Non-obese Subjects Research Articles

Study of Cardiovascular Changes in Adolescents with Simple Obesity

Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that has deleterious effects on cardiovascular function. The aim of this work was to screen early cardiovascular abnormalities in obese asymptomatic adolescents using Conventional Echocardiography and Electrocardiogram. Fifty asymptomatic obese adolescents selected from National Heart Institute were compared to fifty non-obese normal controls with mean age of (12.44 ± 1.91) and (11.99 ± 1.89) years respectively. All studied adolescents were subjected to: careful history taking, complete clinical examination, laboratory investigation: fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, echocardiography and ECG. Results: It revealed statistical significant differences between obese and non-obese groups regarding left ventricle septal wall in diastole (LVSd), posterior wall thickness in diastole (LVPWd), relative wall thickness (RWT), LV end diastolic and systolic diameter (LVEDD and LVESD) and LV mass (P-value: 0.000). The left atrial dimensions (LA) were also significantly higher in the obese subjects than in the control group (P-value: 0.000). For the Doppler measurements, the early and late mitral valve velocity and the ratio between them (MVE velocity, MVA velocity and MV E/A) were significantly higher in obese than control subjects (P-value: 0.000). A strong positive correlation was noted between BMI and left atrial size (P-value: 0.003), left ventricular septum in diastole (LVSd) (P-value: 0.000), LVEDD (P-value: 0.005) and LVESD (P-value: 0.000), posterior wall thickness in diastole (LVPWd) (P-value: 0.012), left ventricle septal wall in diastole (LVSd) (P-value: 0.000) and left ventricular mass (P-value: 0.010). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that asymptomatic obese adolescents had significant changes in left ventricular dimensions and early diastolic filling compared to non-obese subjects.

The Relationship Between Thyroid Function and Body Composition, Leptin, Adiponectin, and Insulin Sensitivity in Morbidly Obese Euthyroid Subjects Compared to Non-obese Subjects.

Background/Objectives:Thyroid function tests (TFTs) changes in obese people have been studied with increasing interest, however, studies have been inconsistent hence it remains poorly understood. We compared the TFTs of morbidly obese euthyroid Saudi subjects with non-obese controls and then we examined the influence of leptin, adiponectin, and insulin resistance on TFTs.Subjects/Methods:Fifty-five euthyroid obese subjects attending bariatric surgery clinic and 52 non-obese age-and gender-matched controls were recruited. We measured body weight, BMI, body composition, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Free T4 (FT4), Free T3(FT3), thyroid antibodies, fasting leptin, adiponectin, and lipid profile. Insulin resistance was quantified by HOMA-IR. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.Results:Mean BMI was 45.6 ± 1.5 and 23.2 ± 0.5 kg/m2, for the obese and non-obese controls, respectively, P value < 0.001. Mean TSH was 2.7 ± 0.18 mIU/L in obese subjects and 1.7 ± 0.13 mIU/L (0.27-4.2) in the non-obese controls, respectively, P value .014. Mean FT3 was 3.9 ± 0.1 pmol/L (3.1-6.8) in obese subjects compared to 5.0 ± 0.1 pmol/L in non-obese controls, respectively, P value 0.001, however, FT4 was similar in the 2 groups. In the whole group (N = 107), BMI correlated positively with TSH and negatively with FT3. Leptin correlated negatively with both FT4 and FT3 in the non-obese group only while none of the TFTs correlated with HOMA-IR or adiponectin in either group. Binary logistic regression showed that each 1 unit increase in TSH increased the odds of becoming obese by 12.7, P value 0.009, 95 C.I. (1.9-85.0). Conversely, each - unit increase in FT3 decreased the odds of becoming obese by 0.2, P value 0.023, 95% C.I. (0.05-0.80).Conclusions:We report a small increase in TSH and a small decrease in FT3 within the normal range in obese subjects compared to non-obese controls. We also report a positive correlation between TSH and BMI with increased odds ratio of becoming obese with the increase in TSH and decrease in FT3. These changes may be either causally related or adaptive to the obesity state. FT4 and FT3 seem to correlate with leptin (but not with adiponectin or HOMA-IR) in the non-obese controls only. Larger mechanistic studies are needed to further elucidate the interesting association between obesity and TFTs.

Metabolic Status of “Metabolically Normal Obese” Subjects or “MNO”

Metabolic status is dependent on the anthropometric profile; indeed, many obese subjects are "metabolically normal" (MNO or Metabolically Normal Obese) while conversely, other obese or even non-obese subjects are "metabolically abnormal". The topography and the function of the fatty deposits seem to play a determining role in explaining this apparent paradox. In this study are examined the carbohydrate, lipid and liver balance of overweight subjects according to their anthropometric indices. It turns out that generalized obesity where the distribution of fat is diffuse as well as gynoid obesity (gluteo-femoral) are correlated at an almost normal metabolic profile compared to android obesity characterized by the metabolic dysregulations.

Chest Expansion and Lung Function for Healthy Subjects and Individuals With Pulmonary Disease.

The purposes of this study were to verify the correlation between chest expansion and lung function within a larger sample of subjects composed of both healthy subjects and subjects affected by pulmonary disease, and to verify the influence of age, body mass index, and gender on chest expansion. Adults were recruited prospectively when they visited the lung function lab. Chest expansion was measured with a measuring tape at 2 different levels of the rib cage by 1 blinded examiner. Spirometry was performed for each subject. Data from 251 subjects between 18 and 88 y old were collected and analyzed. Among the analyzed subjects, mean upper and lower chest expansion were 4.82 ± 1.84 cm and 3.99 ± 2.15 cm, respectively. A significant but poor correlation was found between both chest expansion and all lung function parameters (total lung capacity, FVC, and FEV1) (P = .01). Negative significant correlations were found between chest expansion and age as well as body mass index. The difference in upper chest expansion between obese and nonobese subjects was not statistically significant, but the difference in lower chest expansion was significant for these 2 groups. Finally, upper and lower chest expansion were not different between males and females. Based on these results, one cannot validate the use of chest expansion measurement to define lung function. In centers that have easy access to more precise and complete methods to measure lung function, the measurement of chest expansion for diagnostic purposes seems to be archaic. Additionally, age and body mass index are 2 parameters that can influence chest expansion.

Visceral Adiposity, Pro-Inflammatory Signaling and Vasculopathy in Metabolically Unhealthy Non-Obesity Phenotype.

The debate regarding the actual cardiovascular burden in metabolically healthy obese or metabolically unhealthy non-obesity individuals is ongoing. Accumulating data have suggested a unique pathophysiological role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mediating metabolic and cardiovascular disorders by dysregulated visceral adiposity. To compare the burden of visceral adiposity, the inflammatory marker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the prevalent atherosclerotic burden in metabolically healthy obese (MHO) or metabolically unhealthy (MU) populations, were compared to those of metabolically healthy non-obesity subjects (MHNO). Coronary artery calcification score (CACS) and visceral fat, including pericardial fat (PCF)/thoracic peri-aortic fat (TAT), were quantified in 2846 asymptomatic subjects using a CT dataset. A cross-sectional analysis comparing CACS, inflammatory marker hs-CRP, and visceral fat burden among four obesity phenotypes (MHNO, metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUNO), MHO, and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO)) was performed. Both MUNO and MUO demonstrated significantly higher hs-CRP and greater CACS than MHNO/MHO (adjusted coefficient: 25.46, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.29–45.63; 43.55, 95% CI: 23.38–63.73 for MUNO and MUO (MHNO as reference); both p < 0.05). Visceral fat (PCF/TAT) was an independent determinant of MU and was similarly higher in the MUNO/MHO groups than in the MHNO group, with the MUO group having the largest amount. PCF/TAT, obesity, and MU remained significantly associated with higher CACS even after adjustment, with larger PCF/TAT modified effects for MU and diabetes in CACS (both pinteraction < 0.05). MU tightly linked to excessive visceral adiposity was a strong and independent risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis even in lean individuals, which could be partially explained by its coalignment with pathological pro-inflammatory signaling.

Anthropometric parameters as a tool for diabetes screening

Aim. Despite obesity is defined by a number of indices (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WT), waist / hip index (W/H)) which are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the clinical diagnosis of obesity is often limited to BMI. Here we investigated whether anthropometric measurements are useful in T2DM screening.Materials and Methods. We collected the data regarding T2DM, BMI, WT, W/H, amount of visceral fat, and visceral obesity index from 1600 residents of Kemerovo Region, having further compared the prevalence of T2DM in obese individuals in relation to the various anthropometric measurements.Results. The prevalence of T2DM among obese males varied from 17.0% (W/H ratio) to 22.4% (amount of visceral fat). Among women, T2DM frequency varied from 13.1% (visceral obesity index) to 28.9% (amount of visceral fat). Prevalence of T2DM in non-obese subjects ranged from 1.6% (W/H ratio) to 8.8% (visceral obesity index) in men and from 1.9% (WT) to 8.8% (amount of visceral fat). T2DM was better diagnosed in males if visceral obesity index was exclusively applied. In women, the most precise T2DM diagnosis was achieved in the case of using visceral obesity index and BMI.Conclusions. Identification of risk groups for T2DM requires addition of visceral obesity criteria (visceral obesity index and amount of visceral fat) to BMI.

Microbiota Features Associated With a High-Fat/Low-Fiber Diet in Healthy Adults.

A high intake of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) is related to an increased risk of obesity, inflammation and cancer-related diseases, and this risk is attenuated only when SFAs are replaced by unsaturated fats and unrefined carbohydrates. The gut microbiota has recently emerged as a new environmental factor in the pathophysiology of these disorders, and is also one of the factors most influenced by diet. We sought to determine whether the gut microbiota of healthy individuals whose intake of SFAs exceeds World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations exhibits features similar to those reported in people with obesity, inflammation, cancer or metabolic disease. Healthy non-obese subjects were divided into two groups based on their SFAs intake. Body composition and gut microbiota composition were analyzed, and associations between bacterial taxa, diet and body fat composition were determined globally and separately by sex. Metagenome functional pathways were predicted by PICRUSt analysis. Subjects whose SFAs intake exceeded WHO recommendations also had a dietary pattern of low fiber intake. This high saturated fat/low fiber diet was associated with a greater sequence abundance of the Anaerotruncus genus, a butyrate producer associated with obesity. Analysis of data of high SFAs intake by sex showed that females presented with a greater abundance of Campylobacter, Blautia, Flavonifractor and Erysipelatoclostridium, whereas males showed higher levels of Anaerotruncus, Eisenbergiella, a genus from the order Clostridiales (FamilyXIIIUCG_001) and two genera from the Lachnospiraceae family. PICRUSt analysis confirmed these data, showing a correlation with a decrease in the abundance of sequences encoding for transporters of some metals such as iron, which is needed to maintain a healthy metabolism. Thus, the microbiota of healthy people on a high SFAs diet contain bacterial taxa (Anaerotruncus, Lachnospiraceae Flavonifractor, Campylobacter, Erysipelotrichacea and Eisenbergiella) that could be related to the development of some diseases, especially obesity and other pro-inflammatory diseases in women. In summary, the present study identifies bacterial taxa that could be considered as early predictors for the onset of different diseases in healthy subjects. Also, sex differences in gut microbiota suggest that women and men differentially benefit from following a specific diet.

Effect of obesity on parasympathetic nervous system

Effect of obesity on parasympathetic nervous system - IJCAP- Print ISSN No: - 2394-2118 Online ISSN No:- 2394-2126 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/2394-2126.2018.0035, Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology-Indian J Clin Anat Physiol

The Impact of Obesity on Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Diastolic Function in Caucasian Children.

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and diastolic dysfunction are correlated with obesity and hypertension in adult patients, but few studies have investigated the association between obesity itself and left ventricular function in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of obesity and LVH on left ventricular diastolic function in pediatric subjects compared with children without obesity. Methods: A number of 454 patients from an outpatient cardiology service were enrolled in a prospective study, 33 children with obesity, 20 overweight children, and 401 children without obesity. The subjects were assigned to three groups according to age and school grade. A standardized two-dimensional echocardiography analysis was performed in all children. The evaluated echocardiographic parameters included thickness of the interventricular septum (IVS), thickness of the posterior wall of the left ventricle, and left atrium size. The left ventricular diastolic function was analyzed by the classic pulsed-wave Doppler technique, tissue Doppler technique, and continuous Doppler technique. Results: The number of children with obesity was higher in the school and adolescent groups. The median age of children with obesity was 9 years. The subjects were classified according to blood pressure values in hypertensive, with high-normal blood pressure/prehypertension and with normal blood pressure values. Standard echocardiography showed that children with obesity had significantly increased thickness of the IVS and of the posterior wall compared with nonobesity subjects (P < 0.001). Left ventricular systolic function was preserved in both groups. Diastolic function was normal in the obesity group and in the non-obesity group, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that childhood obesity is associated with significant changes in the myocardial structure consisting of LVH, but we did not find an early alteration in the left ventricular diastolic function of the subjects with obesity compared with patients with a normal weight.

Prevalence, risk factors and metabolic profile of the non-obese and obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a rural community of South Asia

IntroductionSince there is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), particularly in rural areas in Asia, we undertook such a study among the...

NAFLD in Lean Asians.

NAFLD in Lean Asians.

Elastic Power of Mechanical Ventilation in Morbid Obesity and Severe Hypoxemia.

To minimize ventilator-induced lung injury, the primary clinical focus is currently expanding from measuring static indices of the individual tidal cycle (eg, plateau pressure and tidal volume) to more inclusive indicators of energy load, such as total power and its elastic components. Morbid obesity may influence these components. We characterized the relative values of elastic subcomponents of total power (ie, driving power and dynamic power) in subjects with severe hypoxemia, morbid obesity, or their combination. We analyzed data from subjects receiving mechanical ventilation divided into 4 groups. [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] < 150 mm Hg (severe hypoxemia) indicated probable reduction of lung compliance while body mass index > 40 kg/m2 (morbid obesity) suggested a possible contribution to reduced respiratory system compliance from the chest wall. Group 1 included subjects with no expected abnormality of lung compliance or chest wall compliance; Group 2 included subjects with expected reduction of lung compliance on the basis of severe hypoxemia but with no morbid obesity; Group 3 included subjects with morbid obesity without severe hypoxemia; and Group 4 included subjects with morbid obesity and severe hypoxemia. All ventilator-induced lung injury predictors were compared among groups using mixed-effects linear models. Groups 1-4 included 61, 52, 49, and 51 subjects, respectively. Mean body mass index averaged 28.7 kg/m2 for nonobese subjects and 52.1 kg/m2 for morbidly obese subjects. Mean driving pressure, dynamic power, and driving power of Groups 2 and 3 exceeded the corresponding values of Group 1 but fell into similar ranges when compared with each other. These values were highest in Group 4 subjects. In Group 2, mean dynamic power and driving power values were comparable to those in Group 3. In mechanically ventilated subjects, stress and energy-based ventilator-induced lung injury indicators are influenced by the relative contributions of chest wall and lung to overall respiratory mechanics. Numerical guidelines for ventilator-induced lung injury risk must strongly consider adjustment for these elastic characteristics in morbid obesity.

NR4A3 induces endothelial dysfunction through up-regulation of endothelial 1 expression in adipose tissue-derived stromal cells

Hypertension is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. Increased synthesis of the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin 1 (encoded by EDN1) might be responsible for high blood pressure. The present study further confirmed the abnormal EDN1 upregulation within adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) derived from morbidly obese subjects. The overexpression of EDN1 in ADSCs derived from non-obese subjects significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of HUVECs and tube formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC). Transcription factor NR4A3 was positively correlated with EDN1, binding to EDN1 promoter region to upregulate EDN1 expression. Similarly, the overexpression of NR4A3 in ADSCs derived from non-obese subjects significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of HUVECs and tube formation by HUVECs, as well as EDN1 protein levels in ADSCs. However, the effects of NR4A3 overexpression on EDN1 protein levels in ADSCs and the proliferation and migration of HUVECs and tube formation by HUVECs were significantly reversed by EDN1 silencing in ADSCs. In conclusion, NR4A3 is abnormally upregulated in ADSCs derived from morbidly obese subjects; NR4A3 could promote HUVEC angiogenesis through binding to EDN1 promoter and upregulating EDN1 expression.

Is It Necessary to Weight Loss in Obese Boys with Small Penile Length? A Case-Control Study

Background: Nowadays, parents are paying more attention to the penis size of their children, especially obese children. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between obesity, testosterone, and estradiol in prepubertal non-obese and obese children with micropenis. Methods: This case-control study was done on 58 non-obese and 86 obese micropenis children aged 8 - 13 years at Golestan Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from June 2018 to May 2020. The body mass index (BMI), testosterone and estradiol levels, stretched penile length (SPL), and the correlation between these were studied. Results: The mean age of children in non-obese and obese groups was 10.2 ± 1.34 and 10.5 ± 1.6 years, respectively. SPL in non-obese and obese subjects was 3.1 ± 1.3 and 2.9 ± 1.22 cm, respectively. SPL in both groups was significantly correlated with height and testosterone (height: r = 0.239, P = 0.009; testosterone: r = 0.344, P = 0.001) but not with BMI, weight, and estradiol. After the adjustment for age, BMI, weight, and estradiol, adjusted odds ratio with confidence interval 95% for penile length across to height and testosterone levels in non-obese group was 1.52 (0.91 - 1.83; P = 0.001) and 0.56 (0.36 - 0.98; P = 0.001), respectively and in the obese group was 1.42 (0.81 - 1.66; P = 0.001) and 0.75 (0.51 - 0.87; P = 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: Penile length is positively correlated with height and testosterone but not with weight and estradiol in non-obese and obese children. It is probably not essential and obligatory to recommend weight loss for this issue and weight loss should not be concerned by children and their parents.

Sample Preparation Methods for Lipidomics Approaches Used in Studies of Obesity.

Obesity is associated with alterations in the composition and amounts of lipids. Lipids have over 1.7 million representatives. Most lipid groups differ in composition, properties and chemical structure. These small molecules control various metabolic pathways, determine the metabolism of other compounds and are substrates for the syntheses of different derivatives. Recently, lipidomics has become an important branch of medical/clinical sciences similar to proteomics and genomics. Due to the much higher lipid accumulation in obese patients and many alterations in the compositions of various groups of lipids, the methods used for sample preparations for lipidomic studies of samples from obese subjects sometimes have to be modified. Appropriate sample preparation methods allow for the identification of a wide range of analytes by advanced analytical methods, including mass spectrometry. This is especially the case in studies with obese subjects, as the amounts of some lipids are much higher, others are present in trace amounts, and obese subjects have some specific alterations of the lipid profile. As a result, it is best to use a method previously tested on samples from obese subjects. However, most of these methods can be also used in healthy, nonobese subjects or patients with other dyslipidemias. This review is an overview of sample preparation methods for analysis as one of the major critical steps in the overall analytical procedure.

Distribution and effect of ghrelin genotype on plasma lipid and apolipoprotein profiles in obese and nonobese Chinese subjects.

The hormone ghrelin has an important role in a wide range of metabolic and nonmetabolic processes. Ghrelin gene polymorphisms have been reported to influence obesity or lipid abnormalities in some ethnic groups. This study was conducted mainly to examine the possible association of ghrelin - 604G > A and Leu72Met polymorphisms with obesity and related traits in a Southwest Chinese population. Three hundred and eighty-six Han Chinese individuals (118 obese and 268 normal weight control subjects) in the Chengdu area were studied using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Clinical and biochemical parameters were also analyzed. The genotype and allele frequencies of ghrelin gene polymorphisms in participants with obesity showed no significant difference compared to those in nonobese controls. However, in the nonobese control group, carriers of genotype Met/Met at the Leu72Met site had higher serum TC and LDL-C concentrations than those of the Leu/Leu genotype (P < 0.05). When nonobese subjects were stratified by sex, the genotype-dependent effects on TC and LDL-C were more evident, although this was observed only in females. In addition, genotype-related effects on these lipid parameters at this site were observed in male obese subjects only. The Leu72Met polymorphism of the ghrelin gene is associated with altered plasma TC and LDL-C concentrations, and the effects on TC and LDL-C levels are sex-dependent in both nonobese and obese subjects in the Chinese population of the Chengdu area.

An Erythritol-Sweetened Beverage Induces Satiety and Suppresses Ghrelin Compared to Aspartame in Healthy Non-Obese Subjects: A Pilot Study.

Despite the reduced caloric content of artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) relative to those sweetened with sucrose, consumption of ASBs fail to consistently decrease the risk of obesity and associated diseases. This failure may be due to the inability of ASBs to effectively reduce appetite and hence overall caloric intake. A variety of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS), however, remain to be screened for effectiveness in promoting satiety and reducing calorie consumption. Erythritol is well-tolerated, low-calorie sugar alcohol widely used as a sugar substitute. It is unique among NNS due to its low sweetness index relative to glucose, meaning that it is typically served at much higher concentrations than other common NNS. Animal and human studies have noted correlations between osmolarity, satiety, and levels of satiety hormones, independent of the effects of sweetness or nutritive value. We hypothesized that consumption of a beverage sweetened with erythritol to the sweetness and osmolarity of a common soft drink will improve self-reported satiety and more strongly affect the magnitude of changes in the hormone ghrelin than would an iso sweet beverage sweetened only with aspartame, a sweetener with a high sweetness index relative to glucose. Using a randomized double-blind crossover trial, we found that serum ghrelin was significantly decreased after consumption of an erythritol-sweetened beverage compared to aspartame. Likewise, consumption of the erythritol-sweetened beverage increased various measures of satiety in volunteers. Knowledge gained from this project demonstrates that high-osmolarity NNS may be useful in formulating ASBs that are satiating and low in calories.

Trends in Serum Insulin, C-Peptide and IR Levels in Non-Diabetic Young Adults – A Case Control Study

Background: Insulin resistance (IR), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist to Hip ratio (WHR) at risk levels have been identified as major predisposary factors for the development of Metabolic Syndrome (MS). Objectives: To compare the trends in serum insulin, C-peptide and IR levels in non-diabetic obese and non-obese young adults (20-40 years). Methods: The study was designed as a case control study and was conducted to compare serum parameters and selected anthropometric parameters in obese subjects (n=50) and non-obese subjects (n=50). After obtaining written consent, 100 non – diabetic (fasting blood sugar &lt; 100 mg/ dL) aged between 20-40 years were recruited for the study. The study was conducted at the clinic of Family Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura after obtaining ethical clearance from ethics review committee of University of Sri Jayewardenepura. According to BMI subjects were categorized as obese (BMI ≥ 25 kgm-2) and non-obese (BMI ≤ 25 kgm-2). WC, Hip Circumferences were measured and WHR was calculated. Fasting serum glucose (Glucose oxidase kit), serum insulin and serum C-peptide (ELISA method) levels were measured and IR was calculated according to HOMA-IR equation. Results: Among the parameters assessed; anthropometric parameters WC (p= 0.000) and WHR (P= 0.03) and biochemical parameters IR (P=0.003), fasting serum insulin (P = 0.006), glucose (P = 0.022) and C peptide (P=0.012) showed a significant difference in the obese group when compared to non-obese group. Higher number of hyperinsulinaemic (40%) and IR (38%) subjects were in the obese category compared to non-obese category (Hyperinsulinaemia: 6% and IR: 8%). Conclusions: In healthy non-diabetics, the obese group had significantly higher WC, WHR, IR, serum insulin and C-peptide levels indicating the risk of developing non-communicable diseases. In addition to the known risk factor (WC, WHR, Insulin, and IR) significant elevation of c-peptide in obese individuals might have the potential of being a promising screening tool in obese subjects.

Association between triglyceride glucose-body mass index and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the non-obese Chinese population with normal blood lipid levels: a secondary analysis based on a prospective cohort study

BackgroundBoth triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are linked to insulin resistance (IR). Prospective studies linking TyG-BMI to NAFLD have been limited by short follow-up. This study investigated the longitudinal association between TyG-BMI and NAFLD occurrence in the non-obese Chinese individuals.MethodsThis study determined TyG-BMI at baseline and the incidence of NAFLD at follow-up and performed a post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study that involved assessing the risk of NAFLD in non-obese Chinese residents from January 2010 to December 2014. The incidence of NAFLD during the 5-year follow-up was identified as the endpoint. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to evaluate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the incidence of NAFLD. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to estimate the predictive power of TyG-BMI and its components for NAFLD. Subgroup analysis was performed to better understand other factors that may affect the association between TyG-BMI and NAFLD to identify potential special populations.ResultsDuring the follow-up period, 841 (8.61%) of 9767 non-obese subjects who met the screening criteria were diagnosed with NAFLD. After confounding factors were fully adjusted for, the HR of NAFLD was 3.09 (95% CI 2.63–3.63) per standard deviation (SD) increase in TyG-BMI. Furthermore, TyG-BMI had a strong predictive value (area under ROC = 0.85; 95% CI 0.84–0.86) for the incidence of NAFLD, with a specificity of 0.73 and sensitivity of 0.82. Additionally, in the male population, each SD increase in TyG-BMI was linked to an increased risk of NAFLD (HR = 2.85, 95% CI 2.30–3.53), but the risk was higher in the female population (HR = 3.58, 95% CI 2.80–4.60). Gender and TyG-BMI interacted significantly with NAFLD incidence (P < 0.0001).ConclusionIn the normolipidaemic and non-obese subset of the Chinese population, an increase in TyG-BMI is related to an increased incidence of NAFLD. TyG-BMI may have clinical significance in identifying groups at high risk of NAFLD.

Oleic acid to stearic acid ratio might be a potential marker for insulin resistance in non-obese Japanese.

Results from a recent study indicate that a higher level of oleic acid/stearic acid ratio was associated with metabolically unhealthy obesity. This was further validated in cross-sectional and interventional studies; however, this was not extensively studied in a non-obese population. We recruited 260 Japanese subjects with serum free fatty acid profiles undergoing anti-aging health examinations. The determinants for oleic acid/stearic acid ratio were investigated using multiple regression analyses. To compare different markers, the subjects were classified based on oleic acid/stearic acid ratio and the combination of oleic acid/stearic acid ratio and triglyceride levels. The oleic acid/stearic acid ratio exhibited a positive correlation with the logmatic transformed triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and the fasting triglycerides-glucose index, both of which were used as markers for insulin resistance. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and fasting triglyceride-glucose index were positively associated with the oleic acid/stearic acid ratio. Most markers were the worst in the highest triglyceride group in both oleic acid/stearic acid groups. In addition, most markers were worse in high oleic acid/stearic acid ratio group than low group. In conclusion, oleic acid/stearic acid ratio might be a useful marker for insulin resistance in non-obese Japanese subjects.