Non-magnetized Water Research Articles

Effect of Magnetized Irrigation Water and Seeds on the Production of OKRA (Hibiscus esculentus)

Very recently special magnetic devices have been developed and used to magnetize irrigation water and plant seeds. Such magnetic treatments were reported to play a great role in increasing the germination rate of seeds, reducing soil salinity and consequently resulting in increasing yield. The objectives of the study to improve crop productivity by using magnetic technologies. A split plot experimental design was used for growing two varieties of okra (Hibiscus esculentus). The treatments included: non-magnetized water + non magnetized seeds (NMW+NMS), non-magnetized water + magnetized seeds (NMW+MS), magnetized water + non magnetized seeds (MW+NMS), magnetized water + magnetized seeds (MW+MS). Each treatment was replicated three times. The parameters considered included: number of leaves per plant, leaf length, plant height, plants density and yield. There was a significant difference (p <0.05) between treatments, the combination of (MW) and (MS) gave higher of leaves per plant, plant density, and plant height and leaf length. There was a significant difference (p <0.05) in yield between treatments (MW) recorded increasing in yield by 50% as compared to (NMW); (MW) + (MS) recorded increase in yield by 24% as compared to (NMW); (MS) record increasing in yield by 18% as compared to (NMS) when both were irrigated by (NMW), the combination of (MW) and (MS) gave higher yields for both okra varieties (25.5 and 35.5 Kg/ha). It was concluded that magnetizing water may lead to better crop establishment and further improvement could be achieved by magnetizing the seeds.

The effect of irrigation with magnetized wastewater on soil heavy metals, water productivity and heavy metals in aerial parts and grains of maize

Rising population strains food resources; reusing wastewater increases but brings microbial and heavy metal pollution, impacting nature and human health. Among environmental pollutants, heavy metals in wastewater are a major concern. Using magnetized water is a method to improve water and soil quality. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of using treated magnetized wastewater on the chemical properties and tracking of heavy metals in the soil, performance and yield components, water efficiency, and absorption of heavy metals by maize plant. Irrigation treatments consisted of various water and wastewater blending ratios under both magnetic and non-magnetic field application conditions. The results showed that the effect of irrigation water and mixing of water and wastewater on electrical conductivity, soil salts and heavy metals in different depths were significant at 1% probability level. On average, irrigation with magnetized wastewater caused a significant increase in grain yield (9.8%) and biological yield of maize (10.63%) compared to non-magnetized wastewater treatment. Irrigation with magnetized wastewater caused a significant increase in biological (10.92%) and physical (10.13%) productivities compared to non-magnetized wastewater treatment. With applying a magnetic field resulted in a reduction of 17.99%, 23.25%, 17.86%, and 17.12% in the concentration of lead, cadmium, zinc, and nickel in the aerial parts of the plant, respectively, compared to the non-magnetized water treatment. Magnetized water increases the water use efficiency of maize and irrigation management with this technology can be useful in more effective and economical use of limited water resources.

Evaluation of saline and magnetized water on emitter hydraulic performance and clogging in drip irrigation

The present investigation was carried out at the National Irrigation Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI), Dokki, Giza, Egypt. This study was performed to investigate the hydraulic performance and clogging ratio of drip irrigation with magnetized water. Magnetized water was created by transferring water through a permanent magnet connected to a feed pipeline. Two main treatments of magnetized and non-magnetized water, as well as three sub-treatments of irrigation water salts, including fresh water (219 ppm) and the addition of 1000 and 2000 ppm to irrigation water with three replications were applied under different operating pressure (75, 100, 125 and 150 kPa). At the beginning of the experiment, results show that hydraulic parameters were almost the same for both the magnetized and the non-magnetized water and for all salinity levels. At the end of working time, the hydraulic parameters were improved for the magnetized water under salinity levels compared to the non-magnetized water. Average emitter discharge increased with roughly 2.7% and 5.6%, coefficient of variation (Cv) decreased by 0.6 and 0.91%, emission uniformity (Eu) increased about 1 and 1.1% and variation of average flow rate (qavr) decreased by 21.3 and 29.4% when 1000 and 2000 ppm were used, respectively. Magnetized water had slight effect on clogging at non-saline water at the end of experiment. At 1000 and 2000 ppm salinity levels, the clogging ratio decreased by 1.97 and 2.45% at different pressure, respectively. The results show that magnetized water treatment could effectively relieve and delay the occurrence time of clogging.

Magnetically treated water affects Melissa officinalis L growth, nutritional status and essential oil compounds

Drip irrigation is one of the agricultural techniques mostly used to grow a wide variety of vegetable crops. Studies focused on improving this technique based on using magnetized water, as well as on investigating its effects on medicinal plant production processes, remain incipient in the literature. Some benefits of this technique are the optimization of the quality and quantity of irrigation water, economy of the water absorbed by the plants, improvement in the vegetative growth and productivity, reduction of the use of fertilizers and the greater availability of nutrients in the soil for crops compared to irrigation using conventional water. Thus, the aim of the current study is to assess the effect of different magnetized and non-magnetized water irrigation levels on Melissa officinalis growth, nutritional status and essential oil compounds in plants grown in protected environment. The experimental design consisted of completely randomized design with two water types (magnetized and non-magnetized) and four irrigation levels (25%, 75%, 100% and 125% of crop evapotranspiration - ETc) with four replications. Irrigation conducted with different magnetized water levels had significant effect on the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and of all micronutrients in plants’ leaves, and on soluble protein contents. The study also demonstrated significant effects of magnetically treated irrigation water on major chemical compounds such as citral (neral + geranial) and citronellal on the leaves of lemon balm plants. Different water levels significantly affected plant dry weight production parameters. In this study it was shown that the plant treated with magnetized water required less amount of water applied being a promising potential in saving water resources that will be of significant importance in the future. Overall, the results need to be further tested under field conditions to assess the usefulness of magnetic irrigation water treatment.in cultivation with medicinal, aromatic and spice plants. It is hoped that this study can contribute to improving water management, reducing the environmental impact without implying great costs for the producer.

Vegetable Seedlings Production Under Seed Magnetization and Use of Magnetized Water

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of seed magnetization (SM) and irrigation water (WI), using commercial (CO) and Neodymium (NEO) magnetizers, on the development of seedlings of lettuce, eggplant, cucumber, sweet pepper and okra. Method: The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with 5 treatments for each species, with 4 replications, being T1: irrigation with non-magnetized water; T2: SM-NEO + non-magnetized water; T3: SM-CO + non-magnetized water; T4: non-magnetized seeds + WI-NEO; and T5: non-magnetized seeds + WI-CO. The following were evaluated: emergence speed, emergence time, percentage of emergence, dry matter, root length, stem diameter, number of leaves and plant height. Result and conclusion: For lettuce, WI-NEO showed the best results and, for sweet pepper, SM-CO, irrigating with non-magnetized water. For cucumber, SM or WI provided a reduction in seedling formation time. For eggplant and okra, we recommended SM-NEO and irrigated with non-magnetized water. In general, seed magnetization caused better results than irrigation water magnetization. Implications of research: Quality seedlings produced in short time and at low cost are of great importance for the formation of vegetable crops. Originality/value: Seed magnetization and the use of magnetized water are innovative, low-cost technologies for producing seedlings of high vigor and quality.

Impact of magnetization of irrigation water on growth, yield and nutritional qualities of tomato under deficit irrigation

Tomato is a vegetable crop commonly grown in Nigeria and consumed by most people. It contains vitamins and vital nutrients that are essential for good health. This study was conducted to determine the effect of magnetization of irrigation water on the growth, yield and nutritional qualities of tomatoes under deficit irrigation. Tomato seeds (‘Roma VF’ and ‘UC 82B’ varieties) were planted in 96 buckets (11 liters capacity), 48 buckets for magnetized water (MW) and 48 buckets for non-magnetized water (NMW), grown in a greenhouse and harvested 82 days after planting. The irrigation water was treated with 30 pieces of 10×25×50 mm neodymium magnets (1.2 Tesla). The tomato plants were subjected to deficit irrigation to determine the effect on the performance of tomatoes at 100% (1 liter), 80% (0.8 liters), 60% (0.60 liters) and 50% (0.50 liter) water requirement. Each treatment was replicated 6 times for both MW and NMW. The MW increased the growth of ‘Roma VF’ and ‘UC 82B’ varieties by 5.44-38.10% and the stem girth by 21.13-49.01%. MW increased the yield of ‘Roma VF’ variety by 110.00%, 36.00%, 6.26% and 24.00% for 100%, 80%, 60% and 50% of water application, respectively but increased the yield of ‘UC 82B’ variety by 56.52% for 100% water application. MW also improved vitamin A and C content by 7.89-27.94% and 0.45-19.06%, respectively. The concentrations of Lead were slightly higher in the tomato irrigated with MW than in the NMW but values of other heavy metals were not consistent and very close for both MW and NMW.

Reducing Emitter Clogging in Drip Fertigation Systems by Magnetization Technology

The issue of emitter clogging is a common phenomenon in drip fertigation systems, which causes uneven irrigation and fertilization. However, efficient and environmentally friendly methods are scarcely available for alleviating clogging. In the present study, we investigated the anti-fouling efficacy of three magnetic field strength levels (0, 0.4 T and 0.6 T) on emitter clogging in drip fertigation systems. Our results show that magnetized water treatment could effectively relieve emitter clogging and delay the occurrence time of clogging, which increased the average discharge variation rate (Dra) by 37.00–61.64% and decreased the dry weight (DW) by 53.00–69.29% compared with non-magnetized water treatments. X-rays were used to estimate the compositions of the main clogging substances, and the results show that phosphates were the dominant substances that induced emitter clogging. In addition, magnetized water treatment effectively reduced the contents of chemical and particulate fouling, as exhibited by a decrease in phosphates, silicate and quartz by 53.17–69.58%, 47.22–61.95% and 43.18–74.80%, respectively. In comparison, the higher strength of magnetized water treatment (0.6 T) was better in clogging control, which increased Dra and the Christiansen of uniformity (CU) by 24.64% and 43.96%, respectively, and the DW was reduced by 34.67% compared with that of 0.4 T. This study proves that magnetized water treatment is an effective, chemical-free treatment method with great potential for fouling control technology, and it is helpful for the further promotion of drip fertigation technology.

Growth and biochemical responses of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) to magnetized water and Pb

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation efficiency, growth and biochemical responses of vetiver grass (Vetiveria Zizanioides) in response to irrigation with magnetized water [in 3 levels including magnetized water, semi-magnetized water and non-magnetized water] and Pb from the source of Pb-Nitrate salt [in 4 levels including 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L). This study was carried out as a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the central nursery of Green Area and Parks Organization Bandar Abbas Municipality, Bandar Abbas, Iran, during 2020–21. A magnetic water generating device called a magnetic ion stirrer with an intensity of 110 Tesla was used in this study. The results showed that irrigation with the magnetized water significantly increased the growth and yield of vetiver, and uptake and translocation factor of Pb to the shoots. Increase in the activities of enzymatic antioxidants affected by the magnetized water was observed which led to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activated the plant defense system. In general, despite high accumulation of Pb in plant tissues evident from accumulation of ROS, but still vetiver growth and yield were not significantly affected, indicating the phyto-toxic tolerance of vetivar against Pb accumulation. It is concluded that irrigation with the magnetized water through stimulating the antioxidants of vetiver can improve the growth, yield, uptake and translocation of Pb and therewith increases the phytoremediation efficiency of Vetiver.

Magnetic Water Treatment: An Eco-Friendly Irrigation Alternative to Alleviate Salt Stress of Brackish Water in Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Magnetized water has been a promising approach to improve crop productivity but the conditions for its effectiveness remain contradictory and inconclusive. The objective of this research was to understand the influences of different magnetized water with varying quality on seed absorption, germination, and early growth of cotton. To this end, a series of experiments involving the seed soaking process, germination test, and pot experiment were carried out to study the effects of different qualities (fresh and brackish water) of magnetized water on seed water absorption, germination, seedling growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and biomass of cotton in 2018. The results showed that the maximum relative water absorption of magnetized fresh and magnetized brackish water relatively increased by 16.76% and 19.75%, respectively, and the magnetic effect time of brackish water was longer than fresh water. The relative promotion effect of magnetized brackish water on cotton seed germination and growth potential was greater than magnetized fresh water. The cotton seeds germination rate under magnetized fresh and magnetized brackish water irrigation relatively increased by 13.14% and 41.86%, respectively, and the relative promoting effect of magnetized brackish water on the vitality indexes and the morphological indexes of cotton seedlings was greater than magnetized fresh water. Unlike non-magnetized water, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE) of cotton irrigated with magnetized water increased significantly, while the stomatal limit value (Ls) decreased. The influences of photosynthesis and water use efficiency of cotton under magnetized brackish water were greater than magnetized fresh water. Magnetized fresh water had no significant effect on biomass proportional distribution of cotton but magnetized brackish water irrigation markedly improved the root-to-stem ratio of cotton within a 35.72% range. Therefore, the magnetization of brackish water does improve the growth characteristics of cotton seedlings, and the biological effect of magnetized brackish water is more significant than that of fresh water. It is suggested that magnetized brackish water can be used to irrigate cotton seedlings when freshwater resources are insufficient.

Growth Characteristics of Chilli Pepper (Capsicum annuum) under the Effect of Magnetizing Water with Neodymium Magnets (NdFeB)

The present study aims to identify the impact of magnetized water on the growth characteristics of chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. A total of 80 chilli seeds were separated into four groups: the first group was watered with non-magnetized water, while the three groups were dampened with water magnetized using 3, 6, and 9 neodymium magnets (NdFeB), respectively. The findings revealed that magnetized water caused changes in the study parameters. Although the plants watered with magnetized water were taller than the plants watered with non-magnetized water, there were no significant differences between the four groups (p = 0.224). The results revealed that the stem thickness of chilli peppers is pretty affected by the magnetized water. There was no significant difference between the four treatments (p = 0.218). The current study found that the number of leaves is significantly influenced by watering with magnetized water (p = 0.015). The leaves of chilli peppers dampened with water treated with six magnets (74.50 ± 13.57) were the highest, and those saturated with non-magnetized were the lowest in number (60.00 ± 6.09) among four groups. The influence of magnetized water relies on the number of magnets utilized for magnetizing water.

Effect of magnetic field on calcium carbonate precipitated in natural waters with prevalent temporary hardness

This work evaluates the magnetic treatment efficacy of natural water classifiable between middle hard to very hard water. For this purpose, the effects of the magnetic water treatment (MWT) were studied on the characteristics of the calcium carbonate precipitates, detected in the bulk of the water and on the surfaces in contact with water. In particular MWT leads to an increase of the mass of the bulk precipitate and to a reduction of the mass of surface deposits (of the order of 60 and 40 % for water with medium and high hardness) compared to those detected for non-magnetized water. In addition, the positive effect of MWT was also verified after 14 days.From the set of experimental results it is evident that each water with certain chemical-physical characteristics requires the optimization of a series of parameters designed to reduce the mass of the deposited carbonate and to increase the size of the calcite crystals, characteristics that allow easy removal of calcite from surfaces.

Effect of magnetic field on growth and yield of barley treated with different salinity levels

Even though water treatment can be based on several techniques, one new promising process is applying magnetic treatment to water, which can alleviate salinity stress and improve crop productivity. Using magnetic technology in agriculture is considered non-conventional, economical, and eco-friendly. Moreover, it can improve soil and water properties, which in turn can enhance crop and water productivity whether in normal conditions or under salinity stress. The objective of our study is to quantify the impact of the application of this technique on the growth and productivity of barley under different levels of salinity stress. The experiment included two factors: (i) water treatments (i.e., magnetized water; water after pathing through static magnetic unit, 0.5 inch diameter, 0.35 T and non-magnetized water) and (ii) five levels of salinity stress (320, 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 ppm). Results indicated that irrigation barley plants with magnetized saline water reduced the harmful effect of salinity stress where the grain yield (g pot−1) increased by 14.75, 14.32, 16.06, 12.97, and 15.85% under 320, 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 ppm salinity levels, respectively compared to the irrigated plants with non-magnetized water of the same salinity level. Similar trends were recorded in all tested parameters. The overall results show that magnetized saline irrigation water, even at high salinity, increases barley growth parameters as well as photosynthetic pigments, resulting in an increase in grain yield compared to irrigation with non-magnetized saline water.

An Experimental Impact on Strength Enhancement and Properties of Concrete Using Magnetized Water

The purpose of this analysis is to improve the eminence of water as per standards and to enhance the strength of concrete by replacing the normal water through magnetized water. An experimental program is set up to test the outcome of magnetized water with variations in the time of the water passing through the magnetic field. The physical as well as chemical characteristics of water ought to be tested for pH, Total hardness, Total dissolved solids (TDS), chlorides, etc. Test to be conducted on concrete are workability also compressive strength along with different properties of concrete. For this work, magnetized water was used during the concreting of grade M25. The obtained outcomes presented that the workability of mixtures mixed by magnetized water was higher. The compressive strength along with flexural strength of the mixture by means of magnetized water for mixing was noted to be progressive than the one mixed with the non-magnetized water. Also, the Sorptivity test performed on cylindrical discs shows conclusive evidence of capillary rise through pores.

Effects of magnetic field treated water on some growth parameters of corn (<i>Zea mays</i>) plants

<abstract> The current study presents the investigation of the effects of magnetic water treatment on the growth of corn (<italic>Zea mays</italic>) plants. A total of 120 corn seeds were divided into four groups in a complete randomized design. Normal tap water was taken and divided into four parts. The first group was given non-magnetized water, whereas the remaining three groups were given water magnetized with 3, 6 and 9 permanent magnets respectively. Eighteen permanent magnets (70 mT) and 4 pipes were used for this system. The results showed that the corn plants watered with magnetized water had higher shoot length than those of normal tap water. Magnetized water significantly increased the dry weight of corn plants when compared with the non-magnetized plants. The results revealed that magnetizing water with 6 magnets was the most influential in increasing the length of plants (194.10 ± 66.74 cm) and dry weight (52.22 ± 12.63 g). On the other hand, root length, stem thickness, and fresh weight were not significantly affected by magnetized water. The influence of magnetized water depends on the number of magnets used to magnetizing water. So as a clean and safe method, watering with magnetized water can be used to improve the growth parameters of the exposed plant. </abstract>

The Impact of Irrigation Regime in Different Growth Stages and Irrigation with Magnetized Water on Vegetative Growth Characteristics and Leaf Chemical Constituents of Cowpea. تأثیر نظام الری فی مراحل النمو المختلفة والری بالماء المعالج مغناطیسیا على صفات النمو الخضری والمحتوى الکیماوی لأوراق اللوبیا.

Two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental farm, Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, during the two successive summer seasons of 2017 and 2018. The work aimed to study the impact of deficit irrigation during various growth stages with magnetized water and their interactions on parameters of vegetative growth and leaves chemical constituents of cowpea cv. Kafr El-Sheikh-1. The experimental layout was split-split plot system in a complete randomized block design with three replicates. The experiment in each season included 16 treatments, representing the combinations of two magnetized of irrigation water (Non-magnetized water (control), Magnetized water), two growth stages (vegetative & reproductive) and four irrigation regime %, i.e. 100, 75, 50 and 25 % of full crop evapotranspiration (ETc), during the two growth stages. Results indicated that cowpea plants, which were irrigated with magnetized water, gave the highest values of vegetative growth parameters and leaf chemical constituents compared with plants irrigated with normal water in both seasons. As for deficit irrigation at different growth stages, all vegetative growth characters and leaf chemical constituents of leaves were decreased with water deficit at vegetive growth stage (v). The plants which irrigation at 100% ETc (2093.14 m3/fed.), followed by 75% ETc (1569.86 m3/fed.) or 50% (1046.57m3/fed.) gave the highest values of vegetative growth parameters and leaf chemical constituent compared with the 25% ETc treatment, which recorded the lowest ones in both seasons. According to the mentioned results, it has been noted the cowpea plant is very sensitive to the water stress at the vegetative growth phase. The best vegetative growth parameters and chemical constituents of leaves were when irrigated the plants by magnetized water at 100% ETc during the vegetative growth stage (v).

Irrigation with Magnetized Water Affects the Soil Microenvironment and Fruit Quality of Eggplants in a Covered Vegetable Production System in Shouguang City, China

The present study aimed to explore the mechanisms and soil properties of eggplant production and quality, as well as the bacterial community structure, soil physico-chemical properties, eggplant growth properties, and nutrient contents. A field experiment was performed in a seasonal crop of eggplants irrigated with magnetized water (MW) and nonmagnetized water (NMW). A magnetic field was used for water treatment in the MW groups. The soil nutrient contents as well as soil enzyme activities were significantly increased in the MW treatment compared with those in the NMW treatment. After irrigation with MW, the abundance of Proteobacteria in the soil significantly increased, while that of Firmicutes decreased in comparison with the NMW treatment. The bacterial diversity indexes operational taxonomic unit (OTU), Chao1 and ACE revealed increases of 3~24%. Additionally, the MW treatment increased the length, width, and fresh weight of the eggplant leaves by 17~29%, while the fruit length and width and the single fruit weight increased by 5~16%. The contents of vitamin C and organic acids in eggplant fruit in the MW treatment markedly increased by 25~34% compared with those in the NMW treatment. Likewise, the contents of mineral elements in the treated eggplants exhibited marked increases compared with the levels in the NMW treatment. Irrigation with MW had the potential to improve soil quality and change the community structure of the bacteria. Moreover, irrigation with MW could improve eggplant growth and output, hence promoting fruit quality. These results could provide a theoretical basis for the application of magnetics for improving crop production.

RESPONSE OF PEAR SEEDLINGS TO SOME NON-AND MAGNETIZED SALINE IRRIGATION WATER AND HUMIC ACID AND THEIR EFFECT ON GROWTH, LEAF PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, LEAF PIGMENTS AND ELEMENTS CONTENTS

This study was conducted during two successive seasons of 2018 and 2019 at El Kanater Horticultural Research Station, Qalyoubeia Government Egypt. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of salinity levels of non-and magnetized irrigation water alone and in combination with humic acid on one-year-old pear seedlings (Pyrus communis) rootstock. Obtained results revealed that, the two higher concentrations of saline water (1500 and 3000 mg/l) resulted in a gradual significant decreased in all vegetative measurements, dry weights of pear seedling organs, both leaf succulence grade, water potential and leaf content of pigments as well as some leaf elements contents of N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn, Whereas an opposite trends were observed with leaf osmotic pressure, proline content and leaf content of Ca, Na and Cl as compared to the control (270 mg/l –fresh water). On the other hand, seedlings treated with either humic acid or magnetized water were exited significantly an increasing values of vegetative parameters, dry weights of different plant organs, leaf pigments and some macro and micro-nutrients beside Na and Cl as well as both leaf succulence grade and water potential as compared to control (non-magnetized water or non-humic acid) in both seasons of study. The obtained data concluded that the use of magnetized water technique with humic acid applications would be efficiently and safe alternative tool to resolve the problem of irrigating with saline water and to enhance pear rootstock seedlings growth grown under similar conditions of this study.

RESPONSE OF PEAR SEEDLINGS TO SOME NON-AND MAGNETIZED SALINE IRRIGATION WATER AND HUMIC ACID AND THEIR EFFECT ON GROWTH, LEAF PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, LEAF PIGMENTS AND ELEMENTS CONTENTS

This study was conducted during two successive seasons of 2018 and 2019 at El Kanater Horticultural Research Station, Qalyoubeia Government Egypt. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of salinity levels of non-and magnetized irrigation water alone and in combination with humic acid on one-year-old pear seedlings (Pyrus communis) rootstock. Obtained results revealed that, the two higher concentrations of saline water (1500 and 3000 mg/l) resulted in a gradual significant decreased in all vegetative measurements, dry weights of pear seedling organs, both leaf succulence grade, water potential and leaf content of pigments as well as some leaf elements contents of N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn, Whereas an opposite trends were observed with leaf osmotic pressure, proline content and leaf content of Ca, Na and Cl as compared to the control (270 mg/l –fresh water). On the other hand, seedlings treated with either humic acid or magnetized water were exited significantly an increasing values of vegetative parameters, dry weights of different plant organs, leaf pigments and some macro and micro-nutrients beside Na and Cl as well as both leaf succulence grade and water potential as compared to control (non-magnetized water or non-humic acid) in both seasons of study. The obtained data concluded that the use of magnetized water technique with humic acid applications would be efficiently and safe alternative tool to resolve the problem of irrigating with saline water and to enhance pear rootstock seedlings growth grown under similar conditions of this study.

Effects of treated water with neodymium magnets (NdFeB) on growth characteristics of pepper &lt;em&gt;(Capsicum annuum)&lt;/em&gt;

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetic water treatment on growth characteristics of pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. One week old pepper plants were selected and divided into four groups in a complete randomized design. In our study, we took normal tap water and divided it into four parts. The first group received given non-magnetically treated water (as a control), while the remaining groups received magnetized water at 3, 6, and 9 magnets, respectively. Four pipes and 18 permanent magnets with a flux density of 70 mT were used for this system. The results of the current study showed that magnetized water caused significant increases in all studied parameters, except plant length and dry weight, when compared to non-magnetized water. The results revealed that magnetizing water with 6 magnets was effective than others in increasing the number of fruits and leaves per plant, whereas magnetizing water with 9 magnets was effective than others in increasing the fresh weight of produces fruits. The impact of magnetic water treatment depends on the number of magnets used to magnetizing water. It appears that the utilization of magnetically treated water can lead to improving the quantity and quality of pepper fruits. Therefore, applying magnetized water could be one of the most promising ways to enhance agricultural production in an environmentally friendly way.

Influence of Magnetized Water and Nitrogen Bio-fertilizers on the Quantity and Quality Features of the Butternut Squash Cucurbita moschata

The present study was carried out at Baqubah Nursery, Directorate of Agriculture, Diyala Province, Iraq, during the period of March to October 2017, to investigate the effects of magnetized water with bio and chemical fertilizers on the butternut squash. A factorial experiment with three replications was conducted and two factors were investigated; the state of water (magnetized water and non-magnetized water) and the fertilizer type (chemical fertilizer: urea 100 kg N/ hectare; bio-fertilizers: Azotobacterchroococcum and Azospirillumbrasilense + chemical fertilizer in 1:1 ratio).&#x0D; The results revealed that the magnetized water with bio + chemical fertilizers recorded the highest rate of fruit weight that reached 786.0 ,807.3 and 775.3 g at the first, second and third harvests, respectively. The effect of the magnetized water was significant on the rate of fruit yield/plant which reached 3745.0 g at the first harvest, while bio + chemical fertilizer recorded the highest rate that reached 2419.8 and 1404.3 g at the second and the third harvests, respectively. Magnetized water with bio + chemical fertilizers showed significant increments in total yield / plant (7822.3 g) and total yield / hectare (31289.3 kg). The treatment with magnetized water and bio and chemical fertilizer were significant in fruit content of total soluble solid (TSS %) after 185 days, which reached 13.0 % and 12.2 %, respectively, while bio + chemical fertilizer was superior in the yield of fructose sugar and fibers which reached 10.4 and 12.7 % , respectively.