non-Newtonian Research Articles

Numerical investigation of Williamson fluid in presence of chemical reaction towards a parabolic surface

ABSTRACT Our focus here is on examining the behavior of a boundary layer that regulates the movement of a non-Newtonian fluid undergoing a chemical reaction on a radiative paraboloid surface. This includes studying the fluid’s movement, temperature, and mass transfer. The fluid being studied pertains to the Williamson fluid model, which is described as a type of extended Newtonian fluid. We have considered the effects of Joule heating and dissipation through viscous phenomena based on the rules of heat and mass movement. The equations in the mathematical structure of partial differential equations (PDEs) governing the fluid continue to flow model in the problem. A subsequent evolution of these equations into ODEs by incorporating similarity variables. The velocity field’s schematic behavior is attributable to the magnetic parameter, thickness parameter, and the Weissenberg number, which exhibit velocity profile decline. In this research, both thermal radiation and Eckert number are highlighted, and it is concluded that both of these variables substantially raise the temperature field. We continue to track the concentration-reducing chemical reaction characteristic that remains tracked along with concentration transfer. Furthermore, the study includes a comprehensive presentation of comparative analyses with previously published scholarly works.

Computational Simulation of MHD Blood-Based Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Through a Stenosed Artery

As the leading cause of death worldwide, cardiovascular disease underscores the urgent need for effective therapies and diagnostic tools. The use of magnetic fields and nanoparticles has demonstrated potential for creating cutting-edge treatments. To analyse blood flow in an artery with stenosis and the impact of an external magnetic field on blood flow infused with hybrid nanoparticles, this study is conducted. A generalised power law is used to model the flow of a hybrid blood nanofluid comprising silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles. This study focuses on a deeper level of the magnetic field with hybrid nanoparticles in a non-Newtonian fluid, which extends from previous studies on nanoparticles in Newtonian blood. In a straight artery, the blood flow through a cosine-shaped stenosis is simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The physical controlling parameters, including velocity profiles and wall shear stress, are illustrated through graphs. The external magnetic field significantly reduces shear stress and the velocity profile. The addition of gold and silver nanoparticles allows for smooth blood flow in the diseased artery. The findings show a decline in aberrant behaviour and recirculation in the post-stenotic area. The combination of a hybrid nanofluid with an external magnetic field presents a practicable method for improving blood flow in stenosed arteries. The results have implications for targeted drug delivery in stenotic arteries and advancements in nanomedicine.

Effects of Newtonian Heating on MHD Jeffrey Hybrid Nanofluid Flow via Porous Medium

In recent years, hybrid nanoparticles have gained significant attention for their ability to enhance thermal conductivity in various fluid systems, making them effective heat transport catalysts. Despite advancements in thermal fluid technology, a gap remains in understanding how hybrid nanoparticles interact within non-Newtonian Jeffrey fluid systems, particularly under complex boundary conditions like Newtonian heating. The present study aims to shed light on the effect of hybrid nanoparticles (alumina and copper) incorporated into a Jeffrey fluid model on flow and heat transport, considering them as heat transport catalyst and subject to Newtonian heating to optimize thermal efficiency. An exponentially accelerated plate is used to induce the fluid flow, taking into account the effects of porosity, MHD, and thermal radiation. The examined fluid exhibits an unsteady one-dimensional flow, formulated by deriving partial differential equations, which are subsequently transformed into ordinary differential equations using suitable non-dimensional variables and the Laplace transformation. This research distinguishes itself by presenting a novel mathematical model for MHD Jeffrey hybrid nanofluid, accounting for porosity and Newtonian heating effects. The inverse of Laplace is used to generate the exact solutions for velocity and temperature profiles, which is not explored in existing literature. Graphical representations are generated using Mathcad, depicting the velocity and temperature distributions. A comparison with prior study from the literature demonstrates strong agreement between our findings and theirs. The findings indicate that the velocity and temperature profiles of the hybrid nanofluid are higher with Newtonian heating than without it. Additionally, an increase in the Grashof number, radiation, acceleration, and porosity parameters also leads to an enhanced velocity profile.

CFD Simulation of upstream blood pressure dynamics in common carotid artery stenosis with a focus on the effects of beta-blocker intervention

ABSTRACT The study aims to correlate the variation of blood pressure (BP) proximal to the stenosed portion in a stenosed Common Carotid Artery (CCA) with the degree of stenosis. A 3D model of a bifurcated Carotid artery section including the CCA, Internal carotid artery (ICA) and External Carotid Artery (ECA) has been employed for a time-dependent analysis of the blood flow patterns. A physiological pulsatile velocity profile for blood has been assumed, with blood being modelled as a non-Newtonian fluid displaying the Carreau–Yasuda rheological behaviour. The effect of antihypertensive medications of the beta-blocker class, on the upstream BP, has been analysed through the simulation model, in an attempt to assess the efficacy of these medications in atherosclerotic patients. The findings indicate a reduced efficacy of beta-blockers in case of severe stenosis (≥ 75%); with the efficacy decreasing with the enhancement of stenosis extent above 75%.

A shear and elongational decomposition approach of the rate-of-deformation tensor for non-Newtonian flows with mixed kinematics

We propose a novel approach for non-Newtonian viscoelastic steady flows based on a decomposition of the rate-of-deformation tensor which here, in a simplified version, leads to an anisotropic generalised Newtonian fluid-like model with separated treatment of kinematics pertaining to shear and extensional flows. Care is taken to assure that the approach is objective and does not introduce spurious effects due to dependence on a specific reference frame. This is done by separating the rate-of-deformation tensor into shear and elongational components, with the local scalar shear and elongation rates being the second invariant of each tensor separately, and by modifying the method used to separate the rate-of-deformation tensor so that it becomes independent of superimposed rigid rotations, thus satisfying the principle of material indifference. We assess the model with two test cases: planar contraction flow, often employed to evaluate numerical methods or constitutive equations and for which experimentally observed corner vortex enhancement and pressure drop increase are seldom found in numerical simulations; and flow past confined or unconfined cylinders, for which experiments indicate a drag increase due to elasticity and most predictions give a drag decrease. With our anisotropic model, incorporating additional elongational-flow-related terms, large vortices and accentuated pressure drop coefficients can be predicted for the contraction problem and enhanced drag coefficient for the cylinder problems. This is the first work where problems of non-Newtonian fluid mechanics are solved numerically with separation of strain rate into shear and elongational components.

Design innovative perspectives of thermally radiative flow of chemically reactive magnetized nanofluid capturing bioconvection and Joule heating aspects

The distinguishing thermophysical features of nanofluids make them possibly advantageous in enhancing transfer of heat. The applications of nanofluids in industrial cooling, cooling tower detection, imaging, microelectronic cooling, crossbreed motor proficiency, transparent sunscreen, crack-resistant paint, nuclear reactor cooling, thermal transport, enhanced oil recovery, and architecture have diversified extensively in recent years. Scientific research has shown an enormous spike in fascination with non-Newtonian nanofluids in the past few decades. The stress in non-Newtonian fluids varies nonlinearly with the rate of deformation. These fluids are used in material processing, bioengineering, polymeric fluids, oil reservoir design, and the chemical and nuclear industries. There have been several non-Newtonian models presented forth. The Williamson fluid model is one example of such a model that has a shear-thinning behavior. The current article explanate analysis of (3D) Williamson fluid flow considering various physical features which plays vital role to raise the heat transportation rate. Through transformations procedure the governing physical problem is simplified and then solved via bvp4c in MATLAB. Acquired data are tabulated and graphically presented, and the impacts of relevant parameters on concentration-microorganisms and temperature have been examined numerically. According to the accomplishments, the concentration profile is anticipated to decline as the stretching rate parameter and Brownian motion parameter values grow. By boosting the magnetic parameter, the microorganism profile advances, but the bioconvection Peclet number reveals an opposite tendency.

An Investigation of Hyperthermia for Non-Newtonian Fluid Inside an Imitation Circular Vein

Hyperthermia is an overheating cancer treatment. The hyperthermia studies stated that when the temperature of a cell or mass is elevated to 43 °C, destruction of the mass can be observed. Manufacturing technologies and robotics advancements enable thermal engineering researchers to conduct hyperthermia experiments. This study attempted to determine the magnitude of the heat source placed inside the vein needed to achieve hyperthermia and the section that hyperthermia covered. Non-Newtonian artificial blood was adopted as the test fluid. An artificial blood circulation system was built. A small-scale resistance heat source used to mimic the heat generated by microrobots was placed inside the imitation vein to enhance the inner wall temperature of the affected section. Experiments were conducted on a 2 mm diameter imitation vein. The experimental data was used as a base to build a numerical model for vein diameters ranging from 1.5 to 6 mm. The required power inputs to achieve hyperthermia for different vein diameters were obtained. The power ranges from 0.036 to 0.203 W for diameters from 6 mm down to 1.5 mm. The research results of this study will provide important information to researchers in robotics to achieve the required heat generation.

Electromagnetic Slime Sentinels: Transforming Drug Delivery, Object Extraction, and Healing Innovations

Magnetic small soft-bodied robots are perfect for targeted medication administration, micromanipulation, and minimally invasive surgery because they provide non-invasive access to confined locations. Presently available magnetically operated small soft robots are based on elastomers (silicone) and fluids, such as ferrofluid or liquid metal; however, they have certain drawbacks. Robots built on elastomers have trouble deforming, which makes it challenging for them to maneuver in extremely constrained spaces. Although they may deform more easily, fluidbased robots have unstable forms and limited environmental adaptation. The non-Newtonian fluid- based magnetically actuated slime robots shown in this work combine the notable deformation capabilities of fluid-based robots with the flexibility of elastomer-based robots. These slime robots can move on different surfaces in intricate surroundings and navigate via tiny channels as little as 1.5 mm in diameter. They can carry out various tasks, including transporting, ingesting, and gripping solid items, and also adapt to various surfaces. Magnetic slime robots, combining the properties of non-Newtonian fluids and elastomers, offer promising solutions for targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive surgeries. This review discusses the design, preparation, and applications of magnetic slime robots, highlighting their potential to revolutionize biomedical operations. It also highlights their stability among different atmospheric conditions, marking a new age of targeted drug delivery systems and predicting various innovations and concepts related to magnetic slime robots.

Steady motions of single spherical microswimmers in non-Newtonian fluids

In biological systems, microswimmers often propel themselves through complex media. However, many aspects of swimming mechanisms in non-Newtonian fluids remain unclear. This study considers the propulsion of two types of single spherical microswimmers (squirmers) in shear-thickening and shear-thinning fluids. The slip-driven squirmer propels faster/slower in shear-thickening/thinning fluids than in Newtonian fluids [C. Datt et al., J. Fluid Mech. 784, R1 (2015)]. In contrast, we discovered that a traction-driven squirmer exhibits the opposite trend, moving slower/faster in shear-thickening/thinning fluids than in Newtonian fluids. In addition, we have shown theoretically that Purcell's scallop theorem does not hold in non-Newtonian fluids when a squirmer with reciprocal surface motions is used. The present findings open up possibilities for the design of new types of microswimmers that can achieve translational motion from a single reciprocal motion in non-Newtonian fluids. Furthermore, we demonstrated that traction-driven squirmers swim faster and more efficiently in shear-thinning fluids than in Newtonian fluids. These findings highlight how the non-Newtonian rheology enhances both swimming speed and efficiency, suggesting further potential for optimizing locomotion performance otherwise impossible in Newtonian fluids.

Synergistic influence of gyrotactic microorganisms and bimolecular reaction on bidirectional tangent hyperbolic fluid with Nield boundary conditions: A biomathematical model

In biomedical engineering, the behaviour of gyrotactic microorganisms with non-Newtonian fluids such as tangent hyperbolic fluids improve the design of targeted drug delivery systems. In this system control over microorganism movement is essential. The present study deals with the synergistic influence of gyrotactic microorganisms and bimolecular reactions on the bidirectional flow of tangent hyperbolic fluids under Nield boundary conditions. Further, the flow characteristic of the non-Newtonian fluid is enhanced by incorporating the impact of thermal radiation, heat sources, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis. The presentation of these phenomena is vital for an extensive range of applications, including industrial processes, biomedical engineering, and environmental management. The analysis employs advanced mathematical modelling which needs suitable transformation rules to get the non-dimensional form and further numerical simulation is presented with the assistance of the “shooting-based fourth-order Runge-Kutta technique”. The results are depicted for the several contributing factors via the built-in in-house function bvp4c in “MATLAB”. The authentication of the study with the prior research is a benchmark to precede further research in this direction. However, the outstanding results are; the fluid velocity is controlled by increasing non-Newtonian Weissenberg number whereas the velocity slip shows dual characteristics on the axial velocity distribution. Further, the motile microorganism profile is controlled by the enhanced bioconvection Lewis number.

Intelligent Predictive Networks for Cattaneo-Christov Heat and Mass Transfer Dissipated Williamson Fluid Through Double Stratification

This study aims to develop an efficient predictive model for Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass transformation of dissipative Williamson fluid with the effects of double stratification (CCHMT-DWF-DS) using the Levenberg-Marquardt Backpropagation (LMA-BP) algorithm. The under-consideration Williamson fluid flow is magneto-hydro-dynamic, incompressible and two-dimensional through a stretching sheet. The mathematical model of nonlinear partial differential equations for physical phenomena is transformed into ordinary differential equations by means of renowned similarity transformations. The solutions of physical problem are computed by bvp4c technique through MATLAB. The LMA-BP is employed to train a backward neural network capable of accurately predicting velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles under various physical conditions such as changes in the Hartmann number , Prandtl number , Schmidt number , Williamson parameter , the relaxation time of temperature , the relaxation time of concentration , temperature stratification , and concentration stratification for generating a variety of graphical outcomes and statistics. This research is significant for its innovative use of the LMA-BP in analyzing the complex dynamics of non-Newtonian fluids specifically the Williamson fluid, alongside the Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux model. The obtaining graphs have been discussed in detail. The thermal and solutal relaxation factors reduce heat and mass flow while fluid motion is delayed by the time-dependent parameter and further reduced by the Hartman number. The Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model enhances simulation accuracy by integrating temporal delays in heat transfer, proving beneficial for sophisticated industrial and scientific endeavors related to non-Newtonian fluids. This analysis offers a powerful predictive tool for applications in thermal management, industrial cooling systems, and biomedical fluid dynamics, advancing machine learning in fluid mechanics.

Rheological Properties of Weak Gel System Cross-Linked from Chromium Acetate and Polyacrylamide and Its Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery After Polymer Flooding for Heterogeneous Reservoir

Long-term polymer flooding exacerbates reservoir heterogeneity, intensifying intra- and inter-layer conflicts, which makes it difficult to recover the remaining oil. Therefore, further improvement in oil recovery after polymer flooding is essential. In this study, a weak gel system was successfully synthesized, and possesses a distinct network structure that becomes more compact as the concentration of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide increases. The network structure of the weak gel system provides excellent shear resistance, with its apparent viscosity significantly higher than that of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solution. The weak gel system exhibits typical pseudo-plastic behavior, which is a non-Newtonian fluid as well as a viscoelastic fluid. Additionally, the weak gel system’s elasticities exceed its viscosities, and longer crosslinking time further enhances the viscoelasticity. The weak gel system achieves superior conformance control and enhanced oil recovery in highly heterogeneous reservoirs compared to partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions. The weak gel system is more suited to low-permeability reservoirs with strong heterogeneity, as its effectiveness in conformance control and oil recovery increases with greater reservoir heterogeneity. Enhanced oil recoveries of the weak gel system in low-permeability sandpacks increase from 22% to 48% with a rise in permeability ratios from 14.39 to 35.64 after polymer flooding.

Linear stability on transpiration effect of self-similar boundary layer flow for non-Newtonian fluids over a moving wedge

Linear stability on transpiration effect of self-similar boundary layer flow for non-Newtonian fluids over a moving wedge

Diffusion-thermo and thermo-diffusion of gravity-driven chemical reactive magneto-Casson fluid in vertical oscillatory porous media with inclined magnetic field: Finite Element Solution

An interest in enhancing heat transfer and industrial materials performance has propelled studies of diverse viscoelastic fluids with various conditions and geometries. Thus, this research examines the combined influences of diffusion-thermo and thermo-diffusion on the flow and thermal distribution characteristics of a gravity-driven chemically reacting magneto-Casson fluid in vertical oscillatory permeable media with an inclined magnetic field effect. The Casson liquid formulation is adopted for the liquid viscous behaviour, which is essential in different engineering and industrial usages. The formulated partial derivative model for the flow velocity, thermal, and reacting species is transformed via similarity variables into an invariant model and solved computationally via the Galerkin finite element method (GFEM). The results indicate that the inclined magnetic field impacts the fluid flow and heat distribution characteristics. The Soret and Dufour influences are critical in modifying the heat and species boundary layers, particularly in chemical reactions. Hence, the study offers perceptions into augmenting non-Newtonian fluids industrial processes with heat and mass transfer for chemical reactors, polymer processing, and oil recovery. Therefore, an inclusive study clarifies the interplay complexity between different physical phenomena governing the behaviour of hydromagnetic Casson fluids in porous oscillatory media is considered for dynamical heat transfer in engineered systems.

Rheological characterization and modeling of ultra-high-velocity fluidized submarine landslides

Submarine landslides are critical phenomena due to their potential to reshape seabed topography, trigger tsunamis, and compromise offshore infrastructure. Understanding the rheological properties, particularly shear stress and viscosity under high shear rates, is essential for comprehending the dynamics of these landslides, a topic often underexplored in previous research. This study explores the rheological behavior of fluidized submarine landslides, with a focus on in-site sediments from the South China Sea and the Western Pacific Ocean. Samples prepared with varying densities were subjected to extensive rheological testing in the laboratory and analyzed under shear rates of up to 2000 s−1. Results indicated that all samples exhibited non-Newtonian fluid characteristics, showing shear-thinning behavior at low shear rates and shear-thickening behavior at higher shear rates. This transition is attributed to the breakdown of internal sediment structures, leading to changes in viscosity. This study also found that higher water content generally results in lower yield stress and consistency coefficients, while increasing the shear rate reduces the nonlinearity of the fluid's behavior. To model this complex behavior, a piecewise rheological model based on the Herschel-Bulkley framework was proposed. This model effectively captures the variations in rheological properties across different shear rate stages, with critical shear rates influenced by the sediment type and water content. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of submarine landslides under extreme conditions, and the proposed model offers a more accurate tool for predicting the behavior of fluidized submarine landslides.

Thermal and Computational Analysis of MHD Dissipative Flow of Eyring-Powell Fluid: Non-Similar Approach via Overlapping Grid-Based Spectral Collocation Scheme

The aim of the present study is to numerically investigate the non-similar flow and heat transfer in a dissipative Eyring-Powell fluid (EPF) over a stretching surface. A constant magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the stretched surface to explore the impact of the Lorentz force. Both viscous and magnetic dissipation are considered to comprehensively examine their effects on heat transfer. The problem in hand does not admit self-similar solutions as the non-Newtonian fluid parameter varies with the spatial variable along the stream-wise direction. Consequently, the set of nonlinear partial differential equations, modeling the flow problem is nondimensionalized primarily by employing a pseudo-similarity variable and stream-wise coordinate. The non-dimensional set of nonlinear partial differential equations is solved by a newly developed and efficient “overlapping multi-domain bivariate spectral local linearization method (OMD-BSLLM)”. The current study includes residual error analysis and convergence tests to demonstrate the accuracy of the numerical method applied to the current mathematical model. Graphs show fluid flow and heat transfer results for different flow parameters, while tables display skin friction and Nusselt number values. The results indicate that the non-Newtonian fluid parameter enhances both the velocity profile and temperature distribution. The fluid decelerates with increasing the dimensionless stream wise coordinate and Hartmann number. Viscous dissipation and dimensionless stream-wise coordinate enhances the temperature profile.

Direct simulations of bedrock core and cuttings transport phenomena in reverse circulation drilling

Polar drilling is essential for obtaining ice and bedrock samples, providing critical insights into climate and geological history. The reverse circulation drilling method, utilizing a dual-wall drill pipe, presents a stable and efficient strategy. Nonetheless, the intricate dynamics involving drilling fluids, rock cuttings and cores necessitate sophisticated modeling to elucidate the underlying mechanism and optimize drilling efficiency. To address this, we developed a multiphase flow model that accounts for non-Newtonian fluid behavior, turbulence, particle dynamics, and fluid–structure interactions, enabling a thorough assessment of various operational parameters. The model's temporal–spatial sensitivity was evaluated, and its accuracy was confirmed by comparison with three different sets of experimental data. A detailed parametric investigation was then conducted to systematically assess the effects of various parameters, including the non-Newtonian behavior and inlet velocity of the drilling fluid, the rate of penetration, and the dimensions of the cuttings and core. The simulation results indicate that the non-Newtonian behavior of the drilling fluid has an non-negligible effect on the transport efficiency of both cuttings and core. An increase in the fluid inlet velocity leads to faster transport, albeit at the cost of higher pump pressure. The rate of penetration has a minor influence on the core transportation but largely affects the cutting transportation. More interestingly, larger cuttings demonstrate enhanced transport efficiency, attributed to a more uniform velocity distribution. Furthermore, the core diameter plays a pivotal role in transport efficiency by significantly altering the fluid dynamics, whereas the core length has a negligible effect. These results may have direct applications for optimizing polar drilling operations, potentially leading to enhanced drilling efficiency, reduced drilling costs, and informing future drilling technology advancements.

Atomization of smooth sheets of non-Newtonian liquids

Atomization of smooth sheets of non-Newtonian liquids

To spill or not: Short-time pouring dynamics of a toppled liquid bottle

A typical culinary setting involves liquid condiments with different constitutive behaviors stored in jars, bottles, pitchers, or spouts. In the dynamic kitchen environment, handling these condiments might require pouring, drizzling, squeezing, or tapping, demonstrating the interplay of the container geometry, the fluid properties, and the culinary expertise. There is, of course, the occasional accidental toppling. We investigate the combined effects of surface properties, fluid properties, and confinement dimensions on the short-time spilling or pouring dynamics of a toppled cuvette. While attesting to the fact that smaller cuvettes (which can be termed as capillaries as well) do not spontaneously spill, larger cuvettes exhibit spilling dynamics that are dependent on the surface property, fluid viscosity, and flow rheology. For Newtonian liquids, it is observed that the spilling dynamics are determined largely by the coupling of viscous and gravity forces with surface properties, inducing non-intuitive behavior at higher conduit dimensions. The inclusion of rheology for non-Newtonian liquids in the soup makes the spilling dynamics not only an interplay surface and fluid properties but also a function of meniscus retraction demarcating a “splatter” of three regimes “not spilling,” “on the verge of spilling,” and “spontaneous spilling.” We not only delineate the interactions leading to meniscus motion but also provide a mapping on whether or not a container would spill if it is momentarily toppled and then immediately returned to upright position. This study aids in understanding the fascinating physics of fluid pouring dynamics and could lead to new kitchen, biomedical, and industrial technologies.

Soret and Dufour effects in two-phase boundary layer flow of non-Newtonian and Newtonian fluids with uniform shear strength ratio

BackgroundThis study numerically investigates heat and mass transfer in two-phase boundary layer shear flows, focusing on a non-Newtonian Casson fluid interacting with an adjacent Newtonian fluid under the influence of thermal radiation. By incorporating both Soret and Dufour effects, we examine how temperature gradients influence mass flux and how concentration differences affect energy flux. These coupled effects are essential for applications involving simultaneous heat and mass transport, such as chemical reactors, separation processes, and thermal management systems. MethodsThe analysis explores boundary layer convergence with varying shear intensities, utilizing the MATLAB solver “bvp4c” with appropriate similarity transformations for computational accuracy. The resulting numerical data are presented in graphical form to illustrate the impact of key parameters on flow characteristics. Additionally, variations in the Sherwood number, Nusselt number, and interfacial shear stress are depicted for each fluid across different parameter values. To evaluate the accuracy of our numerical method, we conducted a comparative analysis with the results reported by Weidman and Wang [4] and Wang [2]. This comparison demonstrated an excellent match, confirming the reliability of our approach, as shown in Table 1 and Fig. 2. Significant findingsThe results demonstrate that the fluid temperature increases with the Dufour number, while the concentration rises with the Soret number. Higher Casson parameter values lead to a reduction in interfacial shear stress in both fluids. Furthermore, the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers increase with an enhanced radiation parameter, highlighting the influence of thermal radiation on heat and mass transfer. These insights offer a valuable understanding of flow behavior in systems with coupled thermal and concentration gradients.