Nonmetastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Research Articles

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Prostate Cancer Epidemiology Across Disease States in the VA.

Prostate cancer (PC) care has evolved rapidly as a result of changes in prostate-specific antigen testing, novel imaging, and newer treatments. The impact of these changes on PC epidemiology and racial disparities across disease states remains underexplored. To characterize racial and ethnic differences in the epidemiology of PC states, including nonmetastatic hormone-sensitive PC (nmHSPC), metastatic HSPC (mHSPC), nonmetastatic castration-resistant PC (nmCRPC), and metastatic CRPC (mCRPC). This is a retrospective, population-based cohort study of male US veterans aged 40 years and older with known race and ethnicity and no non-PC malignant neoplasm before study entry receiving care through the Veterans Health Administration. The study period was from 2012 to 2020, with follow-up through 2021. To identify active users, data capture included visits 18 months before and after the study period. Data analysis was performed from March to August 2023. Self-identified race and ethnicity, classified as Black, White, or Hispanic. The primary outcomes were annual age-adjusted incidence rates (IRs) and point prevalence for PC states by race and ethnicity. Trends were evaluated using joinpoint regression. Time to disease progression or death was estimated using nonparametric cumulative incidence. Competing risk models adjusted for age assessed the association of race and ethnicity on disease progression. The study included 6 539 001 veterans (median [IQR] age, 65 [56-74] years), of whom 476 227 had PC (median [IQR] age, 69 [63-75] years). IRs varied by time frame and disease state. Across all states and years, the relative risk among Black vs White patients ranged from 2.09 (95% CI, 2.01-2.18; P < .001) for nmHSPC in 2012 to 4.12 (95% CI, 3.39-5.02; P < .001) for nmCRPC in 2017. In nmHSPC, hazard ratios for progression to mHSPC and nmCRPC were 1.36 (95% CI, 1.33-1.40) and 1.60 (95% CI, 1.51-1.70), respectively, for Black patients and 1.38 (95% CI, 1.31-1.45) and 1.55 (95% CI, 1.40-1.72), respectively, for Hispanic patients vs White patients. In contrast, in mCRPC, the hazard ratio for death was lower for Black (0.84; 95% CI, 0.81-0.88) and Hispanic (0.76; 95% CI, 0.69-0.83) patients compared with White patients. This cohort study of veterans found that Black patients had more than 2-fold higher incidence of all disease states vs White patients. Progression risk was higher for Black and Hispanic patients in early-stage disease, but lower in later disease stages. Despite equal access, Black patients disproportionately experience PC, although progression risks relative to White patients differed according to disease state.

P129 Long-term outcomes and disease control with apalutamide in non-metastatic castration-resistant and metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer

P129 Long-term outcomes and disease control with apalutamide in non-metastatic castration-resistant and metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer

Prostate Cancer, Pathophysiology and Recent Developments in Management: A Narrative Review.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men. The different stages of prostate cancer which include localised (low, intermediate, and high risk) disease, locally advanced, non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (M0 CRPCa), and metastatic disease. The main treatment of locally advanced disease is external beam radiotherapy with hormonal therapy which are associated with good prognosis. Current treatments for M0 CRPCa include androgen deprivation therapy in combination with apalutamide, darolutamide or enzalutamide, all of which are associated with good metastatic-free survival rates in clinical trials. Hormone-naive metastatic prostate cancer comprises the same treatments as M0 CRPCa, whereas further treatment includes docetaxel and abiraterone. Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treatments include sipuleucel-T, radium-223, abiraterone, enzalutamide and cabazitaxel, which aim to slow down the progression of the disease and to prolong life. This article also provides insight into the development of new drugs recently approved for metastatic castration prostate cancer, which include PARP inhibitors and Lutetium-177 which have shown to have significantly good overall survival and to improve radiographic progression-free survival. In addition, new clinical trials are ongoing to test new medications such as cabozantinb and chimeric-antigen receptor T-cell therapy for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. With the aim to slow down the progression of the disease and to prolong life, new drug developments are underway to hopefully provide a positive impact on overall survival and improve progression-free survival, especially in advanced prostate cancer.

Optimal timing for initiating androgen receptor signaling inhibitor therapy in patients with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a multicenter collaborative study.

We determined the optimal timing for initiating androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI) therapy in patients with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) and assessed its impact on oncological outcomes. This retrospective study included 145 nmCRPC patients who received enzalutamide, apalutamide or darolutamide at the Jikei University Hospital or its affiliated institutions between May 2014 and November 2022. Patients were stratified based on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time (PSADT) at CRPC diagnosis and PSA levels at ARSI initiation. Oncological outcomes, including progression-free survival (PFS), metastasis-free survival (MFS), cancer-specific survival and overall survival, were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox regression analysis. The median age of the patients was 73 (interquartile range [IQR]: 52-88) years, and the median follow-up duration was 36 (IQR: 2-104) months. The median PSA level at ARSI initiation was 5.4 (IQR: 2.2-48) ng/ml, and 44.8% of patients had a PSADT <3months. Multivariate analysis revealed that PSADT and PSA levels at ARSI initiation were independent MFS predictors. Patients with a PSADT ≤3months and a PSA level≥5.4ng/ml experienced significantly reduced PFS and MFS. Notably, ARSI initiation at a PSA level ≥5.4ng/ml was associated with worse outcomes, suggesting the potential benefit of earlier intervention. Patients with rapid PSADT are at increased risk of early disease progression, suggesting that immediate treatment may be warranted. In addition, initiating therapy at a PSA level <5.4ng/ml may be associated with improved patient outcomes in patients with low PSADT.

Preliminary Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety Analysis of Darolutamide for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Single-Center, Open-Label Study

Introduction: Darolutamide is a structurally unique second-generation androgen receptor antagonist that has been approved for indications in patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) and metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). The aim was to assess the efficacy and safety of Darolutamide for mCRPC. Methods: In this single-center, open-label study, patients with previously untreated mCRPC were enrolled and received androgen deprivation therapy (goserelin acetate 3.6 mg every 28 days) and docetaxel (75 mg per square meter of body surface area every 21 days) with Denosumab (120 mg every 28 days) for bone metastases, Darolutamide (300 mg orally twice daily) in the experimental group, and the control group received the corresponding of placebo. Serum PSA changes were detected and recorded, and imaging changes and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. The primary endpoints were safety, tolerability, and antitumor efficacy, and the second endpoint was radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS). Results: Thirty-seven patients with mCRPC were enrolled. The median time to PSA50 in the Darolutamide group was 1.5 months (95% CI: 0.2619–0.9545), significantly lower than that in the placebo group (3.0 months [95% CI: 1.048–3.818], p = 0.0259). The median time to PSA90 in the experimental group was 4 months (95% CI: 0.3094–1.437), 2 months shorter than that in the placebo group (6.0 months [95% CI: 0.6961–3.232]). With the median follow-up of 6 months, the median decrease in serum PSA was −81.8% (range −60.4 to −99.9%) in the Darolutamide group and −69.4% (range −50.3 to −89.6%) in the placebo group. Tumor-related pain and AEs were not increased, and the median rPFS was not reached. Conclusions: The combination of Darolutamide and docetaxel was well tolerated with more clinically beneficial than docetaxel alone in previously untreated mCRPC. Darolutamide rapidly reduced PSA levels and prolonged rPFS and did not increase the incidence of AEs.

Prognostic Outcomes and Predictive Factors in Non-Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Patients Not Treated with Second-Generation Antiandrogens.

Background/Objectives: Patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) and high-risk features frequently have progression to life-threatening metastasis without second-generation antiandrogens. This study investigated nmCRPC patients for the survival and prognostic factors from a cohort before the approved use of second-generation antiandrogens. Methods: From March 2016 to January 2021, 326 patients treated with second-generation antiandrogens for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) or metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer were retrieved. Forty-four patients experiencing nmCRPC with no use of second-generation antiandrogens were reviewed. The prognostic factors, at initial diagnosis or at nmCRPC, associated with metastasis-free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. Results: The median follow-up time after nmCRPC was 46 months. The median PSA level at nmCRPC was 2.7 ng/mL. Thirty-eight of forty-four patients with nmCRPC had a PSA doubling time (PSADT) of 10 months or shorter, and the median PSADT was 4 months. The median OS from nmCRPC was 53 months, and the median interval for nmCRPC patients progressing to mCRPC was 20 months. Upon univariate analysis, PSADT < 10 months (p = 0.049) and the very-high-risk group at the initial diagnosis (p = 0.043) were associated with significantly shorter post-nmCRPC MFS. The very-high-risk group (p = 0.031) was associated with significantly worse post-nmCRPC OS. In terms of survivals from the initial diagnosis of prostate cancer, Gleason grade ≥ 8 was the only independent factor with MFS and OS. Conclusions: Without second-generation antiandrogens, nmCRPC patients with PSADT <10 months and in the initial very-high-risk group developed subsequent mCRPC in a significantly faster fashion. Patients of the very-high-risk group had shorter survival rates after nmCRPC.

8208 Unexpected And Significant Rise In TSH In The Setting Of Relugolix Use

Abstract Disclosure: A.Y. Groysman: None. A. Poloju: None. P. Majety: None. T. Abraham: None. Background: Relugolix is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist used as androgen deprivation therapy for metastatic and nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer that was FDA-approved in December 2020. Common side effects include hot flashes, increased glucose and triglycerides, and decreased hemoglobin. We report a case of Relugolix interference with the absorption of levothyroxine, which has not been reported in the literature. Case: A 79-year-old white man with high-risk, Gleason 9 prostate cancer and Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism presented for evaluation of elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level- 52.87 mIU/L (0.28-4.10 mIU/L). He did not have cold intolerance, constipation, fatigue, or weight gain. He was diagnosed with hypothyroidism in 1998 and was on a stable dose of levothyroxine 88mcg daily from 2016 until the time of this presentation. He is adherent and reports following a routine of having breakfast with coffee soon after taking levothyroxine for many years. In June 2022, his TSH was 4.48 mIU/L. In July 2022, he started taking Relugolix along with levothyroxine. Following this, his TSH levels increased to 30.08 mIU/L (FT4: 0.67 ng/dL), 35.43 mIU/L (FT4: 0.57 ng/dL), 52.87 mIU/L (FT4: 0.48 ng/dL) on 2/24/23, 3/3/23, and 3/14/23, respectively. No new medications were reported. His other medications were atorvastatin, tamsulosin, and vitamin D, which he took at night. He did not take calcium or biotin supplements. He had gradual weight gain (8 lbs) over the last 9 months. Levothyroxine dose was increased from 88 to 125 mcg daily and he was instructed to separate Relugolix from levothyroxine so he started taking Relugolix at bedtime. Repeat TSH was low at 0.12 mIU/L. The levothyroxine dose was eventually titrated back to 88 mcg daily and TSH was 5.2 (appropriate for age). Conclusion: Several medications are known to interfere with the absorption of levothyroxine. Our case suggests that Relugolix may be one of them. The significant rise in TSH and levothyroxine requirements months after starting Relugolix and the ability to return to the previous dose of levothyroxine only by separating Relugolix from levothyroxine strongly suggests that there is an interference between these medications that has not been reported. Presentation: 6/2/2024

Prior Local Therapy and First-Line Apalutamide in Patients With Nonmetastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Preclinical studies suggest that exposure to prostate-directed local therapy (LT) may influence the efficacy of subsequent systemic therapy including androgen receptor pathway inhibitors. However, there is insufficient clinical evidence to support this premise in patients with nonmetastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC). To determine whether exposure to prior prostate-directed LT (radical prostatectomy [RP], radiation therapy [RT], or both) played any effect-modifying role in the treatment effect of apalutamide on metastasis-free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with nmCRPC. This post hoc secondary analysis used individual patient data from SPARTAN (Study of Apalutamide [ARN-509] in Men With Non-Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer), a phase 3, double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial conducted at 332 sites in 26 countries. Between October 14, 2013, and December 15, 2016, patients with nmCRPC and a prostate-specific antigen doubling time of 10 months or less were randomly assigned to apalutamide vs placebo; all patients received androgen deprivation therapy. The final data analysis was performed on December 31, 2023. Prior prostate-directed LT. Separate Cox proportional hazards regression models were constructed for OS and MFS, which included prior LT, treatment group, and an interaction term, in addition to a minimally sufficient set of confounders. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for MFS and OS were determined for the apalutamide groups with or without prior LT. Among the 1179 evaluable patients included in this analysis, 795 received prior LT and 384 did not. The median age of patients with and without prior LT was 70 (IQR, 45-90) years and 75 (IQR, 50-95) years, respectively. The median follow-up was 52.0 (IQR, 51.5-52.8) months. A differential treatment effect of apalutamide on MFS was observed between patients with and without prior LT (P for interaction = .009), with greater benefits for those with prior LT (adjusted HR, 0.22 [95% CI, 0.17-0.27]) compared with those without prior LT (adjusted HR, 0.35 [95% CI, 0.25-0.51]). However, there was insufficient evidence of a differential treatment effect on OS among subgroups stratified by exposure to prior LT (P for interaction = .23), with improved OS in the subgroup with prior LT (adjusted HR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.57-0.92]) but no significant difference in OS in the subgroup without prior LT (adjusted HR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.64-1.31]). This post hoc analysis of the SPARTAN trial provides evidence of an interaction between prior LT and apalutamide in patients with nmCRPC, with a clinically significant and more favorable treatment effect from apalutamide on MFS among patients with prior LT. Further studies are needed to validate these findings. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01946204.

Statin use and oncological outcomes in a propensity-matched cohort of nonmetastatic castration resistant prostate cancer patients of the ARAMIS trial

IntroductionWhile observational studies suggest favorable associations between statin use and prostate cancer (CaP) outcomes, data from randomized-controlled trials remain inconclusive. Our study explores the relationship between statin use and survival outcomes in the context of the phase III ARAMIS study, a trial of darolutamide in the treatment of nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. MethodsWe reviewed all 1,509 patients in the ARAMIS trial. Statin use was identified at baseline. Statin users were matched 1:2 with nonusers using a propensity score matching model. The primary endpoint was metastasis-free survival (MFS). Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted for MFS comparing statin users and nonusers across ARAMIS trial arms. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was fitted using the propensity-matched cohort and incorporating statin use and all covariates. ResultsOf the 1,509 patients in ARAMIS, 334 (22.1%) were statin users. We matched 297 statin users to 550 nonusers. Characteristics appeared well balanced. Among nonusers, 331 (60.3%) and 219 (39.7%) were in the ARAMIS darolutamide and placebo arms, respectively. Among statin users, 179 (60.3%) and 118 (39.7%) were in the ARAMIS darolutamide and placebo arms, respectively. Overall, we found no significant difference in MFS between statin users and nonusers (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.80–1.38 P = .72). However, we found significant interaction between statin use and ARAMIS trial arm. Specifically, statin use had a stronger association with MFS in the placebo arm (P = 0.024). However, this is likely coincidental and due to the statin-placebo patients having higher nodal positivity than the nonusers-placebo patients (14.3% vs. 5.5%). Statin use was similarly not associated with the secondary outcomes of PSA progression-free survival (P = 0.42), time-to-pain progression (P = 0.85), or overall survival (P = 0.15). ConclusionsIn our secondary analysis of the ARAMIS trial, statin users had similar MFS and secondary outcomes compared to nonusers. These results suggest pursuing further statin synergies with amide-based androgen receptor axis target agents may not be fruitful.

Abstract C162: Prespecified interim analysis of the DARolutamide ObservationaL (DAROL) study in Black/African American patients with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC)

Abstract Introduction: Black/African American (B/AA) men are disproportionately affected by prostate cancer, having higher incidence and mortality rates compared with other ethnic/racial populations. Darolutamide (DARO) is a structurally distinct and highly potent androgen receptor inhibitor with low blood–brain barrier penetration and limited potential for drug–drug interactions. In ARAMIS (NCT02200614; phase 3), DARO significantly improved metastasis- free survival (MFS) by ∼2 years and reduced the risk of death by 31% vs placebo in patients with nmCRPC, with favorable tolerability. The DAROL study (NCT04122976) is assessing the real- world safety and effectiveness of DARO in patients with nmCRPC. Here we report a subgroup analysis of B/AA patients from the prespecified third interim analysis (IA3). Methods: DAROL is an ongoing, global, open-label, single-arm, non-interventional study in patients aged ≥18 years with nmCRPC for whom the decision to be treated with DARO was decided pre-enrollment. The primary endpoint is safety, including incidence and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Secondary endpoints include MFS, overall survival (OS), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression, and PSA response. IA3 was conducted when 550 patients completed ≥6 months of treatment (data cut-off July 17, 2023). Results: Of 550 patients, 199 (36%)/191 (35%)/152 (28%)/8 (2%) were from Europe/North America/Asia Pacific/Latin America, respectively. All 23 B/AA patients were from North America and represented 12% of this cohort. At baseline, PSA levels (median 4.2 ng/mL vs 4.0 ng/mL) and PSA doubling time (median 5.9 months vs 5.3 months) were similar in the B/AA and overall DAROL population, whereas B/AA patients were generally younger than the overall population (median 74 [range 49–94] vs 79 [range 29–98] years, respectively) with proportionately fewer patients aged ≥75 yrs (12 [52%] vs 387 [70%]), fewer B/AA patients (33%) had a Gleason score ≥8 vs the overall population (53%), and proportionally more B/AA patients (94%) had ECOG PS 0 vs the overall population (64%). Consistent with the DAROL IA3 overall population, DARO showed a favorable safety profile in the B/AA subgroup, and TEAEs were mostly grade 1/2. In the DAROL IA3 overall population, the proportion of patients who achieved a 90% reduction in PSA from baseline was 54%, while MFS and OS rates at 2 years were 78% and 88%, respectively. Effectiveness and safety outcomes for the B/AA subgroup will be presented. Conclusion: Findings from the DAROL IA3 B/AA subgroup were similar to the overall population and consistent with the favorable efficacy and safety profile of DARO observed in the ARAMIS B/AA subgroup and overall population. Citation Format: Evan Y. Yu, Christopher Pieczonka, Hiroyoshi Suzuki, Alberto Briganti, Murilo Luz, Declan Murphy, Patrick Adorjan, Mercedeh Ghadessi, Frank Verholen, Andrew J. Armstrong. Prespecified interim analysis of the DARolutamide ObservationaL (DAROL) study in Black/African American patients with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr C162.

A Pharmacological Overview of Degarelix and Relugolix in Advanced Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) ranks the second most diagnosed cancers among men globally and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Advanced prostate cancer can be defined as the recurrence after definitive therapies (radical prostatectomy or external beam radiotherapy) and de novo metastasis (metastasis without prior treatment). Advanced PCa can be categorized as metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC), and metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Management of advanced PCa often involves castration to reduce testosterone levels, which can be achieved by gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonists such as degarelix and relugolix. Degarelix is injectable while relugolix is an orally administered form of GnRH antagonist. This review aims to explore the latest pharmacological aspects of these drugs to inform treatment decisions for advanced PCa.

Apalutamide for non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC): real world data of a multicenter study

PurposeApalutamide plus androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) improved outcomes in patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC). Nevertheless real-world data are limited. The aim of this multicenter study was to generate real-world data from nmCRPC patients treated with ADT plus apalutamide.MethodsIn this observational cohort based investigator initiated trial data of nmCRPC patients receiving apalutamide plus ADT were collected focusing on patient demographic data, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) declines, safety profile including dose modification/discontinuation as well as subsequent therapy and metastasis-free survival (MFS).ResultsData from a total of 31 nmCRPC patients were documented. Compared to the Phase III study Spartan real-world patients are older, showed a higher ECOG-PS and more aggressive tumors. In the cohort PSA decreased about 98.1%, 74% of patients showed a PSA decrease over 90% and 54.8% reached a PSA-level < 0.2ng/ml. Apalutamide was well tolerated in real world patients: adverse events occurred in 67.7% but were in the majority mild (≥ grade 3: 6.5%). Dose reduction was necessary in 38.7% and 32.2% discontinued apalutamide treatment. MFS was 43 months and majority of patients were subsequently treated with abiraterone.ConclusionIn real world more comorbid nmCRPC patients with a higher ECOG-PS and more aggressive tumors are treated with apalutamide plus ADT. Nevertheless efficacy results as well as side effects are similar in real-world compared to Spartan trial showing also a rapid, durable and deep PSA response with a median MFS of 43 months.

Androgen Receptor Inhibitors in Patients With Nonmetastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Novel androgen receptor inhibitors (ARIs; darolutamide, enzalutamide, and apalutamide) are standard-of-care treatments for nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC). However, there are sparse data comparing their clinical use and tolerability. To compare clinical use and outcomes for darolutamide, enzalutamide, and apalutamide in patients with nmCRPC. This retrospective cohort study reviewed electronic medical records from the Precision Point Specialty network of US urology practices. Eligible patients had nmCRPC and no prior novel hormonal therapy and initiated novel ARI treatment between August 1, 2019, and March 31, 2022. Data were analyzed from February 1, 2019, to December 31, 2022. Patients were prescribed darolutamide, enzalutamide, or apalutamide as their first novel ARI for nmCRPC. The main outcome was a composite of 2 end points, treatment discontinuation and progression to metastatic CRPC (mCRPC), whichever occurred first. Both end points were also assessed separately. All 870 patients meeting eligibility criteria were included (362 receiving darolutamide [41.6%]; 382, enzalutamide [43.9%]; 126, apalutamide [14.5%]); mean (SD) age was 78.8 (8.7) years. Self-reported race was Black or African American in 187 patients (21.5%), White in 585 (67.2%), and other or unknown in 98 (11.3%). The darolutamide cohort had lower proportions of patients with a composite end point event (134 [37.0%] vs 201 [52.6%] for enzalutamide and 66 [52.4%] for apalutamide), discontinuation (110 [30.4%] for darolutamide vs 156 [40.8%] for enzalutamide and 58 [46.0%] for apalutamide), and progression to mCRPC (64 [17.7%] for darolutamide vs 108 [28.3%] for enzalutamide and 35 [27.8%] for apalutamide) during the study period. After adjusting for baseline covariates, patients receiving darolutamide had a lower risk of a composite end point event compared with enzalutamide (risk reduction, 33.8%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.66 [95% CI, 0.53-0.84]) and apalutamide (risk reduction, 35.1%; HR, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.48-0.88]). Similarly, patients receiving darolutamide had a lower risk of discontinuation compared with enzalutamide (risk reduction, 27.4%; HR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.56-0.94]) and apalutamide (risk reduction, 39.1%; HR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.44-0.85]) and a lower risk of progression to mCRPC compared with enzalutamide (risk reduction, 40.6%; HR, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.43-0.82]) and apalutamide (risk reduction, 35.3%; HR, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.42-0.99]). There was no difference between enzalutamide and apalutamide treatment across outcomes. In this large cohort study of patients with nmCRPC treated with novel ARIs, results suggest better tolerability for darolutamide compared with enzalutamide and apalutamide, which may be associated with a clinical effectiveness advantage. Comparative clinical studies are needed to guide treatment decisions in the absence of head-to-head clinical trials.

Prostate-specific antigen and health-related quality of life in individuals with advanced prostate cancer treated with apalutamide: a plain language summary of the SPARTAN and TITAN studies.

This is a summary of a paper that describes the results of the SPARTAN and TITAN studies, which looked at whether a treatment called apalutamide can help treat individuals with advanced prostate cancer.The SPARTAN study included 1207 participants with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (or nmCRPC). The TITAN study included 1052 participants with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (or mCSPC). Treatment with apalutamide was compared with treatment with placebo. In both studies, all participants were also given androgen deprivation therapy (or ADT), which has been used for many years for the treatment of prostate cancer.The results showed that treatment with apalutamide plus ADT increased participants' survival time while their health-related quality of life stayed the same, compared with placebo plus ADT. Also, apalutamide plus ADT increased the length of time that the cancer did not spread to other parts of the body (metastasize) or did not continue to grow. In both studies, treatment with apalutamide plus ADT was associated with a deep decline in blood prostate-specific antigen (or PSA) levels (called a deep PSA decline). This additional analysis of the SPARTAN and TITAN studies was performed to understand whether the deep PSA decline in participants who received apalutamide plus ADT was linked to their overall health-related quality of life. In participants who received apalutamide plus ADT, those who achieved a deep PSA decline after the start of treatment had a greater chance that their health-related quality of life would remain stable. When participants achieved a deep PSA decline at 3months after the start of treatment, the benefit to their health-related quality of life, including physical wellbeing, was even greater. For individuals with advanced prostate cancer, it is important to monitor both PSA decline and any impacts on health-related quality of life. These results will help doctors and other healthcare professionals have a better understanding of patients' cancer experience and the impact of their treatment.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT01946204 (SPARTAN) and, NCT02489318 (TITAN) (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Real-World Clinical Outcomes and Treatment Patterns Among Black and Non-Black Patients With Prostate Cancer Initiated on Apalutamide in a Urology Setting

Background: The use of androgen receptor signaling inhibitors, including apalutamide, in combination with androgen deprivation therapy is recommended for the treatment of metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC) and non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC). Objective: To describe real-world treatment patterns and clinical outcomes among patients with mCSPC or nmCRPC who initiated apalutamide in the United States. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients with mCSPC or nmCRPC who initiated apalutamide was conducted using electronic medical record data from US community-based urology practices (Feb. 1, 2017–April 1, 2022). Persistence with apalutamide was reported at 6-, 12-, and 18-months post treatment initiation. Clinical outcomes described up to 24 months after apalutamide initiation using Kaplan-Meier analyses included progression to castration resistance, castration resistance-free survival (CRFS), and metastasis-free survival (MFS). Outcomes were reported separately based on mCSPC or nmCRPC status and race (ie, Black or non-Black). Results: This study included 589 patients with mCSPC (mean age, 75.9 years) and 406 patients with nmCRPC (mean age, 78.8 years). Using a treatment gap of &gt;90 days, persistence with apalutamide at 12 months remained high for both the mCSPC (94.9%) and nmCRPC (92.7%) cohorts, and results were descriptively similar among Black and non-Black patients, and when a treatment gap of &gt;60 days was considered. In patients with mCSPC, overall progression to castration resistance rates at 12 and 24 months were 20.9% and 33.5%, and overall CRFS rates were 76.2% and 62.0%, respectively. In patients with nmCRPC, overall MFS rates at 12 and 24 months were 89.7% and 75.4%, respectively. Rates of these clinical outcomes were descriptively similar between Black and non-Black patients. Discussion: While clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of apalutamide, there is limited real-world data describing treatment persistence and clinical outcomes among patients with mCSPC and nmCRPC who initiated apalutamide. Conclusions: In this real-world study of patients with mCSPC or nmCRPC initiated on apalutamide, treatment persistence was high and apalutamide demonstrated robust real-world effectiveness with respect to progression to castration resistance, CRFS, and MFS, overall and among Black and non-Black patients.

Real-World Clinical Outcomes and Treatment Patterns Among Black and Non-Black Patients With Prostate Cancer Initiated on Apalutamide in a Urology Setting.

Background: The use of androgen receptor signaling inhibitors, including apalutamide, in combination with androgen deprivation therapy is recommended for the treatment of metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC) and non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC). Objective: To describe real-world treatment patterns and clinical outcomes among patients with mCSPC or nmCRPC who initiated apalutamide in the United States. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients with mCSPC or nmCRPC who initiated apalutamide was conducted using electronic medical record data from US community-based urology practices (Feb.1, 2017-April 1, 2022). Persistence with apalutamide was reported at 6-, 12-, and 18-months post treatment initiation. Clinical outcomes described up to 24 months after apalutamide initiation using Kaplan-Meier analyses included progression to castration resistance, castration resistance-free survival (CRFS), and metastasis-free survival (MFS). Outcomes were reported separately based on mCSPC or nmCRPC status and race (ie, Black or non-Black). Results: This study included 589 patients with mCSPC (mean age, 75.9 years) and 406 patients with nmCRPC (mean age, 78.8 years). Using a treatment gap of >90 days, persistence with apalutamide at 12 months remained high for both the mCSPC (94.9%) and nmCRPC (92.7%) cohorts, and results were descriptively similar among Black and non-Black patients, and when a treatment gap of >60 days was considered. In patients with mCSPC, overall progression to castration resistance rates at 12 and 24 months were 20.9% and 33.5%, and overall CRFS rates were 76.2% and 62.0%, respectively. In patients with nmCRPC, overall MFS rates at 12 and 24 months were 89.7% and 75.4%, respectively. Rates of these clinical outcomes were descriptively similar between Black and non-Black patients. Discussion: While clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of apalutamide, there is limited real-world data describing treatment persistence and clinical outcomes among patients with mCSPC and nmCRPC who initiated apalutamide. Conclusions: In this real-world study of patients with mCSPC or nmCRPC initiated on apalutamide, treatment persistence was high and apalutamide demonstrated robust real-world effectiveness with respect to progression to castration resistance, CRFS, and MFS, overall and among Black and non-Black patients.

Prognostic factors for non‑metastatic castration‑resistant prostate cancer treated with androgen receptor signaling inhibitors.

The treatment paradigm for non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) has changed in recent years. An observational multicenter study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSIs) as a first-line treatment for patients with nmCRPC. The present study included native Japanese patients from four hospitals who received ARSIs as a first-line treatment for nmCRPC. The primary endpoint of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ARSI in patients with nmCRPC. The secondary endpoint was to develop a novel system to stratify the prognoses of these patients. In total, 160 patients were included in the present study. Within a median follow-up period of 23 months, the median overall survival (OS) was not reached, whereas the median progression-free survival was 26 months. Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that the time to CRPC, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level at the initiation of nmCRPC treatment and Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) were independent predictors of OS. The patients for whom information about all three independent OS predictors was available were subsequently divided into three groups as follows: Group 1, 57 patients with negative or one positive independent OS predictor; group 2, 38 patients with two positive independent OS predictors; and group 3, 10 patients with three independent OS predictors. The OS differed significantly among the three groups (P<0.0001). In conclusion, ARSIs as a first-line treatment may be associated with favorable outcomes in Japanese patients with nmCRPC. Time to CRPC, PSA level at the initiation of nmCRPC treatment and GNRI are potential predictors of OS in Japanese patients with nmCRPC who received ARSIs as a first-line treatment.

Comparative analysis of novel hormonal agents in non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A Taiwanese perspective.

Non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) is an asymptomatic condition with the potential to progress to metastasis. Novel hormonal agents (NHAs) are currently considered the gold standard treatment for nmCRPC, offering significant survival benefits. However, further evidence is needed to determine whether there are differences in the performance of these drugs among Asian populations. This retrospective analysis of nmCRPC patients aims to compare the efficacy and safety of three NHAs-apalutamide, darolutamide, and enzalutamide. Data were collected from two prominent prostate care centers in Taichung, Taiwan. Patient characteristics, treatment details, PSA responses, and adverse events were analyzed. Statistical comparisons were performed, and the study received Institutional Review Board approval. Total of 64 patients were recruited in this study, including 29 darolutamide, 26 apalutamide, and 9 enzalutamide patients. Baseline characteristics varied between the three patient groups, but the treatment response still revealed similar results. The apalutamide group experienced more adverse events, notably skin rash. Discontinuation rates due to adverse events differed among the groups, and patients receiving darolutamide were less likely to discontinue treatment. This real-world study provides insights into NHA utilization in nmCRPC within the Taiwanese population. Adverse event profiles varied, emphasizing the need for individualized treatment decisions. The study underscores the importance of regional considerations and contributes valuable data for optimizing treatment outcomes in nmCRPC.

A practical guide for the use of apalutamide for non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in Australia.

Studies of patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer at high risk of developing overt metastases but with no current evidence of evaluable disease on computed tomography or bone scan non-metastatic castrate-resistant prostrate cancer have demonstrated increased metastasis-free survival and overall survival following treatment with the next-generation oral anti-androgen apalutamide (in addition to therapies that aim to lower testosterone to castrate levels) or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist or surgical castration. Patients receiving apalutamide can be managed by medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, or urologists, preferably as part of a multidisciplinary team. However, the importance of additional safety monitoring for significant adverse effects and drug interactions should not be underestimated. The toxicities of apalutamide are manageable with experience and should be managed proactively to minimize their impact on patients. Monitoring of patients for apalutamide-specific toxicities, including skin rash, hypothyroidism, and QT prolongation should be carried out regularly, particularly in the first few months following initiation. Monitoring should continue alongside monitoring for toxicities of androgen deprivation, including cardiovascular risk, hot flashes, weight gain, bone health, muscle wasting, and diabetic risk. This review is a practical guide to the use of apalutamide describing the management of patients including dosing and administration, toxicities, potential drug interactions, and safety monitoring requirements.

Treatment patterns and outcomes in patients with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in the United States.

Aim: Androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPIs) prolong metastasis-free survival and overall survival in patients with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC). This study aimed to evaluate real-world treatment patterns, utilization and survival outcomes in patients with nmCRPC. Patients & methods: This retrospective cohort study used Optum database electronic health records of patients with nmCRPC from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2020 in the US. Results: Of 1955 patients, >80% received androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) alone or ADT+first-generation nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) as first-line treatment, while only 8.24% received ADT+ARPI. ADT+ARPI remained underutilized even among those with high-risk nmCRPC. Further, ADT+NSAA had no survival benefit compared with ADT alone. Conclusion: Practice-improvement strategies are needed for treatment intensification with ARPIs for patients with nmCRPC.