Non-literary Texts Research Articles

On the theory and practice of intralingual translation and its typologies

ABSTRACT This article aims to advance the discussion on the nature of intralingual translation which, while having been marginalized for a long time within the field of translation studies, has currently increasingly attracted the interest of the academic community. Building on the work of previous researchers in the field, this article suggests the adoption of additional categories with a view to facilitating a more comprehensive description, analysis, and practice of this form of translation, identifying its various typologies. To demonstrate how the model proposed here can work as a useful guide to intralingual translators, the article provides examples taken from various literary and non-literary texts.

Lost in syllabification. Special cases of geminatio consonantium and syllabarum diuisio through the fringes of the Latin-Greek writing koine

AbstractThe present paper deals with a marginal divergent spelling consisting in the geminatio of a consonant littera in pre- or post-consonantal position. The phenomenon is found in both Latin and Greek non-literary texts. The analysis is conducted on two levels, one grapho-phonological and one historical. In fact, the phenomenon results to be particularly relevant as for the relation between spelling and syllabic representation of heterosyllabic clusters and as for the dimension of contact between Latin and Greek scripts. First, a synchronic cut of Latin non-literary texts is examined to evaluate the occurrence of this geminatio and its ratio of distribution along the different types of clusters. It can be stated that the geminatio at hand represents a metagraphic signal of syllab(ific)ation indeterminacy, as is further corroborated by the examination of metalinguistic sources. Secondly, the historical perspective is then addressed. This spelling can be interpreted as a feature, albeit marginal and stemming from ephemeral slips, of writing koine, as is further evidenced by the examination of two sample clusters of texts.

On Artificial and Post-artificial Texts: Machine Learning and the Reader's Expectations of Literary and Non-literary Writing

Abstract With the advent of ChatGPT and other large language models, the number of artificial texts we encounter on a daily basis is about to increase substantially. This essay asks how this new textual situation may influence what one can call the “standard expectation of unknown texts,” which has always included the assumption that any text is the work of a human being. As more and more artificial writing begins to circulate, the essay argues, this standard expectation will shift—first, from the immediate assumption of human authorship to, second, a creeping doubt: did a machine write this? In the wake of what Matthew Kirschenbaum has called the “textpocalypse,” however, this state cannot be permanent. The author suggests that after this second transitional period, one may suspend the question of origins and, third, take on a post-artificial stance. One would then focus only on what a text says, not on who wrote it; post-artificial writing would be read with an agnostic attitude about its origins. This essay explores the implications of such post-artificiality by looking back to the early days of text synthesis, considering the limitations of aesthetic Turing tests, and indulging in reasoned speculation about the future of literary and nonliterary text generation.

수능 비문학 텍스트에 대한 학습자 인식 연구

수능 비문학 텍스트에 대한 학습자 인식 연구

The Application of Contemporary Methods According to the Curriculum for the Course of the Albanian Language in Primary Education

The curriculum field "Languages and communication" for primary education enables students to develop simple skills, such as: the difference between literary and non-literary texts, the recognition of the basic language system forms (phonetics, morphology, syntax), the development of expression skills through different linguistic means.This curricular area in primary education, based on the Curricular Framework, contains the following courses: mother tongue, first foreign language (English language, German language). This field also prepares students for functional, clear and substantive communication. Given the importance of using modern teaching methods, we intend to treat this research paper from the point of view of the application of contemporary methods in the Albanian language course, which we consider necessary for the identification of activities that influence the implementation of the curriculum in the course of the Albanian language. In order to carry out the research, we use the qualitative and quantitative method, preparing a questionnaire for the teachers of the Albanian language at the level of primary and lower secondary education, more precisely of grades VI-IX, in the Municipality of Gjilan, Vitia, Kamenica and Ferizaj. We also do a partial observation during the lessons wiin the Albanian Language course. From the findings of the research, we consider that contemporary methods are applied in the teaching of the Albanian language subject in primary education.

Comparison of various approaches to tagging for the inflectional Slovak language

Morphological tagging provides essential insights into grammar, structure, and the mutual relationships of words within the sentence. Tagging text in a highly inflectional language presents a challenging task due to word ambiguity. This research aims to compare six different automatic taggers for the inflectional Slovak language, seeking for the most accurate tagger for literary and non-literary texts. Our results indicate that it is useful to differentiate texts into literary and non-literary and subsequently, based on the text style to deploy a tagger. For literary texts, UDPipe2 outperformed others in seven out of nine examined tagset positions. Conversely, for non-literary texts, the RNNTagger exhibited the highest performance in eight out of nine examined tagset positions. The RNNTagger is recommended for both types of the text, the best captures the inflection of the Slovak language, but UDPipe2 demonstrates a higher accuracy for literary texts. Despite dataset size limitations, this study emphasizes the suitability of various taggers for the inflectional languages like Slovak.

느린 학습자의 자존감 향상을 위한 인문치료 사례연구

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of humanistic therapy to improve the self-esteem of slow learners. The subjects of this study were slow learner adolescents in the first year of a specialized high school, who were experiencing problems such as academic sluggishness, psychological atrophy, peer relationship inadequacy, and school life inadequacy. The study explored the process of change through the application of a humanistic therapy program over 30 sessions. The results of this study were as follows First, she showed positive changes in expressing their feelings and thoughts through emotional writing and therapeutic writing. Second, she showed academic changes, such as improving their presentation skills in class through activities such as reading literary short texts such as poems and essays and non-literary texts from textbooks slowly and repeatedly out loud. Third, she was attitudinal changes in life, such as recognizing the extent of school progress and saying no to friends. Humanistic therapy had a positive effect on the student's emotional changes, self-disclosure, and relationship improvement, and served as a medium to help improve the main complaints of the subject.

Revisiting Predictions about the Future of Human Life in 20th Century American Sci-Fis

Predictions and illustrations of life in the future are often integrated in works of science fiction, which could not be immediately proven yet possibly fascinating when looked back on several decades later or at the times predicted in the works. Science fiction authors foretell such events by borrowing theories, concepts, or simply terms used by scientists. Those theories, concepts, and terms can be written in scientific journals or in more popular media. American science fiction works, for instance, illustrate the future by their adaptation in the forms of more popular media such as movies, video games, and the works categorized as the subgenres of cyber literature. All of them are discussed in this paper from the lens of New Historicism, which believes in equality between literary and non-literary texts in viewing phenomena that exist in society, one of which is the relationship between science fiction works, their writers, their readers, and society. Technology is seen as a product of society, so it becomes broadly part of culture. Meanwhile, emerging technology is sometimes coincidental and random, so it can also be seen that technology determines people’s movements and lifestyles. This study contributes to ongoing discussions on the ethical and societal implications of speculative narratives by highlighting the interconnectedness between literature, science, technology, and society.

“She doesn’t consider it to be real literature”

Starting from the premise that there may be a discrepancy between how teachers and students understand the term ‘literature’, this article explores the ability of 10th grade students to define the concept of ‘literature’. It argues that such an undertaking is relevant in light of a similar discrepancy between literary studies and literature: while the first adopts an increasingly inclusive definition of ‘literature’, publications on the concept of literary competence still employ a strongly normative view of literature. Drawing on empirical observations from a Dutch research project in which students discussed the literary quality of text fragments in jury groups, the article demonstrates that students hold highly heterogeneous ideas about the definition of literature. The analysis of survey responses, transcribed student conversations and jury posters reveals that a minority of students are able to provide a reasoned definition of ‘literature’, while a significant portion equates literary texts with books in general or stories amenable to narratological analysis. Based on these observations, the article suggests expanding the operationalization of literary competence in Alter & Ratheiser’s recent model to include the concept of ‘taxonomic competence’, which encompasses students’ ability to differentiate between literary and non-literary texts through reasoned argumentation.

A Rhetorical Stylistic Analysis of English Political Headlines in Selected Newspapers

This study explores the language used in reporting political headlines conducting a rhetorical stylistic analysis. It is based on showing the effect of the rhetorical stylistic relations in news reporting. The aim is to investigate the structure adopted in reporting political news. It argues that the rhetorical stylistic devices are necessary and applicable to non-literary texts, i.e. political headlines to evaluate language use in the representation of non-literary texts. The analysis was carried out on data selected from the British broadsheet The Guardian and the American New York Times newspaper headlines. The data were examined and subjected to a contrastive analysis incorporating rhetorical and stylistic tools to discern how they are united to achieve the main purpose of language use, i.e. to persuade and grasp the reader's attention. It was found that the two newspapers tend to employ sentence structures differently in terms of nucleus and satellite relations demonstrating the significant part in a sentence. Examples of the deviation strategy of foregrounding were primarily established in the New York Times to maintain the reader's attention about the content underlying the different strategy of the two newspapers to report war circumstances. The analysis shows that rhetorical devices and stylistic features are found and closely related in newspaper articles.

Before Death Takes the Main Character of the Horror Novel (Urban Legend) by Risa Saraswati: Literary Psychology Study

This research departs from the novel Peter and Janshen written by Risa Saraswati which tells the story of the lives of two boys as the main characters for each novel when they were still humans, not ghost figures (astral creatures) as they are now. This research aims to describe: (1) the main character's interpersonal conflict with other characters in the novel, (2) the main character's intrapsychic conflict, and (3) the conflict resolution carried out by the main characters in each identified conflict. This research is a qualitative descriptive study analyzed using Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theory. Karen Horney's psychoanalytic approach intended to study the horror novel (urban legend) by Risa Saraswati is to use non-literary texts as a foundation for seeking understanding from the literary texts to be analyzed . The data collection techniques used in this research were reading, listening and note-taking techniques. The research instrument is the researcher himself using the unit of analysis, namely story facts and literary means. The validity of the data used in this research is intrarater and interreter data reliability. The results of the research found 3 forms of self-aspects of the basic anxiety of a main character depicted in the horror novel (urban legend) entitled Peter and Janshen by Risa Saraswati when they were still human, namely (a) the form of interpersonal conflict in the form of conflict or disagreement with other people because of differences, experienced by the characters Peter and Janshen, namely: (1) Conflict over lack of affection and acceptance, (2) Conflict over having strong and reliable partners, (3) Conflict over gaining social recognition, (4) ) Conflict due to personal ambition, (5) Conflict to have power, (6) Conflict to become a person who is admired, (7) Conflict to respect one's privacy. (b) The manifestation of intrapsychic conflict in the form of an individual's actions, beliefs and emotions which cause anxiety for him, namely: (1) Neurotic Ambition, (2) Excessive Attitude to Become Perfect, (3) Drive for Revenge, (4) Demand for treated special, (5) arrogant attitude, (6) self-blame, (7) self-deprecation. Furthermore, (c) Conflict Resolution, in the form of actions that the main characters tend to take based on Karen Horney's theory in dealing with interpersonal conflicts with other people, namely: (1) Conflict Resolution with a Tendency to Resist, (b) Conflict Resolution with a Tendency to Approach, (c) Conflict Resolution with a Tendency to Approach, ( c) Conflict Resolution Distant Tendency. Events from the real lives of the main characters through Risa Saraswati's supernatural ability as a writer to interact with astral beings, are contextualized in the novel entitled Peter and Janshen. In Karen Horney's psychoanalytic perspective, childhood life experiences are enough to determine a person's personality criteria.

Die Literaturautonomie im deutschen Rechtssystem. Grenzen, Widersprüche und literaturtheoretische Potenziale

Abstract So far, the question regarding literature’s autonomy has predominantly been discussed from a poetological and historical perspective, with legal manifestations and possibilities of aesthetic autonomy usually being neglected by literary theory. However, in no other area than in (German) jurisprudence it becomes more evident that the concept of an autonomous literary practice, or more precisely the attempt to guarantee it legally, is highly challenging and therefore comes with restrictions. On the one hand, literary practice is legally regarded as a free and autonomous social subsystem. On the other hand, it can easily lead to violations of fundamental rights, meaning that the freedom of art cannot be considered unrestricted and autonomous on a closer look. In the following, the legal challenges of guaranteeing an unregulated literary practice will be discussed based on two fundamental legal rights, namely the freedom of art and copyright laws. The discussion proves to be significant for literary studies as well, as the legal tensions that are connected to the concept of literary autonomy have an influence on the practice of literature and thus also affect its theoretical reflection in literary studies and criticism. Because autonomy can mean several things, it is necessary to define the term ›autonomy‹ as used in this article first. After clarifying the concept of autonomy for the literary context, the focus lies on the legal discourse: The legal regulations in Germany regarding freedom of art and copyrights are first presented individually. Following this, the respective difficulties in guaranteeing the aforementioned legal rights are explained. A closer look will reveal that collisions are unavoidable, and that freedom of art and copyright laws sometimes even happen to be mutually exclusive. The challenges of literature’s autonomy in legal terms becomes particularly apparent by presenting the following two potential conflicts: The first conflict concerns collisions between freedom of art and a legal right of constitutionally similarly high rank, such as personal rights. The second potential conflict demonstrates why the freedom of art can hardly ever be reconciled with copyright provisions. The first case illustrates that the freedom of literary practice sometimes collides with other legal interests and can therefore be restricted, while the second one proves that a self-contradiction within the legal system exists when it comes to the notion of unrestricted autonomy. The first conflict is discussed by revisiting the decision of the German Federal Constitutional Court regarding Maxim Biller’s novel Esra in 2007. The decision, albeit highly controversial, helps to understand why legal barriers are sometimes imposed on works of literature. Additionally, the Esra case shows the legal difficulties of enforcing a ban on novels without fundamentally calling into question the freedom of art. This is also demonstrated by the votes of the dissenting judges at the Federal Constitutional Court which further illustrate the irresolvable challenge between guaranteeing not to impose any legal restrictions on the practice of art, but sometimes doing so whenever the freedom of art collides with personal rights. As a second example, the potential conflict that can arise when using the technique of literary collage or any other that involves adopting elements of existing literary or non-literary texts is discussed. Such a case is even more likely to result in a legal dilemma as there generally is a tension between freedom of art and copyright laws: although copyright laws can be subsumed under freedom of art and even serve as supportive of it, insofar as they aim at protecting the author as the intellectual owner of a work, they are not always beneficial to the freedom of art. This is best exemplified by the aesthetic technique of literary collage, for which the implementation of elements from other texts and media is characteristic and thus might easily conflict with copyright provisions. The example of literary collage demonstrates that without legal regulations some aesthetic practices might run the risk of infringing the respective copyrights as soon as an existing work of art is utilized partially for a new one. This article concludes that the notion of literary autonomy shows to be self-contradictory when discussed from a legal perspective. This observation is not irrelevant for literary theory, insofar as literary autonomy, understood as an unregulated literary practice, thwarts its promise of freedom. As this article argues, the idea of literary autonomy therefore needs revision in literary studies, not least because of its challenging legal dimension.

The Role Of Arabic Language And Its Impact In Improving Education Among Children

The research dealt with an important topic that is related to humanity in general and children In particular, it is the role of knowing the Arabic language in increasing the linguistic perception of children because they are like a seed. In growing up, their tongues must be straightened in a way that increases their linguistic balance, because of the importance of acquiring wealth Linguistic makes him recognize all literary and non-literary texts, relie in this study onThe effect of stories on linguistic behavior and the importance of children's knowledge of language in simplified and smooth ways Including stories and tales, and stories are considered a means of desire to increase linguistic wealth In addition to the growth of cognitive stimulation and the development of their knowledge of the originality of the Arabic language and literature in a way Special, and add to that also that the child becomes more familiar with the Arab culture and has a queen Artistic taste for intellectual output.

Refleksi Sejarah Orde Baru pada Novel Namaku Alam

Literary works offer an in-depth and subjective perspective on a historical event. Historical events that may not be fully documented can be revived through literary works. This research aims to find a reflection of the history of the New Order using the Newhistoricism approach formulated by Greenblatt (1980) in Leila S. Chudori's latest work entitled Namaku Alam. This research is a type of qualitative descriptive research using content analysis techniques. Based on the nature of the new historicism approach, data collection was carried out using a parallel reading method between literary and non-literary texts. Data analysis techniques were carried out using archaeological methods and in-depth description methods. The results of the research prove that the historical events of the New Order that were discovered included the arrest of people who were related to the PKI along with the negative stigma received by political prisoners and their descendants; personal hygiene and environmental cleanliness policies; supervision of people's reading; and petition 50.

Slovenščina na poklicni maturi

Since 2002, pupils in vocational upper secondary education have been required to pass a vocational matura examination that comprises a written and an oral part. The written part is external, with the exam materials and assessment instructions being prepared by the National Committee for the Vocational Matura for the subjects of Slovene and Slovene as a second language. The oral exam is carried out internally, and organised and prepared in terms of content by school teachers. The article presents a detailed analysis of the written exam, the degree of cognitive diffculty of tasks in the non-literary text analysis, and the success of the candidates in task solving.

CATing the Way: Polish Translators and Computer-Assisted Translation Tools

This paper aims to establish a profile of Polish translators who apply CAT tools in their professional practice. The investigation identifies six primary categories, shedding light on the translators themselves, their experience, and interactions with specialised software. The first category delves into demographic data, analysing age groups and gender distribution among the users. The second category focuses on basic data encompassing the translators' experience with programs and their preferred foreign languages. The paper also explores the link between higher education and CAT tool proficiency, examining fields of study, educational institutions, specialised training, and opinions on the integration of this technology into academic curricula. In order to assess the non-academic aspects of learning and applying such software, it investigates the translators' engagement in training courses, certifications, and sources of qualifications improvement. Various methods for acquiring skills in CAT tools are also explored, such as online webinars and practical translation practice.The results reveal that the translators are rather experienced users of the software, they rely heavily on such programs, employing them in various types of translations, mostly non-literary texts. Translators perceive them positively, acknowledging their contribution to accelerating work processes and improving competitiveness in the translation market. The use of CAT tools is expected to increase, emphasising the need to incorporate these tools into translator training programs and adapt study plans to accommodate their further popularisation. The data was collected through an anonymous survey and provides insights into the preferences, habits, and perspectives of Polish translators using CAT tools. This paper serves as a foundation for further research and comparison with other translator groups, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the translator's profession in the context of translation technology utilisation.

Deconstructing the Metaphor of Feminine Idealism: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Pakistani Adverts

Fairclough (1994) claims that language is not only a tool of communication but also constructs social interactions and meaning in specific contexts. Advertisement is one of the most effective and influential genre in non-literary texts which informs, persuades and impacts its audience in a limited time frame. Impact can be equally positive or negative on the target audience but it is more dependent on the ideological representation through signs and symbols portrayed in it. In the present study, two Pakistani advertisements have been analyzed through Fairclough’s (1994) 3-Dimensional Approach, which suggests that a text along with its embedded ideology is constructed to create its own social domain. The findings exposed that adverts are the main source to bring cultural change and ideological shift about a woman in society. Fashion Trends are adopted and eradicated as suggested in ads so it acts like an opinion-maker and compliment to shape the physical appearance of a woman apart of what society believes in her on regional and religious grounds. The conclusion suggests that the government and related bodies must have a check on ill-considerations to produce such content which may cultivate some unethical norms in the society. Also, unlike men, women are negatively portrayed and objectified in multiple ways in media campaigns.

Motywy faustyczne w twórczości Czesława Miłosza

The article discusses the references to Faust by Johann Wolfgang Goethe present in the works of Czesław Miłosz. They appear in his poems, as well as in essays and non-literary texts, e.g. interviews. The references to Goethe in Miłosz’s work are also of interest, especially included in autobiographical statements. The article attempts to indicate certain regularities concerning the occurrence of intertextual references to Goethe’s tragedy, related to the poet’s worldview, his aesthetic choices and biographical context. The considerations included in the article lead to the conclusion that the hero of the tragedy symbolises the content which, after World War II, made it possible to name and understand the processes that led to the catastrophe of war and the rejection of humanity. Faust can be a tool for self-characterisation or an accusation against German culture and the cult of science and progress, leading to the alienation of the individual.

Contemporary Ukrainian writers as an ‘avant-garde’ of exile in the German literary field? Katja Petrowskaja and Kateryna Mishchenko

In a recent podcast Kateryna Mishchenko asked whether she, as a Ukrainian author, has the right to participate in German discourses, and whether she can do so through the German language. This refers both to the public debate on the ‘Krieg in Europa’, following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and, inextricably linked to it, memory discourses on the Holocaust and World War II. This article discusses Mishchenko’s perspective on the war in Europe in literary and non-literary texts in comparison to that of Katja Petrowskaja. Petrowskaja moved to Berlin in 1999 and made a name for herself with her family history Vielleicht Esther (2014). Both authors can be regarded as prominent voices within a post-Soviet exile community in Berlin. The article asks how contemporary authors from Ukraine who find themselves exiled in Germany are contributing to a politicization of the German literary field, and what role their contribution to a transnational memory of the Holocaust and World War II plays within this process, drawing on Hannah Arendt’s understanding of refugees as a transnational avant-garde in her essay of 1943.

PLURALITY OF HISTORIES: NATIONAL DISCURSIVE NARRATIVES ABOUT 1971 WAR

The research article is based on new historicist technique and presents a comparison of the ‘national narratives of Pakistan and Bangladesh’ about 1971 war embodying the theme of secession. Therefore, for current research work, the ‘literary and non-literary texts[1]’ of both Pakistani and Bangladeshi writers have been selected. These representative texts about the discourse of separation and liberation, and 1971 war present dissimilar and opposing ‘national narratives’ about the whole event and 1971 war. This contrastive comparative textual analysis has helped the researcher to note and record disparities that how issues are taken and interpreted, even manipulated, at different levels, within a single society or nation for upholding and protecting vested (personal) interests. Keywords: Plurality, history, national discursive narrative, 1971 war.