Non-metallic Products Research Articles

Comments on: “Encapsulation in ceramic material of the metals Cr, Ni, and Cu contained in galvanic sludge via the solidification/stabilization method. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 5 (2017) pp. 3834–3843

Simultaneous extraction of metallic Pd, Rh, Ru, Ag, Zn and nonmetallic Cs using liquid tin metal as the collecting metal from the highly simulated borosilicate glass containing high level radioactive waste was examined under reductive and oxidative heat treatment. High Sn recovery efficiency was obtained under reductive atmosphere compared to that under air. The noble metals were concentrated into Sn phase, meanwhile Cs was phase-separated on the contact surface of the glass phase. The highest extraction % of Pd, Ru, Rh, Ag and Zn in Sn aggregation were 94.5, 79.4, 95.6, 84.2, 100 and 54, respectively, from the highly simulated glass after reductive heat treatment. Cs on the glass surface was extracted by leaching with high extraction efficiency up to 80%. Liquid Sn extraction is evidenced to be effective for simultaneously extraction of the noble metals and other nonmetallic fission products from the highly simulated borosilicate glass.

A comparative study of mechanical, dynamic mechanical and morphological characterization of tampico and coir fibre-reinforced LLDPE processed by rotational moulding

Natural fibres find their application as a reinforcing agent for polymer composites to obtain parts with improved mechanical properties. Manufacturing of non-metallic products is incorporated with natural fibres for better strength and to reduce cost. Rotational moulding is a process used for the manufacturing of hollow plastic products, especially water tanks, plastic fuel tanks, barrels, kayaks, refrigerated panels, etc. Incorporation of natural fibres to reinforce polymers in rotational moulding process is a tedious task; since there is no control over fibre and polymer powder mixture, which is rotating bi-axially, it may lead to fibre agglomeration. The present work investigates the mouldability of linear low density polyethylene composites with tampico and coir fibre as the reinforcement agents using a bi-axial rotomoulding machine. NaOH-treated fibres with 5, 10 and 15% by weight have been added to the linear low density polyethylene matrix, and the composites were prepared by rotational moulding process. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness have been investigated. Dynamic mechanical behaviour such as storage modulus, loss modulus and tan δ of the different composites has been investigated with dynamic mechanical analyser. Fractured surfaces were examined qualitatively with the help of a scanning electron microscope for determining the interfacial properties and fibre adhesion between the fibres and the linear low density polyethylene matrix.

Simultaneous extraction of noble metals and Cs from highly simulated radioactive borosilicate glass using liquid tin metal under reductive heat treatment

Simultaneous extraction of metallic Pd, Rh, Ru, Ag, Zn and nonmetallic Cs using liquid tin metal as the collecting metal from the highly simulated borosilicate glass containing high level radioactive waste was examined under reductive and oxidative heat treatment. High Sn recovery efficiency was obtained under reductive atmosphere compared to that under air. The noble metals were concentrated into Sn phase, meanwhile Cs was phase-separated on the contact surface of the glass phase. The highest extraction % of Pd, Ru, Rh, Ag and Zn in Sn aggregation were 94.5, 79.4, 95.6, 84.2, 100 and 54, respectively, from the highly simulated glass after reductive heat treatment. Cs on the glass surface was extracted by leaching with high extraction efficiency up to 80%. Liquid Sn extraction is evidenced to be effective for simultaneously extraction of the noble metals and other nonmetallic fission products from the highly simulated borosilicate glass.

A study on carbon transfer and carbon emission critical paths in China: I-O analysis with multidimensional analytical framework.

As environmental issues aggravated heavily, China faces increasing pressure and challenges on carbon emission reduction and distribution. we used non-competitive input-output table (I-O table) combined with the methods of Structural Path Analysis (SPA) and Multidimensional Analytical Framework (MAF), based on the data of China in 2012, to analyze the current situation of inter-sector carbon emission transfer and identify the key sectors and the critical paths from multiple perspectives. Our results show that total fixed capital formation is the main final demand. The electricity, petroleum, and metal smelting are the largest carbon outflow sectors, which emit carbon at the upstream of the path. Construction and other services are the most obvious carbon inflow sectors, which belong to the middle and downstream of the path and lead to indirect carbon emissions through their demands for other sectors. "Metal smelting → Construction → Total fixed capital formation," "Nonmetallic products → Construction → Total fixed capital formation," and "Petroleum → Urban consumption," "Electricity → Urban consumption" are the top four paths with large carbon emission, which deserve attention. Finally, this paper puts forward some policy implications on emission reduction based on the results.

Capital Structure of Chinese Firms Across different Sectors: Does Ownership Structure Matter?

This study estimates the effect of state ownership and other firmspecific variables on the capital structure of Chinese listed industries operating in different sectors. State ownership and leverage are both negatively and positively associated. The negative association of state ownership with leverage was found in construction, metals and metal products, services and transport sectors, while positive association was found in chemical, rubber, plastic & non-metallic products and machinery & other equipment. Size and profitability are the other most prominent factors affecting capital structure of the firms across different sectors in China. Hence, this study shows that in addition to other firm specific variables, ownership structure also determines capital structure of Chinese firms.

Interaction pattern features and driving forces of intersectoral CO2 emissions in China: A network motif analysis

To identify the interaction pattern features and driving forces of intersectoral CO2 emissions, this paper studies the interaction pattern types, interaction linkage strengths and key interaction patterns of 28-sector CO2 emissions flow networks in China from 1997 to 2015 via network motif analysis. Network motif analysis is a useful tool for measuring interactions between agents and their function in networks. This paper extends network motif analysis by investigating the weighted edges of motifs to observe the function of motifs. The results show that in 1997–2002 and 2008–2015, the strongest carbon intensity sectors, including electricity production, metal smelting and gas production, were the greatest contributors to the increase in intersectoral CO2 emissions. From 2003 to 2007, the strongest energy intensity sectors, including electricity production and fuel processing, were the greatest contributors. In contrast, the strongest export intensity sectors, including other electronic equipment, leather manufacturing, instrumentation, and textile, were the largest contributors to the decrease in intersectoral CO2 emissions. Second, the strongest interaction linkages were between construction and nonmetallic products and metal smelting, machinery and construction and metal smelting, construction and nonmetallic products, construction and metal smelting. Third, the key interaction patterns for the increase in intersectoral CO2 emissions were patterns such as infrastructure-export, manufacturing intensive, energy consumption, and energy tracing, while the export-intensive pattern and high export pattern were the key interaction patterns for the decrease in intersectoral CO2 emissions. This paper is beneficial to the establishment of a coordinated emissions reduction mechanism across sectors.

Fossil fuel carbon taxation policy effect on thai household expenditure using input–output price structural path model

Taxation levying promotes and enhances the management of greenhouse gas emissions; however, its effect on product price increases for households requires clarification. The impact of a fossil fuel taxation policy on Thai household expenditure was investigated. Carbon taxation rate was based on abatement cost. An input–output price model was applied to establish economical price structures and price changes as a carbon result of implementing a carbon taxation policy. A national consumer expenditure survey and price changes were used to evaluate the carbon tax burden distribution on each households, which have different expenditure. By using marginal abatement cost curve, reduction target is 175 MtCO2e by 2030. Results indicated that achieving the reduction target by that time is possible, although welfare losses in households were inevitable. Price increases resulting from implementing carbon taxation in each product sector ranged from 0.8 to 19.6%. Commodity price changes were largest for high carbon‐intensive sectors including Public utilities (19.6%), Nonmetallic products (15.7%), and Transport & Communication (8.5%). Welfare losses per household from taxation were around 3–4% for each group, resulting from both price changes and expenditure patterns. Highest tax burden fell on the economically inactive group that spent a larger share of their income on basic survival essentials which were heavily impacted by increased prices. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019

Heavy Weight Concretes Based On Technological Non-Metallic Production Wastes

The article presents the research results of heavy weight concretes based on nonmetallic production of technological wastes. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of stone screenings dusts of the quarries Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions were explored. The research uses a set of standard physicomechanical and chemical methods. The influence of the additive MC-PowerFlow 3100 and Centrament Air 202 on the properties of the concrete mix, the kinetics of the strength and frost resistance of concrete samples with granite and dolomite screenings was determined. It was found that the complex of additives promotes an increase in the degree of cement hydration and a decrease in the capillary porosity of concrete. The compositions of heavy weight concretes with strength quality B22,5 - B40 with granite crushed stone of Rezh quarry and dolomite Satka quarry as fine aggregate have been developed. A comparative cost-effectiveness analysis of heavy weight concretes with non-metallic wastes was carried out. The industrial approbation of the results was performed at the precast concrete factory of the Tyumen region.

Research into the impact of structural features of combustion chamber in energy-technological units on their operational efficiency

The experimental studies of the influence of the degree of masonry development (geometry) and aerodynamics of the combustion chambers (circuits of combustion products removal) on the energy-technological indicators of the processes in the system gas-solid (in combustion chambers) were carried out. The experimental research into the influence of geometry and aerodynamics of the combustion chamber on the energy-technological indicators in the system gas – solid body was conducted at the industrial large-scale fire bench. It was shown that a decrease in the height of the working space of the combustion chamber, equipped with flat flame burners, affects the use of fuel due to heat exchange intensification, including direct convection. The dependence is caused by a decrease in heat losses with flue gases and due to a decrease in losses through the masonry. It was established that at the height of the working space of 800÷1,000 mm of the combustion furnace, fuel consumption decreases by 20÷30 %. The design of the combustion space of the furnace of continuous operation mode was developed. The distinctive feature of the furnace of the developed design is the elimination of discreteness and implementation of the stable continuous operation mode of the heating unit. The longitudinal channels were made on the lateral surfaces of the cars and the furnace along the entire length of the latter, which makes it possible to implement the continuous removal of combustion products from the combustion space through canalized hearth of the cars into the longitudinal lateral channels, made in the walls of the furnace. Additional aerodynamic compaction of the working space of the furnace is ensured at any speed of the motion of the cars. It was found that energy-technological efficiency at the arch heating of the combustion units with flat flame burners and combustion products removal under the workpiece (lower smoke removal) is on average by 1.3 times higher than at use of the circuit of products removal above the workpiece (lateral smoke removal), which is used in currently operating furnaces. The design was developed and the tunnel furnace was put into operation. It was for chemical and thermal treatment of metallic and non-metallic materials and products during their heating by the assigned schedule.

Influence of non-metallic inclusions and products of corrosion on the wear of railway wheels tread

Formulation of the problem . It is of interest to investigate the effect of nonmetallic inclusions and corrosion products of wheel steel on the formation of wear particles on the tread of railway wheels. It is also necessary to identify the specifics of the interaction of wheel steel with the surrounding atmosphere during the operation of railway wheels. The purpose of the article is to study the mechanisms of formation of wear particles on the surface of rolling of railway wheels during operation. Methodology . The effect of inclusions and corrosion products on the mechanism of wear of railway wheels made of R7 steel, which worked for about 5 years under the passenger train, was studied. The wheels were removed from service due to the extreme wear of the rims. We studied the macrostructure and microstructure of wheel steel along the width of the rims. The research was carried out by several methods: metallographic (Neophot−21), electron microscopy (JSM−35). Findings . The features of the formation of wear particles near nonmetallic inclusions and corrosion products related to structural changes near the rolling surface of railway wheels as well as to the interaction of steel with the surrounding atmosphere during operation were investigated. The influence of various factors on the role of nonmetallic inclusions and corrosion products in the formation of wear particles is shown, which makes it possible to predict the nature of wear of the rolling surface of railway wheels under various operating conditions. Originality . The main sources and the mutual influence of various factors on the formation of wear particles near nonmetallic inclusions and corrosion products have been established, which makes it possible to predict the nature of wear of the rolling surface of railway wheels under various operating conditions. Practical value . The use of the obtained results will allow to develop methods and regimes of smelting of wheel steel, allowing to influence the size, composition, structure and distribution of non-metallic inclusions, as well as to develop anticorrosion measures in order to improve the reliability and durability of railway wheels.

Transfers of embodied PM2.5 emissions from and to the North China region based on a multiregional input-output model.

Atmospheric PM2.5 pollution has become a global issue, and is increasingly being associated with social unrest. As a resource reliant local economy and heavy industry cluster, the North China region has become China's greatest emitter, and the source of much pollution spillover to outside regions. To address this issue, the current study investigates the transfers of embodied PM2.5 emissions to and from the North China region (which is taken to include Hebei, Henan, Shandong, and Shanxi, and is referred to here as HHSS). The study uses a top-down pollutant emission inventory and environmentally extended multi-regional input-output (EE-MRIO) model. The results indicate that the HHSS area exported a total of 660 Gg of embodied PM2.5 to other domestic provinces, mainly producing outflows to China's central coastal area (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai) and the Beijing-Tianjin region. HHSS also imported 224 Gg of embodied PM2.5 from other domestic regions, primarily from Inner Mongolia and the northeast. Furthermore, the transfer of embodied emissions often occurred between geographically adjacent areas to save costs; Beijing and Tianjin mainly transferred embodied pollution to Hebei and Shanxi, whilst Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang tended to import embodied air pollutants from Shandong and Henan. At the sectoral level, the melting and pressing of metals, the production of non-metallic products, and electric and heat power production were the three dominant economic sectors for PM2.5 emissions, together accounting for 81% of total discharges. Capital formation played a key role in outflows (75%) in all sectors. Moreover, the virtual pollutant emissions exported to foreign countries also significantly affected HHSS' discharges significantly, making up 340 Gg. Allocating responsibility for some proportion of HHSS' emissions to the Beijing-Tianjin area and the central coastal provinces may be an effective approach for mitigating releases in HHSS.

АНАЛИЗ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ПОЛИМЕРКОМПОЗИТНОЙ АРМАТУРЫ В АРМОБЕТОННЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЯХ

The article reviewed the experience with the application of non-metallic composite polymer reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures. It is revealed, that in Russia composite polymer reinforcement is a relatively new building material, large-scale production and implementation of which begins to be just now. The analysis showed that the perception of usefulness of composite polymer reinforcement only in prestressed reinforced concrete constructions is incorrect positioning on the field of application. In bringing together the interests of researchers, design institutes, manufacturers and consumers composite polymer reinforcement importance of Association of organizations for the production and application of non-metallic reinforcement and products «Non-metallic composite reinforcement».

云南省产业前向关联效应研究

利用2002、2007、2012年云南省42部门投入产出表计算三年的前向产业关联效应，并据此来分析近十年来云南省各产业间关联程度大小的变化情况。结果表明通信设备、计算机和其他电子设备等部门具有基础产业和瓶颈产业的性质，是其它部门发展的基础；金属制品，非金属制品等制造业部门的对于整体经济的推动作用逐渐增强；石油和天然气开采产品等能源类部门的推动力在减弱，这与经济发展方式转变的事实相符合。 Based on the input-output table of 42 departments in 2002, 2007 and 2012, this article measures the forward linkages of Yunnan Province’s industry. The results show that communications equipment, computers and other electronic equipment and other departments with the nature of basic industries are the basis for the development of other departments. Metal products, non-metallic products and other manufacturing sectors for the overall economy to promote the role of gradually increased. And oil and natural gas extraction products and other energy sector drivers are weakening. This is consistent with the fact that the mode of economic development has changed.

Thiolate-Mediated Photoinduced Synthesis of Ultrafine Ag2 S Quantum Dots from Silver Nanoparticles.

Photoinduced syntheses offer significant advantages over conventional thermal strategies, including improved control over reaction kinetics and low synthesis temperatures, affording nanoparticles with nontrivial and thermodynamically unstable structures. However, the photoinduced syntheses of non-metallic nanocrystalline products (such as metal sulfides) have not yet been reported. Herein, we demonstrate the first photoinduced synthesis of ultrafine (sub-2 nm) Ag2 S quantum dots (QDs) from Ag nanoparticles at 10 °C. By thorough investigation of the mechanism for the transformation, a fundamental link was established between the intrinsic structures of the molecular intermediates and the final Ag2 S products. Our results confirm the viability of low-temperature photochemical approaches in metal sulfide synthesis, and demonstrate a new rule which could be followed in it.

Silicosis and silicotuberculosis in India.

Silicosis is a progressive interstitial lung disease, characterized by shortness of breath, cough, fever and bluish skin; it can present in three different forms: acute, accelerated and chronic. (1) It is caused by the lung tissue reaction to the inhalation of silica and occurs most commonly as an occupational disease of people working in the quarrying, manufacturing and building construction industries. Exposure to large amounts of free silica can go unnoticed because silica is odourless, non-irritant and does not cause any immediate health effects. As silicosis is incurable, clinical management includes removing the worker from the industry and giving symptomatic treatment. Public health goals are to detect early cases through monitoring of currently and formerly exposed workers, to establish surveillance programmes, to slow progression and to reduce disability. (2) In 1995, the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization began a public awareness and prevention campaign to eliminate silicosis from the world by 2030. (3) Several countries--Brazil, Chile, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Poland, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Viet Nam--have established national programmes for the elimination of silicosis. (3) However, in many low- to middle-income countries, including India, silicosis continues to be an occupational health hazard. India has a large mining industry, concentrated in the states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal. In 1999, the Indian Council of Medical Research reported that around 3.0 million workers are at high risk of exposure to silica; of these, 1.7 million work in mining or quarrying activities, 0.6 million in the manufacture of non-metallic products (such as refractory products, structural clay, glass and mica) and 0.7 million in the metals industry. (4) There are also around 5.3 million construction workers at risk of silica exposure. (4) Due to variations in silica concentrations and duration of exposure in the work environment the reported prevalence of silicosis in India ranges widely--from 3.5% among 1977 workers in an ordnance factory to 54.6% in 593 workers in the slate-pencil industry. (5,6) The main challenge of eliminating silicosis in India is in the informal, unregulated sectors of industry which do not fall under the control of statutory tools such as the Factory Act of India (1948). (7) This Act mandates a well ventilated working environment, provisions for protection from dust, reduction of overcrowding and provision of basic occupational health care. Silicosis-affected workers in the informal sector are not entitled to statutory protection, which would remove them from the hazardous environment, or to compensation, which would enable them to leave work. Continued exposure makes it difficult for physicians to manage the disease. Furthermore, most primary-care physicians in India are not trained to manage occupational health diseases. Among the clinical complications of silicosis is tuberculosis (called silicotuberculosis), a disease which is still a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries. (8) Chronic exposure to silica increases workers' risk of tuberculosis infection and aggravates pre-existing pulmonary tuberculosis. (9-11) Differential diagnosis is a challenge. Although treatable, tuberculosis in silicosis patients may go undiagnosed because cough, wheeze, expectoration, dyspnoea and vague chest pains are symptoms common to both diseases. Interpretation of the chest X-ray film of patients with silicosis is difficult due to the superimposition of silicotic nodules and tuberculous infiltrations. Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli may not be recovered from the sputum of silicotuberculosis patients because silicotic fibrosis prevents the discharge of tubercle bacilli into the sputum. (8) Acid-fast bacilli, if cultured, are mainly non-tuberculous mycobacteria. …

What drives intersectoral CO2 emissions in China?

Aiming to identify the intersectoral linkage of larger CO2 emissions sectors, this paper studies the CO2 emissions elasticity of technical and final demand coefficients using the input–output technique. The results show that the greatest emission-coefficient elasticities are those related to transactions between Construction and Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products, between Gross fixed capital formation and Construction, and between Agriculture and Processing and Manufacture of Food, and Production and Supply of Electric Power and Heat Power and Mining and Washing of Coal. All these transactions between these sectors imply that CO2 emissions control policy only for a specific sector maybe have no obvious CO2 emissions mitigations if national government promote the growth of those sectors, which have the biggest emission-coefficient sensitivity with it. Now Chinese government formulates the policy to promote new-type urbanization, urbanization will cause the Gross fixed capital formation in Construction, and the more demands for the products of Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products Production, Smelting and Pressing of Ferrous Metals and Supply of Electric Power and Heat Power, so how to balance the carbon emissions in larger emissions sectors and rapid urbanization is a big challenge for decision-makers.

Relationships between Employment and Export in Korea: An Input-Output Analysis

It expected that the contribution of exports to job creation would decrease in Korea with the decline in the domestic investment of large companies and the increase in outsourcing overseas. Amidst this background, this study attempts to examine relationships between export and employment in Korea using input-output analysis using data as far back as the 1990s. Results show that most of the job creation is derived from the services sector rather than from manufacturing. Moreover, those items which account for a large share of Korea's exports like petroleum, non-metallic products, industrial machinery, computers and electronic equipment did not contribute much to job creation as expected. In addition, considering the number of workers induced by final demand, the number of workers induced by export have declined much more than consumption and investment. These results imply that consumption is a better driver for job creation, because employment induced by consumption is higher than exports of manufactured products. Thus, policy direction point towards further growth in the services sector.

Effect of Technology for Modification with Calcium and Ree on Pipe Steel Nonmetallic Inclusion Morphology and Production Properties

The effect of pipe billet production technology and of the order of introducing rare-earth elements and calcium on nonmetallic inclusion composition and morphology is studied. The correlation of inclusion morphology with corrosion resistance and casting suitability for steel in a CBCM is evaluated.

An input-output modeling approach as an effective development strategy for Sri Lanka

This paper is aimed at measuring industrial interdependence using a symmetric input-output table complied for the Sri Lankan economy for 2006 to find an effective development strategy for the country. The input-output model is constructed for thirty aggregated industrial sectors of the economy as a whole. The output, value added and income multipliers reveal that there are five key industries of the Sri Lankan economy. These are: (1) recreational, cultural, sporting services and other services; (2) manufactured products of food, beverages and tobacco sector; (3) air transport services; (4) rubber & plastic products; and (5) metallic, non-metallic and mineral products. The employment multipliers are highest in: (1) real estate services; (2) electrical products; (3) petroleum & chemical products; and (4) rubber & plastic products industries. We found that five industries (sectors) have strong upstream and downstream vertical integrations with the rest of other sectors in the economy. The results reveal that higher prices charged on the petroleum & chemical products would probably result in higher costs to most of other sectors in the economy relatively equally. As ‘mining and quarrying, electricity, gas and water’ sector has strong downstream linkages to other sectors in the economy, higher prices (or taxes) charged on these products also result in higher costs to most of other sectors in the economy. The findings of the study reveal that prioritizing industries should be done based on an input-output analysis rather than just depending on the information provided by percentage of contribution in output and value addition to GDP by the sectors. However, the results should be interpreted very carefully as the impact of some sectors such as education difficult to be practically measured in monetary terms based on an input-output model.

A Review on the Developments, Potentials and Challenges of Application of Metal Products and in Metal Industry Using Process Tomography System

This paper will provide an overall view of the developments, potentials and challenges of industrial applications involving metal products and in metal industry using process tomography system. The primary focus of the review is to highlight the differences occurred in process tomography in using metallic and non-metallic product especially involving the steel pipes which includes the differences in sensor arrangements (ERT, ECT, EIT), issues that arises in the use of metal and steel product besides in the metal production itself.