Non-obese Subjects Research Articles

Effect of ten different biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid of obese and non-obese undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of ten proinflammatory cytokines in GCF of participants with raised body mass index (BMI) compared to non-obese subjects undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. In the cross-sectional cohort, subjects were shortlisted through the purposive sampling method with the same age and gender and similar characteristics (cohort). For inclusion and exclusion, predefined criteria were followed. In all included participants obese and non-obese collection of GCF was made from mandibular canine to canine. Identification of inflammatory mediators (MPO and CRP) leptin, adiponectin, and resistin (pg/mL). Bone remodeling biomarkers RANKL (pg/mL) and tissue remodeling biomarkers MMP8, MMP9, TIMP1, and MMP8/TIMP1, MMP9/TIMP1 ratio were collected and blinded by the investigator. Normal distribution of data i.e., age, BMI, the flow rate of GCF, indices plaque and gingival, and uWMS were compared using a t-test. Non-normality biomarker data were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U-test. To assess the relationship between the concentration of GCF biomarkers and plaque and gingival indices Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used. The total number of participants included was 44. In the obese and non-obese groups, the male/female ratio was the same i.e., (n=11 each). The mean age of participants in the obese group was (25.7±1.55 years), whereas the non-obese group was (26.1±1.29 years). In obese the mean BMI was (33.6±2.1 kg/m2) whereas in non-obese (22.9±1.9 kg/m2) (p<0.02). Among the levels of biomarkers adiponectin (p<0.006) and leptin (p<0.028) demonstrated a significant difference between obese and non-obese participants. Also, a significant difference was noted between obese and non-obese in tissue remodeling biomarker MMP9 (p<0.03). A surge in the level of the biomarkers, i.e., MMP9, leptin, and adiponectin in the gingival crevicular fluid is found in obese undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.

Reference percentiles for tri-ponderal mass index and its association with general and abdominal obesity among Iranian children and adolescents: A report from the SHED LIGHT study.

The body mass index (BMI) has some limitations in identifying obesity, particularly among children and adolescents. We sought to determine the reference percentiles of tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) for Iranian population, and its relation to BMI, waist circumference (WC), and waist circumference-to-height ratio (WHtR). Baseline characteristics for 14 641 children and adolescents were applied. The area under the characteristics (AUC) curve and optimal cut-off points for TMI were used to define the accuracy of TMI for discriminating general and central obesity compared to other anthropometric measurements. TMI levels remained stable from 6 to 18 years with a small range of difference. The highest AUCs for discriminating obesity according to BMI and WHtR ≥0.5 from non-obese subjects were related to TMI (0.980) and TMI (0.912), respectively, and these findings were similar for both sexes. Moreover, the AUC for TMI to discriminate central obesity by WHtR was higher than that for BMI (0.912 vs. 0.833, p< .001), and this difference was similar among sex and age groups. The optimal value of TMI for discriminating general obesity, obesity by WC, and obesity by WHtR were 15.2 (sensitivity 96.2 and specificity 89.8), 15 (sensitivity 86.9 and specificity 79.9), and 13.9 (sensitivity 85.1 and specificity 81.5), respectively. TMI discriminated central obesity by WHtR more accurately than obesity by BMI among Iranian children and adolescents irrespective of sex. Besides it remained relatively constant across age- and sex-specific groups providing a single optimal cut-off point for screening obesity during childhood and adolescence.

Dietary Inflammatory Index, Obesity, and the Incidence of Colorectal Cancer: Findings from a Hospital-Based Case-Control Study in Malaysia

Obesity-mediated inflammation represents a key connection between the intake of foods with high inflammatory potential and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. We aimed to explore the association between energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) in relation to CRC risk in both obese and non-obese subjects. This study included 99 histopathologically confirmed CRC cases, 73 colonic polyps cases, and 141 healthy controls from tertiary medical centres in both urban and suburban areas in Peninsular Malaysia. The subjects were categorised into body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2 and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 groups. E-DII scores were computed based on dietary intake assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for potential cofounders. The mean dietary energy intake and mean BMI values of the subjects tended to increase as the E-DII scores increased (p for trend < 0.001). E-DII was significantly related to CRC risk only in obese subjects (OR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.30-1.77; p < 0.001 for trend). Stratified analyses of risk factors showed significant associations between E-DII and CRC risk by age group (p for interaction = 0.030), smoking status (p for interaction = 0.043), and anthropometric indices for both males and females (p for interaction < 0.001) in the most pro-inflammatory E-DII quartile vs. the lowest E-DII quartile. Overall, pro-inflammatory diets were associated with an increased incidence of CRC in the Malaysian population, particularly in obese subjects.

Transferability of Published Population Pharmacokinetic Models for Apixaban and Rivaroxaban to Subjects with Obesity Treated for Venous Thromboembolism: A Systematic Review and External Evaluations.

Apixaban and rivaroxaban have first-line use for many patients needing anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism (VTE). The pharmacokinetics of these drugs in non-obese subjects have been extensively studied, and, while changes in pharmacokinetics have been documented in obese patients, data remain scarce for these anticoagulants. The aim of this study was to perform an external validation of published population pharmacokinetic (PPK) models of apixaban and rivaroxaban in a cohort of obese patients with VTE. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase databases following the PRISMA statement. External validation was performed using MonolixSuite software, using prediction-based and simulation-based diagnostics. An external validation dataset from the university hospitals of Brest and Rennes, France, included 116 apixaban pharmacokinetic samples from 69 patients and 121 rivaroxaban samples from 81 patients. Five PPK models of apixaban and 16 models of rivaroxaban were included, according to the inclusion criteria of the study. Two of the apixaban PPK models presented acceptable performances, whereas no rivaroxaban PPK model did. This study identified two published models of apixaban applicable to apixaban in obese patients with VTE. However, none of the rivaroxaban models evaluated were applicable. Dedicated studies appear necessary to elucidate rivaroxaban pharmacokinetics in this population.

WEIGHT CHANGES AFTER HIP AND KNEE ARTHROPLASTY, AND THE EFFECT OF OBESITY ON OUTCOMES

Obesity is a common in individuals undergoing arthroplasty, and the potential for weight loss with improved mobility may be expected by some. The aim of this study was 1. determine the proportion that achieved weight loss after hip or knee arthroplasty, and 2. examine the effect of obesity on patient reported outcomes (PROMS) and satisfaction with surgery.Participants underwent primary TKA or THA between July 2015 and December 2020 and consented to participation in a research database with baseline PROMS, including weight, BMI, Oxford Knee, or Hip Score, and EQ5D. Participants repeated PROMS at 12 months after surgery with additional questions regarding satisfaction with surgery.3449 patients completed PROMS 1 year after arthroplasty with weight and BMI. There were 1810 THA and 1639 TKA procedures. The mean baseline BMI was higher in TKA (29.8, SD 5.2) compared to THA (27.7, SD 5.0), p=0.001. A higher proportion of TKA were classified as obese class 1 (29% TKA, 19% THA), obese class 2 (11% TKA and 6% THA), and obese class 3 (5% TKA and 2% THA), p=0.001. The mean weight loss after 1 year was 0.4kg and 0.9kg in obese THA subjects and TKA subjects respectively. In the obese &gt;5kg weight loss was achieved in 13% of TKA and 7% of THA (p=0.001). Obese experienced equivalent improvement in Oxford scores, compared to non-obese subjects. Satisfaction with surgery was reported by 95% of THA and 91% of TKA subjects with no significant differences between BMI group grades (p=0.491 THA and p=0.473 TKA).Preoperative obesity was observed in 44% of TKA and 27% of THA subjects. In the obese only 1 in 10 subjects lost 5kg or more over 12 months. Obese patients experienced equivalent improvements in outcome after arthroplasty and rates of satisfaction with surgery to the non-obese.

Secondary bile acids improve risk prediction for non-invasive identification of mild liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Dysregulated bile acid (BA) metabolism has been linked to steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To determine whether circulating BA levels accurately stage liver fibrosis in NAFLD. We recruited 550 Chinese adults with biopsy-proven NAFLD and varying levels of fibrosis. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was performed to quantify 38 serum BAs. Compared to those without fibrosis, patients with mild fibrosis (stage F1) had significantly higher levels of secondary BAs, and increased diastolic blood pressure (DBP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), body mass index, and waist circumstance (WC). The combination of serum BAs with WC, DBP, ALT, or Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance performed well in identifying mild fibrosis, in men and women, and in those with/without obesity, with AUROCs 0.80, 0.88, 0.75 and 0.78 in the training set (n=385), and 0.69, 0.80, 0.61 and 0.69 in the testing set (n=165), respectively. In comparison, the combination of BAs and clinical/biochemical biomarkers performed less well in identifying significant fibrosis (F2-4). In women and in non-obese subjects, AUROCs were 0.75 and 0.71 in the training set, 0.65 and 0.66 in the validation set, respectively. However, these AUROCs were higher than those observed for the fibrosis-4 index, NAFLD fibrosis score, and Hepamet fibrosis score. Secondary BA levels were significantly increased in NAFLD, especially in those with mild fibrosis. The combination of serum BAs and clinical/biochemical biomarkers for identifying mild fibrosis merits further assessment.

The brain-esophagus axis in subjects with and without obesity assessed by esophageal acid perfusion and functional brain imaging.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has a complex pathophysiology and a heterogeneous symptom profile. The brain-esophageal axis in GERD has been studied with functional brain imaging during the last decades, but data from obese patients was just recently reported. A comparison of such a group with non-obese subjects is lacking in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate heartburn perception and brain connectivity responses during esophageal acid stimulation in subjects with and without obesity, controlling for the presence of typical reflux symptoms. In this cross-sectional study, 25 patients with obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) and 46 subjects without obesity underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain with esophageal water and acid perfusion. The fMRI paradigm and connectivity were assessed. About two-thirds of the participants had reflux symptoms. Heartburn perception during fMRI did not differ between subjects with and without obesity. The presence of reflux symptoms was associated with lower activation in frontal brain regions during acid perfusion compared to water perfusion. Compared to subjects without obesity, patients with obesity presented significantly lower connectivity within the anterior salience network. Corrected clusters included left caudate, left putamen and left anterior cingulate gyrus. The brain-esophagus axis showed differences between subjects with and without obesity. Even without symptomatic differences following esophageal acid perfusion, patients with reflux symptoms showed less brain activation in frontal areas, while obese individuals presented lower connectivity within the anterior salience network.

Serum visfatin levels in obese and non-obese individuals; A comparative cross-sectional study.

Objective: To compare serum visfatin levels in obese and non-obese individuals. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: District Head Quarter Hospital, Gujrat. Period: July 2020 to May 2021. Material &amp; Methods: A total of 52 subjects were included fulfilling the inclusion criteria. They were divided in two groups, 26 non-obese subjects were placed in Group A and 26 obese subjects in Group B. The serum visfatin level, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG) were calculated in both groups. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22.0. Results: The obese subjects had higher serum visfatin levels than the non-obese i.e. 3.87 ± 0.90ng/mL vs. 1.08 ± 0.56 ng/mL (p=0.001). A significant elevation was observed in the serum LDL level among obese subjects, 224.6 ± 55.0 mg/dl compared to 114.2 ± 22.9 mg/dl among non-obese subjects. Similarly, the serum TG levels were also significantly high among obese subjects (p=0.001). The intergroup comparison showed that the serum visfatin levels were higher among obese subjects with dyslipidemia (3.97 ± 0.93 ng/dl) than non-obese (3.46 ± 0.86 ng/dl). Conclusion: It is concluded that the serum visfatin levels are significantly high among obese individuals than non-obese counterparts.

Effect of obesity on cardiovascular sympathetic parameters: A comparative study

Background: Obesity is a global health burden. Accumulation of fat in body is associated with cardiovascular abnormalities. It is the need of the hour to conduct various autonomic function tests among obese subjects and create awareness of the drawback of obesity as it is a reversible lifestyle disorder. Aim and Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the autonomic cardiovascular parameters in obese adult males and females and compare the result with controls. Materials and Methods: Sympathetic cardiovascular parameters of both healthy obese and non-obese subjects were compared and correlated in a tertiary medical college and hospital. Criteria for obesity were according to the WHO criteria of body mass index. The tests were carried out with Mercury Sphygmomanometer. The data were collected; statistically analyzed and valid conclusions were drawn. Results: The baseline diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and the change in DBP after isometric exercise and cold pressure test when compared between obese and non-obese subjects found to be significant. Conclusions: Obesity by causing instability in autonomic function makes disorder in cardiovascular system which may lead to disease like hypertension in later life.

Association between trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio and renal function in elderly Japanese men: baseline data from the Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) study.

Central obesity as measured by waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) has been reported to be associated with renal hemodynamics and function. However, the adipose component of WHR, which is a composite measure of fat mass and fat-free mass, is small, particularly in nonobese subjects. Trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio as measured using dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA) is a more precise method for evaluating central fat distribution than WHR. The present study investigated the cross-sectional association between DXA-measured trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in community-dwelling elderly Japanese men. Participants were 575 men aged ≥65 years at the time of the baseline survey of the second Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) cohort study. Trunk-to-appendicular fat ratio (TAR) was calculated as trunk fat divided by appendicular fat (sum of arm and leg fat), and trunk-to-leg fat ratio (TLR) as trunk fat divided by leg fat. eGFR values significantly decreased from the lowest to the highest quintile of TAR/TLR. After adjusting for potential confounding factors including whole-body fat, the highest quintile of both TAR and TLR showed statistically significant odds ratios for the risk of eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, relative to the lowest quintile. In addition, a significant decreasing trend was observed for eGFR values from the lowest to the highest quintile of TAR/TLR after adjusting for confounding factors including whole-body fat. Elderly men with a large trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio tended to have a lower eGFR. This association occurred independently of that between whole-body fat and eGFR.

Is there a link between obesity phenotype and thyroid diseases? A mini-review of current concepts

Abstract Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, and progressive disease that leads to negative health consequences. Excessive adiposity frequently coexists with metabolic and nonmetabolic complications, deteriorating health and reducing quality of life and life span. Individuals with obesity are not a homogenous group and can present different obesity phenotypes. The most common obesity phenotypes include: metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO). The latter category involves those with developed metabolic syndrome (MetS) and non-fully-developed metabolic syndrome (pre-MetS). The fundamental factor leading to obesity is imbalance between energy uptake and expenditure. From this perspective the thyroid gland plays the pivotal role in metabolism regulation and obesity development. The thyroid regulates thermogenesis, appetite, and lipids turnover. Clinically, hypothyroid patients have decreased metabolic rate and subsequently experience increase of BMI and excess adiposity. The interaction between the thyroid gland and obesity is bidirectional. Several mechanisms of alteration of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in obesity are proposed. Excessive adiposity and dysfunction of adipose tissue may contribute to the development of thyroid functional and structural impairment, such as autoimmunity, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. The prevalence of certain thyroid disorders in obese individuals is higher than in nonobese subjects and this trend is more pronounced in unhealthy obesity phenotypes. The aim of this mini-review is to present the current knowledge on the interaction between thyroid gland disorders and obesity, with special focus on obesity phenotypes.

Effect of the GHRL gene (rs696217) polymorphism on the metabolic disorders in patients with obesity in the Ukrainian population.

Objective. Over the past four decades, the prevalence of obesity has tripled and limited genetic studies with specific SNPs have been conducted, but no investigations using ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide (GHRL) gene have been reported in the Ukrainians population. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the level of metabolic hormones in the blood of obese patients in relation to the GHRL (rs696217) polymorphism. Methods. The study involved 53 obesity cases and 48 non-obesity subjects (controls). The GHRL (rs696217) polymorphism was genotyped using a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Blood hormones were determined with commercially available kits using a Multi-skan FC analyzer. Results. Carriers of the T allele of the GHRL (rs696217) polymorphism were statistically significantly more in patients diagnosed with obesity compared to controls indicating a genetically determined cause of obesity. We also established a significant effect of the presence of the T allele of the GHRL (rs696217) polymorphism on the decrease in the adiponectin level and the increase of resistin level in obese patients. The study of the effect of genotypes (TT, GT, GG) of the GHRL (rs696217) polymorphism on the metabolic hormone levels in the blood of obese patients did not show reliably significant differences. Conclusions. The presence of the T allele of the GHRL (rs696217) polymorphism in Ukrainian population indicates an increased risk of the obesity development regardless on the homozygous or heterozygous genotype.

Evaluation of Esophageal Motility in Obese Patients before and after Bariatric Surgery: Role of Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance and High-resolution Manometry

Abstract Background: A high prevalence of esophageal motor disorders has been reported in obese patients. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) can trigger symptoms of dysphagia by worsening preexisting esophageal motor disorders. Investigation of esophageal motility with multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) and high-resolution manometry (HRM) is available. Objective: The aim is to compare the results of MII and HRM of nonobese patients with those of obese patients before and after RYGB to identify possible preoperative predictive factors of postoperative dysphagia. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight obese patients were evaluated with a questionnaire of symptoms, endoscopy, HRM, and MII in different postures (supine and sitting) before and 6 months after laparoscopic RYGB. They were compared with eleven nonobese subjects. Chicago classification parameters were used to characterize esophageal motility disorders. Results: Obese patients evolved with more symptoms of dysphagia after surgery (7.10% preoperatively and 32.10% postoperatively). None had gastrojejunal anastomosis stenosis. After bariatric surgery, there was an increase in distal latency (HRM) and also a decrease in esophageal alimentary bolus progression (MII). Twenty-one percent of obese patients already had some dysmotility before the surgery and 92% of them evolved to dysphagia after the operation. Conclusions: Previous esophageal motility disorder is a good predictive factor of postoperative dysphagia. HRM and MII should be performed in some situations, such as bariatric surgery for older adults and before narrowing the gastrojejunal anastomosis as a treatment for weight recidivism.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: relation to juvenile obesity, lipid profile, and hepatic enzymes.

The prevalence of juvenile obesity is increasing, reaching epidemic proportions, presenting a link not only to NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) but to abnormal lipid profiles and liver enzyme abnormalities. Liver ultrasonography is a sensitive and specific tool for the recognition of NAFLD. This study aims to assess the association between NAFLD and juvenile obesity and to determine the other related changes in a set of indicators, including lipid profile abnormalities and serum transaminases. The sample included 470 obese and 210 non-obese individuals aged 6-16. Anthropometric measures were assessed, with the serum lipid profile and liver transaminases, and abdominal ultrasonography was used to detect NAFLD. Fatty liver was found in 38% of the obese subjects and none of the non-obese subjects. Within obese subjects, mean body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference increased significantly in patients with NAFLD compared to those without fatty liver. Moreover, LDL (low-density lipoprotein), CHOL (cholesterol), and serum liver enzymes were significantly higher in the presence of NAFLD. In conclusion, NAFLD commonly associates with juvenile obesity, relating to obesity and the abnormal lipid profile (including elevated CHOL and LDL) among obese people, reflecting elevated liver transaminases, which increase the risk of cirrhosis.

Correlation of pulse pressure to demographic, anthropometric, hemodynamic, and biochemical variables governing cardiovascular health

Background: A parameter of arterial stiffness, the pulse pressure (PP) gets adversely affected by serum low-density lipoprotein but to know how do other indicators of cardiovascular health such as cholesterol ratio, adiposity, and serum endothelin are correlated to it, we planned this study. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the correlation of PP to demographic, anthropometric, hemodynamic, and biochemical variables. Materials and Methods: This was an analytical, observational, and pilot study with 30 overweight/obese subjects as cases and 30 non-obese subjects as controls. Informed consent was duly taken. History and clinical examination helped to exclude cases with secondary cause of abnormal blood flow. Blood pressure measurement along with venous blood sampling for biochemical tests was done. Results: The two groups varied significantly in age, in hemodynamic parameters (systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure and PP), and in anthropometric measurements (waist to hip ratio [WHR], body mass index) (P &lt; 0.001). The lipid profile did not differ significantly in the two groups except the cholesterol ratio (P = 0.001) but it was not significantly correlated to PP. A good proportion of cases had raised PP in comparison to control who mostly had low PP. No significant difference in serum endothelin levels was observed. A significant positive correlation of PP with SBP and WHR in both groups (weakened on controlling the age variable), and with age, only in cases was recorded. Conclusion: Visceral adiposity, SBP, and ageing are independent predictors of PP but with no endothelial damage. Partial correlation revealed a major role of ageing in causing arterial stiffness.

Association of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α 308A/G Gene Polymorphism with Obesity among a Population of Southwestern Nigeria

Obesity often results from interplay of genetics, nutrition and lifestyle. A polymorphic variant of the Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF- α) promoter region (308G/A) is associated with increased production of TNF- α protein, which could lead to fat accumulation implicated in the development of obesity and cardiovascular disease. This study investigated the association of TNF-α 308G/A polymorphism with obesity among a population residing in Southwestern Nigeria. Two hundred (200) obese and 197 age and sex matched non-obese subjects were enrolled. Blood pressure, weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were measured. Estimation of fasting blood sugar level, DNA extraction from whole blood and genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms of TNF-α 308G/A were done using standard laboratory procedures. Data were analyzed and p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. Mean body weight and BMI were significantly increased in the obese group (81.92±1.00 kg, 33.01±0.25kg/m2) compared with controls (72.03±1.01 kg, 22.06±0.22kg/m2). Waist and hip circumferences were increased among obese subjects (p&lt;0.05). Occurrence of A allele was higher (85.3%) than G allele (68.5%) among participants. Frequency of AA genotype was 51% (OR: 8.137, CI: 3.882 - 17.060, P=0.01) in obese subject and 11.34% in the non-obese, wild GG genotype was lower in obese (6%) than non-obese individuals (23.71%). Heterozygous AG occurred more in non-obese (64%) than obese (43%) subjects. Homozygous AA variant of TNF-α 308 is strongly associated with occurrence of obesity among the studied population. There was no association between GG variant of TNF-α -308 and obesity

GHRL, LEP, LEPR genes polymorphism and their association with the metabolic syndrome in the Ukrainian population.

Objective. Many conflicting results have been obtained in the study of leptin (LEP) and leptin receptor (LEPR) gene variants that are associated with the obesity and diabetes possibly due to differences in the study populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the metabolic hormones (leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, resistin) levels in the blood of obese patients in relation to the GHRL (rs696217), LEP (rs7799039), LEPR (rs1137100, rs1137101, rs1805094) polymorphism in Ukrainian population. Methods. The study involved 53 obesity cases and 48 non-obesity subjects (controls). The GHRL, LEP, and LEPR genes polymorphism (rs696217, rs7799039, rs1137100, rs1137101, rs1805094) was genotyped using a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Blood hormones (leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, resistin) were determined with commercially available kits using a Multiskan FC analyzer. Results. The study of the effect of genotypes of the GHRL (rs696217), LEP (rs7799039), and LEPR (rs1137100, rs1805094) polymorphisms on the level of metabolic hormones (leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, resistin) in the blood of obese patients did not show reliably significant results. Thus, the presence of the LEPR genes (rs1137101) polymorphism in the Ukrainian population indicates an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome development regardless of the homozygous or heterozygous genotype (genotypes AA, AG, GG). Conclusions. We established a significant effect of the presence of the A allele and G allele of the LEPR gene polymorphism (rs1137101) on the level of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin in the serum of patients diagnosed with the metabolic syndrome in the Ukrainian population.

Altered Phenotypic Parameters, Obesity Risk Factors and Co-Morbidities in a Population of Southwestern Nigeria

Background: Obesity is a disease with multifactorial etiology with co-morbidities occurring in epidemic proportions in Nigeria, thereby constituting significant economic and health burdens. This study investigates altered biophysical parameters and likelihood model fits for predicting the risk of co-morbidities in obese and non–obese subjects in Southwest Nigeria. Methods: Three thousand subjects (1500 obese and 1500 non-obese) aged 18 years and above were recruited from Osun and Oyo States, Nigeria communities. Blood samples were collected into appropriate bottles for biochemical analyses using standard procedures. Phenotypic parameters (height, weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences) were also assessed. Multivariate regression analyses and statistical models were designed to determine the association between obesity risk factors and co-morbidities. Results: Mean ages of obese (60.4± 13.8years) and non-obese (58.6± 15.7years) subjects were significantly different. Obesity showed a male preponderance. Mean BMI, waist-hip ratio, and waist and hip circumferences were higher (p&lt;0.05) among obese subjects but increased with age in both groups (P&lt;0.05). Mean triglyceride, fasting glucose levels, arterial blood pressure, pulse pressure, and mean heart rate increased in the obese group compared to the non-obese group. Adjusted Odds of Obesity (WHO) showed that stress, family history of cardiovascular disease, and diabetes were significantly associated with obesity. Conclusion: Increasing age, male gender, and hypertension were all significantly associated with the development of obesity among Nigerians of Southwestern extraction.

Molecular studies of CAPN-10 gene (rs2975760) and its association with Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome of Iraqi women

Objectives: To explore an association between CAPN10, SNP-44 (rs2975760) with IR condition in women with PCOS.&#x0D; Methods: A study included 120 participants of which 68 women have PCOS subdivide according to their body mass index (BMI) into 45 obese (BMI≥30) and 23 non-obese (BMI&lt;30). The remaining 52 represent the control group who were apparently healthy women with normal weight and normal menstrual cycle. Patients with PCOS were selected from the Infertility Department, Gynecology and Obstetrics Teaching Hospital, Kerbala Health Directorate / Kerbala-Iraq between Nov., 2021 and June, 2022. Diagnosis of PCOS is based on 2 of 3 findings: oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries in ultrasound (Rotterdam criteria). Patients were interviewed and examined for weight, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference. Venous blood samples were collected at 9 AM after an overnight fast. IR was assessed by calculating homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) using the formula (fasting glucose mg/dl x fasting insulin µU/ml)/405, taking normal value &lt;2.7. Genotypes of CAPN10, SNP-44 has been identified using Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) technique.&#x0D; Results: The prevalence of IR based on HOMA-IR was (80%) in obese PCOS and (48%) in non-obese PCOS women. CAPN10, SNP-44 has been reconstructed and analyzed in patients and controls. Genotypes of 45 obese PCOS subjects (TT, N=26; TC, N=12; and CC, N=7), 23 non-obese PCOS subjects (TT, N=15; TC, N=6; and CC, N=2) and control subjects (TT, N=39; TC, N=11; and CC, N=2) were identified. The genotype distribution was statistically different between obese PCOS women and controls (OR=5.25, P=0.048). The association of SNP-44 allele with IR status was detected. HOMA-IR was greater in CC (10.54 ± 1.29, 9.88 ± 1.41) than in TT (3.30 ± 1.52, P&lt;0.001; 2.82 ± 1.45, P&lt;0.001) and TC (3.76 ± 1.58, P&lt;0.001; 4.10 ±1.57, P&lt;0.05) in obese PCOS and non-obese PCOS subjects respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: In obese PCOS, the C allele was associated with higher insulin secretion and HOMA-IR compared with the T allele. The increased HOMA-IR is an indicator of IR. In this scenario, the C allele might be involved in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance in PCOS.

Vitamin D levels of obesity and non-obesity health workers: a cross-sectional study in Dr. Sardjito General Hospital/Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta

Obesity is one of the causes of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, stroke, cancer, dyslipidemia, and heart disease. It is considered a financial burden on national health insurance since it drains the largest health fund. The study aimed to determine the difference in vitamin D levels in obese and non-obese health workers and analyze the factors that influence it. This was a cross-sectional study of the obese and non-obese health workers at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta. A total of 50 subjects, including 25 obese and 25 non-obese subjects were involved. Serum vitamin D levels was determined by ELISA. There was no significant difference between the obese and non-obese groups on vitamin D status (p&lt;0.365). Vitamin D deficiency was found in 10% of subjects, whereas insufficient vitamin D levels were found in 46 and 44% of subjects, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was more common in the obese (12%) than non-obese (8%) group. Contrarily, vitamin D insufficiency was more common in the non-obese (56%) than obese (36%) group. The serum vitamin D levels in the obese [30.08 (14.67-101.71) ng/mL] was not significantly different compare to those non-obese [28.54 (14.38-54.41) ng/mL] (p = 0.691). The multivariate analysis significantly showed that outdoor activities &lt;30 min had a 7.061 times greater risk of having vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency compared to outdoor activities &gt;30 min (OR 7.061; 95% CI: 1.064-46.872; p=0.043). In conclusion, there is no significant difference in vitamin D levels between the obese and non-obese groups. Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency is more common in non-obese subjects than in obese subjects. Outdoor activity &lt;30 min is a risk factor for vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency despite living in a tropical country with abundant sunlight throughout the year.