Non-metallic Building Materials Research Articles

О ПОДХОДАХ К ПОСТРОЕНИЮ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВОМ В СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВЕ

One of the problems of the country's investment and construction sector is the problem of creating a transparent system for quality control of a construction project. The existing quality control system in construction, based on documenting the quality of material and technical resources and the production of work at each stage of the technological process of creating a construction project (construction control), does not provide holistic, transparent, information protected from unauthorized changes , available to all construction participants and end consumers. The article presents one of the possible approaches to designing the architecture of a logistics quality management system in construction with the integration of all necessary information in an information document called a quality passport of the finished construction project. The structure of the passport is proposed, built on the principle of forming a supply chain of material and technical resources (primarily construction materials), starting from a quarry for the extraction of non-metallic building materials and ending with the implementation of a set of technologically interrelated works for the construction of an object on a construction site. The author's definition of the quality certificate of a construction project is formulated. The instrumental support for the proposed architecture of the logistics system can be the Blockchain technology platform, which most fully meets the requirements for the preparation, integration and presentation of information about the quality of a construction project, the elements of which (quality) are formed along the technological supply chain of material and technical resources for construction throughout their movement from the primary source of their occurrence (for example, pre-production) to their installation at the construction site. Blockchain technology will ensure the receipt of reliable and undistorted information about the quality of materials used in construction for any reason, the safety of data on the quality of resources, and the use of quality information for all interested participants in the investment and construction process.

Frequency Comb-Based Ground-Penetrating Bioradar: System Implementation and Signal Processing.

Radars can be used as sensors to detect the breathing of victims trapped under layers of building materials in catastrophes like earthquakes or gas explosions. In this contribution, we present the implementation of a novel frequency comb continuous wave (FCCW) bioradar module using a commercial software-defined radio (SDR). The FCCW radar transmits multiple equally spaced frequency components simultaneously. The data acquisition of the received combs is frequency domain-based. Hence, it does not require synchronization between the transmit and receive channels, as time domain-based broadband radars, such as ultra wideband (UWB) pulse radar and frequency-modulated CW (FMCW) radar, do. Since a frequency comb has an instantaneous wide bandwidth, the effective scan rate is much higher than that of a step frequency CW (SFCW) radar. This FCCW radar is particularly suitable for small motion detection. Using inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), we can decompose the received frequency comb into different ranges and remove ghost signals and interference of further range intervals. The frequency comb we use in this report has a bandwidth of only 60 MHz, resulting in a range resolution of up to 2.5 m, much larger than respiration-induced chest wall motions. However, we demonstrate that in the centimeter range, motions can be detected and evaluated by processing the received comb signals. We want to integrate the bioradar into an unmanned aircraft system for fast and safe search and rescue operations. As a trade-off between ground penetrability and the size and weight of the antenna and the radar module, we use 1.3 GHz as the center frequency. Field measurements show that the proposed FCCW bioradar can detect an alive person through different nonmetallic building materials.

Review of the opportunities of 5D-smeta program

Any construction is impossible without the use of nonmetallic construction materials. At the same time the problems about the provision of construction with nonmetallic building materials arise at the transportation stage. Moreover, each type of transport has its specific problems. The essence of these problems is considered in the article. Dynamics of the market and logistics of nonmetallic construction materials is analysed. Measures, which are proposed by the experts for stabilization of a situation, with the transportation of nonmetallic materials are considered.

Innovative ways of transportation of construction materials

Any construction is impossible without the use of nonmetallic construction materials. At the same time the problems about the provision of construction with nonmetallic building materials arise at the transportation stage. Moreover, each type of transport has its specific problems. The essence of these problems is considered in the article. Dynamics of the market and logistics of nonmetallic construction materials is analysed. Measures, which are proposed by the experts for stabilization of a situation, with the transportation of nonmetallic materials are considered.

Environmental protection evaluation of new inorganic non-metallic building materials based on principal component analysis

Environmental protection evaluation of new inorganic non-metallic building materials based on principal component analysis

Environmental protection evaluation of new inorganic non-metallic building materials based on principal component analysis

Environmental protection evaluation of new inorganic non-metallic building materials based on principal component analysis

ОЦЕНКА ДОПУСТИМОЙ ДОБЫЧИ НЕРУДНЫХ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ ИЗ РУСЛА НА ПРИМЕРЕ РЕКИ ПРИПЯТЬ

The article substantiates the possibility of carrying out work on the extraction of non-metallic building materials from the riverbed of the Pripyat River on the basis of comparing the existing flow and determining the predicted ecological flow of the river. The numerical simulation of the longitudinal flow has showed a redistribution of velocities within the slots and technological breaks, which form sections with a flow velocity of less than 0.3 m/s with-in the deepened part of the slot, and increased velocities of more than 0.9 m/s in the sections of technological breaks, which increases the intensity of sediment deposition. The volume of possible intake of material from the river amounted to 33122.5 m3 has been established, which corresponds to carrying out work no more than once every 3 years with mandatory re-peated environmental assessment of hydraulic and hydrological processes. The total com-pensation payments for the harmful effects of the planned works on the ichthyologic fauna of the Pripyat River in the Pinsk district of the Brest region have been determined.

Численное моделирование самосогласованной динамики поверхностных вод, влекомых и взвешенных наносов: II. Исследование поперечных деформаций русла и перераспределения расходов воды по рукавам р. Волги при промышленной добыче песка

The dynamics of water levels, transverse channel deformations, and redistribution of water discharges along the branches of the Volga River, both during planned industrial sand mining and during extreme transformation of the bottom topography in the area of the quarry, have been studied. A real quarry of non-metallic building materials was considered, located at the mouth of the Volozhka Partridge of the Volga — Akhtuba floodplain (VAF) in the section 2549–2550 km of the Volga River. Mathematical modeling of the joint dynamics of shallow waters, traction and suspended sediments is carried out, which takes into account the nonlinear dynamics of the liquid and bottom deformations. For the numerical solution of the Saint-Venant and Exner equations, the CSPH-TVD method was used, the parallel CUDA algorithm of which is adapted for highperformance computing on supercomputers with graphics coprocessors (GPUs). It is shown that the conditions of quarry development, both during planned mining and under extreme bottom deformation, do not significantly affect the structure of channel flows along shipping routes.

Численное моделирование самосогласованной динамики поверхностных вод, влекомых и взвешенных наносов: I. Влияние промышленной добычи песка на безопасность судоходства в русле р. Волга

A mathematical model of the joint dynamics of shallow waters, entrained and suspended sediments is constructed, which takes into account nonlinear fluid dynamics and bottom deformations. The dynamics of shallow waters is described by the Saint-Venant equations taking into account the spatially inhomogeneous distribution of the terrain. The transport of entrained sediments is described by the Exner equation generalized to the case of an inhomogeneous distribution of the parameters of the underlying surface. The dynamics of suspended sediments is described by the transport equation, which includes convective transport by water flow and the process of diffusion of the suspension in the liquid layer. For numerical integration of the Saint-Venant, Exner equations and suspended sediment dynamics, a stable and well-tested CSPH-TVD method of the second order of accuracy is used, the parallel CUDA algorithm of which is implemented in the form of a software package «EcoGIS-Simulation» for highperformance computing on supercomputers with graphics coprocessors (GPU). The conditions for the development of a quarry of non-metallic building materials (NSM) located at the mouth of the Partridge Volozhka of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain on the 2549–2550 km section of the Volga River are considered. To study the safety of navigation from the lower reaches of the Volga hydroelectric dam to the entrance to the VDSK, numerical hydrodynamic modeling of the dynamics of channel processes in this section of the Volga River was carried out. Based on the results of mathematical modeling of the joint dynamics of surface waters, entrained and suspended sediments in the riverbed of the Volga River, it is concluded that the development of the NSM quarry considered in the work does not significantly affect the safety of navigation both along the main ship course «The lower reaches of the Volga hydroelectric dam — VDSK» and on additional — «Volgograd zaton» and «Volozhka Partridge».

MINERAL EXTRACTION WASTES: CURRENT STATUS AND EXISTING WAYS OF REDUCING THEIR ACCUMULATION

In the process of extraction and processing of minerals, waste is always generated, and secondary products can accumulate. The waste of the mining and processing industry accounts for the largest amount of waste among all existing branches of human economic activity. The most rational area of application of by-products of mining enterprises is the industry of non-metallic building materials. This is mainly due to their relative environmental safety. Man-made deposits, as the enrichment technology and the corresponding equipment are improved, already have and may in the near future acquire significant industrial importance. Taking into account their negative impact on the environmental where they are located and the lack of free territories and funds for the construction of new dumps and tailings storage facilities, it can be argued that solving issues related to the development of man-made deposits is becoming particularly relevant. Considering this, one of the possible fields of their use is environmental technologies. Ecological engineering allows the introduction of biological and chemical methods and systems that exist in nature for the study and design of engineering systems and modern approaches and technologies. Industrial ecology (IE) is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. The global industrial economy can be modelled as a network of industrial processes that extract resources from the Earth and transform those resources into products and services which can be bought and sold to meet the needs of humanity. Industrial ecology seeks to quantify the material flows and document the industrial processes that make modern society function. Industrial ecologists are often concerned with the impacts that industrial activities have on the environment, with use of the planet's supply of natural resources, and with problems of waste disposal. Industrial ecology is a young but growing multidisciplinary field of research which combines aspects of engineering, economics, sociology, toxicology and the natural sciences. Industrial ecology has been defined as a "systems-based, multidisciplinary discourse that seeks to understand emergent behavior of complex integrated human/natural systems". The field approaches issues of sustainability by examining problems from multiple perspectives, usually involving aspects of sociology, the environment, economy and technology. The name comes from the idea that the analogy of natural systems should be used as an aid in understanding how to design sustainable industrial systems.

Research on Classification of Open-Pit Mineral Exploiting Information Based on OOB RFE Feature Optimization.

Mineral exploiting information is an important indicator to reflect regional mineral activities. Accurate extraction of this information is essential to mineral management and environmental protection. In recent years, there are an increasingly large number of pieces of research on land surface information classification by conducting multi-source remote sensing data. However, in order to achieve the best classification result, how to select the optimal feature combination is the key issue. This study creatively combines Out of Bag data with Recursive Feature Elimination (OOB RFE) to optimize the feature combination of the mineral exploiting information of non-metallic building materials in Fujian province, China. We acquired and integrated Ziyuan-1-02D (ZY-1-02D) hyperspectral imagery, landsat-8 multispectral imagery, and Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery to gain spectrum, heat, polarization, and texture features; also, two machine learning methods were adopted to classify the mineral exploiting information in our study area. After assessment and comparison on accuracy, it proves that the classification generated from our new OOB RFE method, which combine with random forest (RF), can achieve the highest overall accuracy 93.64% (with a kappa coefficient of 0.926). Comparing with Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) alone, OOB REF can precisely filter the feature combination and lead to optimal result. Under the same feature scheme, RF is effective on classifying the mineral exploiting information of the research field. The feature optimization method and optimal feature combination proposed in our study can provide technical support and theoretical reference for extraction and classification of mineral exploiting information applied in other regions.

Mathematical modeling of flow hydraulics as a result of the development of the NSM channel open pit (on the example of the Tom river)

Active development of channel pits has begun with the aim of extracting nonmetallic building materials for the construction of cities and towns. When developing open pits, violations and non-fulfillment of compensatory measures in the river bed are possible. As a result of nonfulfillment of these measures, changes in the level regime of the river occur. All these actions lead to disastrous consequences. Therefore, the article considers the section of the Tom River. In its channel it is planned to develop a quarry of nonmetallic building materials. For the section of the quarry, the landing of the water level was determined, through a change in the slope of the free surface and the total drop in the water level. the change in flow rates in the everyday state was analyzed, development of the open pit was taken into account. To visually display the depth of the open pit, a matrix of heights was formed at the site of the Popadeykin deposit of sand and gravel materials. Based on the elevation matrix, a 3-D model of the pit was built, both before and after dredging. According to the data obtained, a possible change in speeds after the development of a quarry was predicted in comparison with domestic ones. The intervals of the velocity of the eroding and non-eroding flow were calculated.

Assessment of the position of the project water flow in the lower reaches of hydroelectric facilities, using the example of the novosibirsk hydroelectric power station

Construction of large hydroelectric complexes on the plain rivers of Western Siberia, such as the Ob, as well as other types of anthropogenic impact (infill development, quarrying of nonmetallic building materials, carrying out track works, laying communications, wastewater discharges, etc.) lead to a change in water and channel regimes, hydrological characteristics, channel deformation in the downstream. One of these changes is the landing of water level in the section of the lower pond of the Ob from the Novosibirsk hydroelectric complex to the mouth of the Tom River, which adversely affects navigable conditions of this stretch, operation of water intakes, port and sluice, and also damages the fish industry. The landing of the water level continues to this day, and in order to maintain the design water level, it becomes necessary to increase navigation releases. The design level was changed several times after the commissioning of the Novosibirsk hydroelectric complex due to its low availability, a further change in the availability will lead to a change in the design level mark, or rather its lowering. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to assess the position of the design flow rate at the established design level and make a forecast of changes in water flow depending on the time that has passed since the start of operation of the Novosibirsk hydroelectric complex, taking into account the impact on the channel, carried out dredging works, as well as other types of anthropogenic impacts.

Requirements for investigation of physical/mechanical properties of rocks and crushed stone quality in Russia

The industry of nonmetallic building materials is a priority industry that determines the current state of the national economy of Russia and the potential for its development. The requirements for the quality of crushed stone are constantly increasing. At the same time, the history of the emergence and development of these requirements has not been studied in the literature. An analysis of historical experience is necessary to identify the patterns of development of technology for the production of road crushed stone and to work out an effective way of development at the present stage. The article studies genesis of requirements for the research of the physical and mechanical properties of rocks and the quality of road crushed stone in Russia. This study is the first system-based and comprehensive study on this topic. The chronological framework of the study is limited to the beginning of the 19th century—the time of the appearance of highways in Russia, and at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries as a period of the emergence of vehicles and the development of requirements for the quality of crushed stone. The article shows that construction of highways necessitated studies into properties of rocks. Russian specialists started from the experience gained in European countries. However, Russian engineers did not copy European experience. They supplemented and developed European experience taking into account Russian realities. It was found that the main indicators of the quality of crushed stone were its strength (resistance to compressive), abrasion and impact loads, grain size, grain size distribution, cuboid shape and contamination with foreign impurities. These indicators are basic in all modern GOSTs (All-Union State Standard) and regulatory documents that regulate the quality of crushed stone. In the same period, methods of determining the quality indicators of crushed stone in laboratory conditions were proposed. The principles underlying these methods, in fact, correspond to modern methods of testing the physical and mechanical properties of rocks. The difference lies in the hardware, experimental conditions and quantitative assessment of the determined indicators.

Study on Environmental Performance of Inorganic Non-metallic Building Materials

Study on Environmental Performance of Inorganic Non-metallic Building Materials

Modelling the influence of gaseous products of explosive detonation on the processes of crack treatment while rock blasting

Purpose is mathematical modeling of fracturing as well as influence of gaseous products of explosive detonation on the changes in rock strength. Methods. Mathematical model, using foundations of Griffith theory, has been developed. To explain conditions of bridge formation while exploding lead azide charges, a two-stage description of solid particle condensation at a crack surface and inside it has been applied using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics. The analysis, involved electronic microscope, has helped verified the results experimentally. Findings. The effect of rock mass disturbance, resulting from explosive destruction, is manifested maximally right after the action. Subsequently, it decreases owing to the gradual relaxation of the formed defects. Therefore, an urgent problem is to develop ways slowing down strength restore of the blasted rock mass fragments. The process of rock fragment strength restoring may be prevented by microparticles getting into the microcrack cavities together with the detonation products. The research simulates their action. The data correlate to the simulation results confirming potential influence of the blasted rock on the dynamics of changes in the strength characteristics of the rock mass. Various compositions of charges with shells made of inert solid additions have been applied which solid particles can avoid the process of microcrack closure. Originality. For the first time, the possibility of deposition formation within rock micro- and macrocracks has been proposed and supported mathematically. Practical implications. Strength properties of the finished product and the energy consumption during impulse loading as well as subsequent mechanical processing of nonmetallic building materials depend on the strength properties of rock mass fragments. Hence, the ability to control the strength restore has a great practical value. Moreover, it can be implemented during the blasting operations.

State of aquatic bioresources in the area of production of non-metallic building materials on the Irtysh river

Sands and the sand-gravel mixes (SGM) from which more than a half of nonmetallic construction materials is manufactured in the Russian Federation serve as one of main types of the mineral raw materials used for production of the nonmetallic construction materials (NCM). Production of non-solid building materials (NSM) — sand, gravel, sand and gravel mixture — is necessary for the normal functioning of the construction industry: the larger the settlement, the greater the volume of production of NSM for construction enterprises. Many areas of the NSM are confined to the floodplain or channel of water bodies. Often, the interests of organizations engaged in the extraction of NSM near water bodies conflict with the interests of other water users, so the issue of regulating the production of NSM is very relevant. At the same time, environmental, hydrological aspects are the most important in the regulation, which are largely manifested through the deformation of the channel [1; 13–15]. In this article the assessment of the impact on water bioresources of the Irtysh River when developing fields on extraction of sand and sand-gravel mix on Oseredkovy, Pokrovsk and Molokan fields within the Omsk region is given. Comparative hydrobiological characteristic in the area of each deposit is given. Monitoring studies have shown that the main component of the damage in the extraction of non-solid building materials was fodder organisms. This work revealed changes in hydrobiological indicators in the number and biomass of fodder organisms depending on the location of deposits on the Irtysh River. The maximum amount of damage to water bioresources per 1000 m3 of mined soil is observed at the Molokanskoye deposit, the minimum loss of ichthyomass is noted at the Oseredkov deposit, which is located upstream of the river.

Increase in the efficiency of water transport of bulk mineral cargo by the segregation of feedstock at the initial technological stage

The paper gives the analysis of the volume of transportation of bulk mineral cargoes by water transport. It is established that the problem of the use of technological processes for sorting non-metallic building materials and coals transported by water transport is relevant. It is revealed that in the applied beneficiation system of crushed stone it is possible to reduce energy consumption due to the segregation of material into commercial fractions at the crushing stage by combining operations. The developed design of the receiving - segregation hopper is considered which allows classifying the feedstock at the initial technological stage of the production of crushed sandstone. A patented design of a segregation hopper and a technological scheme with its use are described. The volume of material sent to the crushing process is reduced by up to 50% due to the separation of particles of commercial fractions, which helps to reduce the production cost of a unit of the finished product. The principle of operation of the hopper is based on the difference in the rolling speed of particles of various sizes. The influence of the geometrical parameters of the chute and the size of the initial material on the capacity of the hopper is investigated. The influence of the slope angle of the chute and the particle size on the production parameters of the installation is proved. The configuration at which the drain wall achieves the highest throughput is determined.

Удосконалення методики оцінки придатності використання будівельного піску як сировини для інших галузей промисловості

Quartz sand is a multi-purpose mineral. Sand is the leading raw material in the production of building materials. The natural sands of Ukraine in terms of grain composition and content of dust and clay particles often do not meet the standards and require additional enrichment. High requirements are applied to the chemical composition of the sands. The quality of the sand is regulated by the relevant regulations depending on the area of its use. Modern publications are devoted to the analysis of the mineral base of the building materials industry. It is important to develop recommendations and techniques for determining the use of sand in a particular industry. The paper analyzes the raw material base of non-metallic building materials of Zhytomyr region and industries where sand is used as raw material. Technical and qualitative indicators of the Pavolotskyi deposit of construction sand in the Popilnia district of Zhytomyr region were used to develop a methodology for evaluating the suitability of raw material. The chemical composition of the sand of the deposit is quite homogeneous in mineralogical composition light fraction is represented by quartz up to 99,7 %, and by a small amount of feldspar and chalcedony. Quartz grains, less than 0,63 mm in size, are 99 % quartz. The thin sands of this deposit are quite clean and have a homogeneous chemical composition. A system of indicators of quality of sand from the deposit was formed in comparison to the normative indicators in the form of tables. These tables are the basis for selecting the market for sands sale and technology and equipment for sand enrichment. On the basis of the analytical evaluation of the obtained tables, proposals were made for the use of sand from Povolotskyi region in the building industry, glass industry and with small enrichment processes in the production of molding products and fine ceramics. The presented method is recommended to be applied to other natural deposits.

Оценка качества воды Волжского плеса Куйбышевского водохранилища по состоянию зоопланктона

The object of the study were three different in their hydrological characteristics, as well as the degree of anthropogenic load on them (in the form of sewage from the adjacent territory), the area of the water area of the Volga reaches of the Kuibyshev Reservoir, where there are deposits of nonmetallic building materials. Studies were conducted during the vegetation period 2014-2015. They included physical/chemical studies and studies of the state of zooplankton. Total 311 samples of zooplankton were collected and processed. During the study, 30 species of zooplankton organisms were recorded: 7 species of Rotifera, 7 species of Copepoda and 16 species of Cladocera. The richest in terms of the quantitative diversity of species was No. 3 site. Prevalent in terms of number and biomass of organisms – site number 1. Quantitative indicators of zooplankton were observed in 2015 compared to 2014. This is explained by the fact that 2014 was warmer than 2015. The oxygen regime of 2014 was also better than that of 2015. The turbidity of water in 2014 was below the turbidity of water in 2015, the quality of water in the second year of research deteriorated compared to the first in a number of indicators, such as COD, compounds copper, zinc, manganese, oil products. The mid-vegetation indexes of saprobity for the indicated observation period make it possible to attribute these sections of the Volga reach of the Kuibyshev reservoir to the β-mesosaprobic zone, which corresponds to the third class of water quality - moderately polluted water. Proceeding from the obtained values of the Shannon and Pielu indices, the zooplankton of the studied sections of the Volga reaches of the Kuibyshev reservoir has a rather low species richness with a rigid type of dominance, which characterizes it as mesotrophic. The ratio of groups of organisms and the dominance of individual species indicates a deterioration in water quality over a two-year period of research, which is confirmed by the research conducted by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise «UGMS RT».