-2017. Youth between the ages of 12-18 years old with a Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) score of 10 or higher, who spoke English or Spanish, were recruited from 12 school mental health clinics. Twenty-five eligible adolescents with depression and their participating caregivers were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either the adapted intervention, Families OverComing Under Stress for Families with Adolescent Depression (FOCUS-AD), or usual care, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) only. Most of the sample was Latinx and female. We evaluated feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness. Among participants who completed standardized assessments administered at baseline and approximately five months post-randomization (n = 10 FOCUS-AD, n = 11 CBT only), effectiveness was explored by identifying significant changes over time in adolescent mental health within the FOCUS-AD and CBT only groups and comparing the magnitude of these changes between groups. Nonparametric statistical tests were used. We found the FOCUS-AD intervention to be feasible and acceptable; participant retention was high. Adolescent symptoms of depression (measured by the PHQ-8) improved significantly from baseline to follow-up for youth in both FOCUS-AD (median decrease [MD] = 10, p = 0.02) and control (MD = 6, p = 0.01) groups, with no significant difference across the two groups. Results were similar for symptoms of PTSD (measured by the Child PTSD Symptom Scale; FOCUS-AD MD = 12.5, p = 0.01; CBT only MD = 7, p = 0.04; no significant difference between groups). Family-centered approaches to depression treatment among adolescents living in under-resourced communities may lead to improved mental health, although further research is warranted.

Assessing the Impact of 20 mph Speed Limits on Vehicle Speeds in Rural Areas: The Case of the Scottish Borders

This paper aims at delivering new empirical evidence as to the effectiveness of 20 mph speed limits in rural areas. For this purpose, speed and traffic data were drawn from the area of the Scottish Borders, UK, where the local Council led the rollout of a 20 mph speed limit trial in 97 villages and towns from October 2020. This intervention is considered as one of the first of its kind in the UK and overseas, as it was carried out on a large scale, in predominantly rural areas. To evaluate the impact of the 20 mph speed limit on vehicle speeds, we conducted a “before–after” quantitative analysis using traffic and speed data collected in different waves before and after the intervention. The descriptive analysis showed that both mean and 85th percentile speeds reduced directly after the introduction of the 20 mph speed limit (by 3.1 mph and 3.2 mph, respectively), and that such speed reductions were largely maintained even up to eight months after the onset of the intervention. The largest speed reductions were observed in locations with high-speed patterns before the intervention, and especially in those having mean speeds greater than 25 mph before the intervention. Both non-parametric and parametric statistical tests, which were conducted using approximately five million speed observations, showed that the observed speed changes were statistically significant for the vast majority of cases. Linear regression models were also estimated confirming the significant impact of the 20 mph limit on vehicle speeds, while controlling for the influence of traffic volume. Overall, the findings of this study will likely assist in filling an evidence gap regarding the effectiveness of 20 mph speed limits in rural settlements. They can also provide encouragement to those local authorities in the UK and abroad that are currently actively examining the possibility of setting the 20 mph as the default limit in built-up areas.

Pengaruh Teknik Kontrak Perilaku terhadap Perilaku Menyontek Siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Luhak Nan Duo Kabupaten Pasaman Barat

Cheating behavior is any act or trick that is dishonest, dishonest behavior and cheating carried out by someone to achieve success. This research was motivated by the existence of several students who were indicated to have cheated during exams or learning evaluations. The aim of the research is to determine the effect of behavioral contracts in individual counseling to overcome students' cheating behavior at SMPN 1 Luhak Nan Duo, West Pasaman Regency. This research is classified as Pre-Experimental research using the One Group Pretest Posttest Design model. The population was 38 students in class VIII at SMPN 1 Luhak Nan Duo, West Pasaman Regency, while the research sample was students who were indicated to have cheated, taken based on purposive sampling techniques and pretest results, totaling 5 people. The data collection instrument is a Likert scale. Data analysis techniques for non-parametric statistical tests, the Wilcoxon signed rank test method, with the help of (SPSS) version 24.00. From the calculation of the scale score results, the results of students' cheating behavior before treatment (pretest) obtained a mean of 79.00, this is classified as medium criteria. Meanwhile, after treatment (posttest), the mean was 65.80, which is classified as low criteria. The calculation results show the difference between the pretest score and the posttest score. This statement is based on a Zcount value of 2.023, while a Ztable with a degree of freedom (df) of 4 is obtained at 1.96 at a significance level of 0.05. So it can be seen that the value of Zcount&gt; Ztabel is 2.023 &gt; 1.96, so there is a difference in the average test score between before treatment was given to students who committed acts of cheating and after treatment was given to students who committed acts of cheating so that Ho was rejected and H1 was accepted.

Analysis of Geometry Verification of X, Y, Z Correction Values with Megavoltage Computed Tomography Using Lower Extremity Positioning System in Prostate Cancer

The immobilization tool is used to minimize the movement caused while doing irradiation, one of the immobilization tools is the Lower Extremity Positioning System (LEPS) which is used to minimize movement in the Pelvis area. This research was conducted at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Central General Hospital. The type of this research is analytics quantitative. This research used 15 samples with secondary data, which were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria’s. The secondary data will be analyzed namely the consistency between the Set-Up value (Couch Position before verification) and the MVCT (Couch Position after verification) value using the Non-Parametric Wilcoxon statistical test, and evaluating the shifting values of X, Y and Z with tolerance standards from AAPM TG-148 which is 2 mm. The results obtained are based on statistical analysis of the Set-Up value with the MVCT results obtained that there is no significant difference, and based on the overall substance, the total that exceeds the tolerance of X coordinates is 92 times with a percentage of 68%, from Y coordinates that is 80 times with a percentage of 59%, from the Z coordinate which is 51 times with a percentage of 38% there is a shift that exceeds tolerance. The conclusion is that the results of MVCT verification still occur that exceed the tolerance standard so that LEPS is still not effective in preventing shifts that occur during radiation therapy.

Perceptions of the importance of philanthropy according to the classification of generations based on Beresford Research

Purpose – This study aims to describe the perception of the importance of philanthropy in today's difficult times according to the classification of generations based on Beresford. Methodology – The approach in this study uses a mixed methods research type. The research sample included 400 respondents who traveled with their destination in Pemalang Regency from December to January 2023. The sampling technique used random sampling. While the instrument used in this research is a questionnaire. The data analysis technique uses hypothesis testing on signs and independence hypothesis testing through the Khai-Square distribution. Findings – Based on the hypothesis testing steps above, it is stated that for testing the hypothesis on the sign it is concluded that philanthropy as a part of Islamic social finance is important in today's difficult conditions. As for the independence test, it was concluded that there was no influence between the grouping of generations, according to Beresford Research on the importance of philanthropy as a part of Islamic social finance in difficult times.Implications – Philanthropy is a form of programmed social generosity and is aimed at alleviating social problems (such as poverty) in the long term. Originality – The fundamental difference between this study and previous research lies in using data analysis techniques using non-parametric statistical tests. So, it has a more scientific level of testing results.

Integrated impact assessment of climate change and hydropower operation on streamflow and inundation in the lower Mekong Basin

Water resources are key to economic development of the Mekong River Basin, but are threatened by climate change and affected by hydropower development. Knowledge of these drivers’ integrated impact on future hydrological alterations is limited, especially with respect to flood inundation in the lower basin. This study assesses streamflow and flood extent alterations by reservoir operations and climate change using the latest climate projections. A distributed hydrologic model is used to generate discharge and flood extent. Our findings indicate substantial changes in seasonal and annual peak discharge due to reservoir operations. Under the future hydropower scenario, the discharge at Kratie will change by + 28% ( − 10%) during the dry (wet) season. While the effects of hydropower operations vary by season, climate change tends to increase river discharge overall. Under the high-emission scenario, the wet seasonal flow at Kratie will increase by + 7% in the near-future (2026–2050), but change by -5% under integrated impact of climate change and reservoir operations. In the far-future, the wet seasonal flow at Kratie under climate change only (integrated impact) will increase by + 33% (+ 19%). Although climate change is the dominant driver of flow alterations, hydropower development is critical for reducing discharge and flood magnitude. Nonparametric statistical testing shows significant changes in the inundated area by up to + 37% during the projected periods.

Topologic Parametric Response Mapping Identifies Tissue Subtypes Associated with Emphysema Progression

Small airways disease (SAD) and emphysema are significant components of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a heterogenous disease where predicting progression is difficult. SAD, a principal cause of airflow obstruction in mild COPD, has been identified as a precursor to emphysema. Parametric Response Mapping (PRM) of chest computed tomography (CT) can help distinguish SAD from emphysema. Specifically, topologic PRM can define local patterns of both diseases to characterize how and in whom COPD progresses. We aimed to determine if distribution of CT-based PRM of functional SAD (fSAD) is associated with emphysema progression. We analyzed paired inspiratory-expiratory chest CT scans at baseline and 5-year follow up in 1495 COPDGene subjects using topological analyses of PRM classifications. By spatially aligning temporal scans, we mapped local emphysema at year five to baseline lobar PRM-derived topological readouts. K-means clustering was applied to all observations. Subjects were subtyped based on predominant PRM cluster assignments and assessed using non-parametric statistical tests to determine differences in PRM values, pulmonary function metrics, and clinical measures. We identified distinct lobar imaging patterns and classified subjects into three radiologic subtypes: emphysema-dominant (ED), fSAD-dominant (FD), and fSAD-transition (FT: transition from healthy lung to fSAD). Relative to year five emphysema, FT showed rapid local emphysema progression (-57.5%±1.1) compared to FD (-49.9%±0.5) and ED (-33.1%±0.4). FT consisted primarily of at-risk subjects (roughly 60%) with normal spirometry. The FT subtype of COPD may allow earlier identification of individuals without spirometrically-defined COPD at-risk for developing emphysema.

Senescent CD153+ T Lymphocytes Increase in the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Thromboangiitis Obliterans.

Buerger's disease, also known as Thromboangiitis Obliterans (TAO), is a progressive, inflammatory vascular disease with unknown etiology. To address the degree of T cell immunosenescence in this inflammatory disease, the frequency of senescent T cells expressing CD57 and/or CD153 (CD30L) in patients with TAO. In this study, nine male cigarette smoker patients with TAO, nine male healthy cigarette smokers, and nine male healthy non-smoker blood donors were enrolled. PBMCs were extracted from the blood of all participants and stored in liquid nitrogen before use. The percentages of senescent T cells were detected by flow cytometry. The results were analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests. The frequencies of senescent CD3+CD4+CD57+CD153+ and CD3+CD4+CD57-CD153+ T cells significantly increased in patients compared with the non-smoker controls (p=0.01 and p=0.04, respectively). The frequency of senescent CD3+CD4-CD57-CD153+ T cells was higher in patients compared with the smoker controls (p=0.02). In patients with TAO, CD57+CD153- cells were more frequent in CD3hiCD4- and CD3hiCD4+ T cells compared with the CD3loCD4- and CD3loCD4+ T cells (p=0.008 and p=0.0002, respectively). Conversely, the frequency of CD57-CD153+ T cells was significantly higher in CD3loCD4- T cells compared with the CD3hiCD4- T cells (p=0.004). The percentage of CD3+CD4+CD57+CD153- T cells correlated negatively with smoking level in smoker controls (p=0.02, Spearman r=-0.80). Elevated frequencies of senescent CD4+CD57+CD153+ and CD4+CD57-CD153+ T cells in patients compared with non-smoker and smoker controls suggest the contribution of immunosenescence in TAO.

The Effect of Family Ownership and Institutional Ownership on Agency fees in Manufacturing Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange

This study aims to determine the effect of family ownership and institutional ownership on agency costs in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This research was conducted at manufacturing companies in the food and beverage sub-sector that were listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for 2018-2022 which had complete data (family ownership, institutional ownership and SGA) of 9 companies with 45 years of observation. This research used a descriptive approach quantitative and non-parametric statistical tests with the Spearman approach. Data processing using SPSS software version 16.0. The results show that family ownership and institutional ownership are not significant to agency costs. Family Ownership has a very weak correlation to agency costs. Meanwhile, family ownership has a very high correlation with agency costs. Family ownership has a negative relationship direction. Meanwhile, institutional ownership has a positive relationship direction. With reference to the results of this study, companies need to increase the activities of institutional investors in carrying out supervision in carrying out collective actions so that agency costs can be reduced because low agency costs are very important for companies to attract investors and are considered to provide satisfactory feedback. for investors.

A new modified bat algorithm for global optimization

Bat Algorithm, is an evolutionary computation technique based on the echolocation behaviour of microbats while looking for their prey. It is used to perform global optimization. It was developed by Xin-She Yang in 2010. Since then, it has extensively been applied in various optimization problems because of its simple structure and robust performance. Continuous, discrete, or binary, many variants were proposed over the last few years, with applications to solve real-world cases in different fields. Yet, it has one major drawback: its premature convergence due to a lack in its exploration ability. In this paper, we introduce a selection-based improvement and three other modifications to the standard version of this metaheuristic in order to enhance the diversification and intensification capabilities of the algorithm. The newly proposed method has been then tested on 20 standard benchmark functions and the CEC2005 benchmark suit. Some non-parametric statistical tests were also used to compare the New Bat algorithm with other algorithms, and results indicate that the new method is very competitive and outperforms some of the state-of-the-art algorithms.

Optimal Power Flow for Hybrid AC/DC Electrical Networks Configured With VSC-MTDC Transmission Lines and Renewable Energy Sources

This article presents the single objective optimal power flow (OPF) formulation incorporating both renewable energy sources, and voltage source converter-based multiterminal direct current transmission lines, simultaneously. To solve the formulated OPF problem, powerful metaheuristic optimization algorithms including adaptive guided differential evolution, marine predators algorithm, atom search optimization, stochastic fractal search (SFS), and fitness-distance balance-based SFS (FDB-SFS) are employed. The performance of the algorithms is tested for the minimization of fuel cost, pollutant emissions of thermal generators, voltage deviation, and active power loss in a modified IEEE 30-bus power network. The simulation results give that FDB-SFS achieved the best results on the fuel cost (786.5361 $/h), the fuel cost with valve point effect (815.6644 $/h), and the fuel cost with emission-carbon tax (820.5991 $/h). In addition, FDB-SFS reduced voltage deviation and active power loss values by 14.2587% and 6.7438% compared to SFS. The nonparametric Wilcoxon and Friedman statistical test results confirmed that FDB-SFS is an effective and robust algorithm that can be used in the optimization of the introduced OPF problem.

The Effect of Flashcard Learning Media in Developing Cognitive Children Aged 5-6 Years in Al-Mauizhah Kindergarten, Silau Jawa Village, Bandar Pasir Mandoge District, Academic Year 2022/2023

This study aims to determine the effect of using flashcard learning media in developing the cognitive development of children aged 5-6 years in Al-Mauizhah Kindergarten, Silau Jawa Village, Bandar Pasir Mandoge District, Academic Year 2022/2023. This type of research is a quantitative research (quasi experiment) with the form of One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The population of this study were all class B children at Al-Mauizhah Kindergarten, Silau Jawa Village, Bandar Pasir Mandoge District, 2022/2023 Academic Year, with a total of 30 children. The sampling technique is by looking at the list of the lowest scores from the teacher's data, namely 10 children. The data collection instrument in this study used observation and documentation sheets. Data analysis technique using non-parametric statistical Wilcoxon test. The results showed that the flashcard media from the calculation of the Wilcoxon Rank-K Test, the Z value was close to -2.825b and the p value (Asymp.Sig 2-tailed) was close to .005. It can be concluded that the "Hypothesis is accepted" because the number .005 is smaller than 0.05. There are differences in the results between the results of the use of flashcard media in the pretest and posttest, so it can be concluded that the use of flashcard media has an effect. about the Cognitive Development of Children Aged 5-6 Years in Al-Mauizhah Kindergarten, Bandar Pasir Mandoge Village, Academic Year 2022–2023.

Applications of non-parametric testing in a chemical industry

This study aimed to identify research gaps on the topic "Non-Parametric Statistical Tests", specifically showing an application of the Mann-Whitney Test. To achieve this goal, an application of this test was performed on data from a chemical industry in the South Fluminense region. It is noteworthy that the confidentiality of the data was prioritized, for the sake of the company's interest.

ThTP7.5 An Assessment of Outcome in Patients with Anaemia (Iron Deficient and Non-Iron Deficient) Who Have Colon Cancer - Effect of treatment with Oral / IV Iron

Abstract Aim Treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in patients undergoing colon cancer resection improves outcome defined by length of stay (LOS), recurrence and requirements for blood transfusions. Method Retrospective analysis of patients with anaemia and colonic cancer between January 2018 - August 2019. Anaemia categorised as – Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) and Non - Iron Deficiency Anaemia(non-IDA). IDA was defined as hypochromic microcytic anaemia. Patient demographics, tumour location, pre- and post-operative haemoglobin, LOS, recurrence, requirement for blood transfusions and treatment for anaemia were collected. Comparisons made between IDA and non-IDA groups in relation to treatment for anaemia with iron (oral/IV). Non-parametric statistical tests used (median, 2-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis) with significance at P &amp;lt;0.05. Results 150 patients with colonic cancer identified: 77 in IDA group, 46 treated (42 oral, 4 iv iron). 11 in non- IDA group, 8 treated (oral iron). IDA oral and IV treatment versus non-IDA: Median age 74, 80 and 78 years (P = 0.814), Pre- and post op Hb IDA vs non-IDA: 107, 97; 109, 101 (P 0.007 significant), Requirement for blood transfusion (units) 0.77, 0.50;0.90 (P 0.596) Length of Stay (days) 6, 5; 7 (P 0.113), Tumour location: mean of right colon and transverse colon 24.33, 3.667 (P &amp;gt;0.1), and Recurrence P &amp;gt;0.1. Conclusion In our series, iron treatment does not influence recurrence, LOS, blood transfusion requirements. Tumour location is not significantly different between IDA and non-IDA groups. Patients treated with oral iron are seen to have a larger drop in haemoglobin post operatively than the other groups.