non-IPM Farmers Research Articles

Implementation of Integrated Pest Management and Non-IPM in Rice Plants (Case Study in Kampar Subdistrict, Kampar Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia)

The purpose of this study is to descriptively analyze the extent of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and non-IPM practices in Kampar District, Kampar Regency. This research uses a descriptive method aimed at gathering information through questionnaires, direct observations, and interviews. The subjects of the study consisted of 38 IPM rice farmers and 62 non-IPM rice farmers. The results of the study indicate that both IPM and non-IPM farmers in Kampar District have implemented practices for cultivating healthy crops. The distinguishing factor between IPM and non-IPM farmers lies in pest and disease control. IPM farmers consistently monitor their fields as the basis for making decisions on pest and disease control measures. IPM farmers use superior and locally superior seeds, while non-IPM farmers predominantly use local seeds. IPM farmers prioritize preventive measures in pest and disease control, resorting to the application of chemical pesticides only when the infestation reaches an economic threshold. Non-IPM farmers control pests and diseases using chemical pesticides periodically without considering the level of infestation. The participation of farmers in IPM programs and farmer groups influences their adoption of healthy crop cultivation practices and IPM. Non-IPM farmers perceive pest and disease control using chemical pesticides as more practical and yielding quicker results. However, they are not aware that the indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides increases production costs, poses risks to themselves and the environment. This lack of awareness contributes to the low adoption rate of IPM among farmers.

Information Source Utilization by the IPM and Non-IPM Farmers for Pesticide Use

Information Source Utilization by the IPM and Non-IPM Farmers for Pesticide Use

On Farm Implementation of Sustainable IPM Technology and its Economic Analysis for Bitter Gourd Involving Farmers’ Centred Approach in Haryana

Area-wide field experiments were conducted in bitter gourd during 2014-2016 at Karnal, Haryana to study validation and economic viability and feasibility of adaptable and rational IPM technology involving farmers’ driven holistic approach. The adoption of IPM technology, apart from lowering the incidence of major pests, reduced the number of chemical sprays to 5-9 from 15-17 in non-IPM fields with higher yields of 31.3, 22.3 and 18.75 mt/ ha in IPM compared to 29.5, 20.8 and 17.45 mt/ ha in non-IPM fields with marginally higher CBR of 1:1.80, 1:1.54 and 1:1.91 in IPM than 1:1.60, 1:1.30 and 1:1.68, respectively, in FP fields. There was a net income increase of Rs 23718.1, 35079 and 32403/ ha in IPM fields over FP fields. On an average, IPM farmers harnessed higher net return of Rs. 1.27 lakh/ ha with B:C ratio of 1:1.75 compared to the non-IPM farmers with net return of Rs. 0.97 lakh/ ha with a B:C ratio of 1:1.52.

Studies on Pesticide Use Behavior of Non-IPM Farmers of Rice Ecosystem in Southern Districts of Tamil Nadu

Rice is the major crop cultivated in southern India and farmers resort to using pesticides intensively to realize higher productivity. The present study aimed to monitor the pesticide use behavior of the farmers, mainly relies on pesticides as a key component in pest management. This study was carried out in four southern districts of Tamil Nadu, where paddy is grown for almost two seasons in a year and a total of 75 farmers who rely on pesticide for their pest management were identified through the local pesticide dealers for the study. Rice stem borer (100%) and leaf folder (93.33%) are the key pests in the region and in all the districts surveyed, 92 percent of the farmers have indicated the rice earhead bug as a major problem during the reproductive phase for which 20 percent of them continue to take-up spraying across milking and grain maturing stages of the crop. It is apparent that the farmers in this area have the habit of using a tank mixture of pesticides and 72 per cent of the farmers interviewed use insecticides in combination with fungicides. They also use synthetic pyrethroids, which are not recommended in rice crops. Most of them (72.33%) throw the used pesticide container in open space, and 24 per cent use the containers for household and farm use. The study indicates an urgent need for creating awareness among this pesticide intense farmers to have sensible use of pesticides form minimizing pesticide residue preserving the rice ecosystem.

A Gender study on resource use in onion integrated pest management

Onion is one of the most important and export oriented commercial crop and grown in Western, Northern as well as in Southern India. Tamilnadu contributes significant contribution in the onion exportable production and also doing Integrated Pest Management practices in order to increase the productivity. This study made an attempt to analyse the extent of use and availability of IPM components in onion, cost and returns in the IPM practices in the major onion growing areas of Tamilnadu. Totally 90 respondents were identified and primary information were collected from 60 IPM adopters and 30 non-adopters. From the results, it was identified that majority of the IPM adopters and non-adopters were following safety measures and also was found that high cost of inputs and time consuming are main constraints among the IPM adopters. There is no difference among genders in IPM in input use. In IPM farm households, decision on crop selection was jointly taken by both the men and women whereas in non-IPM farms, male alone taking decision. Most of them have their own seed production. Both the gender was able to identify the infestation clearly due to pest and disease in case of IPM and non-IPM farmers.

Synthesis and validation IPM technology and its economic analysis for bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)

The field experiment was conducted (2016-18) at Varanasi, Mirzapur and Deoria districts of Uttar Pradesh with a view to study the validation and economic viability of adaptable IPM technology in a farmers’ led approach. The IPM technology that synthesized comprising seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @5 g/kg of seed; installation of cue lure traps (MAT) for fruit flies @10/acre; raking of soil for exposing fruit fly pupae and removal of weeds, need based application of Bacillus thuringiensis @2 g/litre against Sphenerches caffer; need based spraying of Azadirachtin based neem insecticide @10 ml/litre and Imidacloprid 17.8SL @0.33 ml/litre of water for mirid bugs and whiteflies; fungicide Cymoxanyl 8WP+Mancozeb 64WP @2.5 g/litre against downy mildew were found effective in reducing the incidence of pests and minimizing the yield losses. The adoption of IPM technology, apart from lowering the incidence of major pests, also resulted in reducing the number of chemical sprays to 5–7 from 14–18 in non-IPM fields in a season with higher bottle gourd yields of 28, 29.5 and 21.7 tonnes/ha in IPM and 17.5, 18.1 and 10.9 tonnes/ ha in non-IPM fields and with marginally higher cost benefit ratio of 1:1.91, 1:2.05 and 1:2.41 in IPM than 1:1.14, 1:1.19 and 1:11, respectively in non-IPM. On an average, IPM farmers had an average net return of ₹ 145472/ha with C:B ratio of 1:2.09 as compared to the non-IPM farmers with net return of ₹ 20992/ha with a C:B ratio of 1:1.15.

Comparative Profitability Analysis and Policy Options for Sustaining Integrated Pest Management Practices on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Production

This study examined the comparative profitability of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production between Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and non-Integrated Pest Management (non-IPM) farmers and tried to find out the policy recommendations for sustaining this practice in vegetable production. A total of 80 farmers (40 from each group) were purposively selected from Tangail district of Bangladesh through the interview schedule. To fulfill the objectives of this study, farmers’ attitude index, profitability and partial budget analysis were used. Hence, to know the complete picture of cucumber production using both IPM and non-IPM technology, the socioeconomic profile of farmers was examined and compared and found that IPM farmers were in better-off condition than that of non-IPM farmers. The result of the farmers’ attitude measured by Likert Scale showed that the majority of the farmers had a moderately favorable attitude towards IPM technology. According to the profitability analysis, the benefit-cost ratio of cucumber production was 1.9 for IPM farmers, while for non-IPM farmers, it was estimated at 1.6. It is evident from the partial budget analysis that per hectare net benefit was USD 1069.23 for cucumber production using IPM technology. Cucumber production was profitable for both IPM and non-IPM farmers, but IPM farmers were more beneficial than that of non-IPM. The researcher identified a weak socioeconomic profile of the farmers, inadequate training facilities, few NGOs participation and poor IPM disseminating staff and farmers’ ratio as the challenges of sustaining IPM technology in the study areas. Therefore, government attention needs to be increased on collaboration between different groups, including national and international organizations, social scientists and farmers for sustaining IPM practices.

An analysis of resource use efficiency and allocative efficiency in IPM and non-IPM chilli production

Chilli is one of the most important and the largest produced spices. India is one of the largest producers, consumers and exporters of spices in the world. Indian chillies are known for their pungency and colour particularly grown in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh state. The present study was focussed on the assessment and comparing the resource use efficiency of chilli cultivation for IPM and non-IPM farmers in Andhra Pradesh. The results indicated that there was a positive relationship between IPM technology and the productivity of chilli. In case of IPM farmers the marginal value product to marginal factor cost ratio was observed to be more than one for organic manure, machine labour and chemical fertilizers which indicated that these inputs were underutilized.

Synthesis and area-wide validation of adaptable IPM technology and its economic analysis for bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) in a farmers' driven approach

Field experiment was conducted in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) during 2014-16 at Varanasi, Mirzapur and Deoria districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh with a view to study the validation, economic viability and feasibility of adaptable and rational IPM technology in a farmers led approach.The IPM technology that synthesized for bitter gourd crop comprised seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 5g/kg of seed; need based spraying of azadirachtin (0.03%) based neem insecticide @ 10 ml/l for hadda beetle; installation of cue lure traps (MAT) for fruit flies @ 10/acre; raking of soil for exposing fruit fly pupae to sunlight and predatory fauna and removal of associated weeds, need based application of Bacillus thuringiesnsis @ 2 g/l against cucumber moth, Diaphania indica; Imidacloprid 17.8SL @ 1 ml/l of water for whitefly; systemic fungicide Cymoxanil l8 WP+Mancozeb 64 WP @ 2.5 g/l against downymildew were found very effective in reducing the incidence of pests and minimizing the yield losses. The adoption of IPM technology during the three years, apart from lowering the incidence of major pests, resulted in reducing the number of chemical sprays to 7-9 from 21-25 in non-IPM fields in a season with higher bitter gourd yields of 18, 16.5 and 18.7 tonnes/ha in IPM and 14.4, 11.8 and 15.1 tonnes/ha in non-IPM fields and with marginally higher cost benefit (C:B) ratio of 1:2.19, 1:2.58 and 1:3.01 in IPM than 1:1.70, 1:1.78 and 1:2.30, respectively in non-IPM for the three consequitive years. There was a net income increase IPM fields over farmers' practice fields. On an average, IPM farmers had an average higher net return of Rupees 2.37 lakh/ha with C:B ratio of 1:2.59 as compared to the non-IPM farmers with net return of Rupees 1.49 lakh/ha with a B:C ratio of 1:1.93.

Economic Impact of Practicing IPM Technology on Bitter Gourd (<i>Momordica charantia</i> L.) Production in Comilla District of Bangladesh

The present study was conducted to assess the economic impact of practicing Integrated Pest Management technology on bitter gourd production in Chandina upazila under Comilla district of Bangladesh. Sample survey was carried out over 70 bitter gourd producing farms. Out of 70 farmers, 35 for IPM and 35 for Non-IPM farmers were selected. The study revealed that majority of the farmers had moderately favorable attitude towards IPM technology for producing bitter gourd as shown by farmers’ attitude index. IPM farmers earned more profit than Non-IPM farmers on bitter gourd production. The average total cost of bitter gourd production per hectare was estimated at about Tk 3,68,335 and 4,44,508 for IPM and Non-IPM farmers, respectively. The average gross returns per hectare were found at about Tk 8,60,016; 8,55,642; and 8,15,947 for marginal, small and medium IPM farmers, respectively. The same were Tk 8,22,654; 7,53,373 and 7,48,255 for marginal, small, and medium Non-IPM farmers, respectively. The estimated BCR was higher for IPM farmers (2.29) than Non-IPM farmers (1.69). Partial budget analysis showed that IPM technology was more profitable and net benefit was Tk 1,61,557. Although bitter gourd production was profitable, farmers faced several problems such as lack of training and technical knowledge, inadequate extension services, lack of marketing facilities etc. in using IPM technology.The Agriculturists 2017; 15(2) 11-23

Comparative profitability analysis of IPM and non-IPM technology on vegetable cultivation in selected areas of Kishoreganj District in Bangladesh

The present study is an attempt to examine the socioeconomic characteristics and compared profitability analysis of both IPM and Non-IPM vegetable growers, and to identify the problems faced by vegetables growers in use of IPM practices in some selected areas of Kishoreganj district. A total of 45 farmers were purposively selected where three different IPM practices were taken into consideration. To get a more complete picture of vegetable production using both IPM and non-IPM technology, the socio-economic profile of farmers was examined and compared. The study found that IPM farmers were in better-off condition than that of non-IPM farmers in all types of socioeconomic characteristics. The major findings of the study revealed that production of all the selected vegetables were profitable for both IPM and non-IPM farmers. But, IPM based cultivation was more profitable than that of non-IPM based cultivation. Average total costs were Tk. 86352.8 and Tk. 100061.5 for IPM and non-IPM farmers, respectively. Average gross returns were Tk. 257293.3 and Tk.235788.8 for IPM and non-IPM farmers, respectively. The average net return for IPM farmers was Tk.170940.5 and for non-IPM farmers it was estimated at Tk. 135727.3. The average benefit cost ratio for IPM farmers was 2.9 and for non-IPM farmers it was estimated at 2.3. Most of the farmers were in the categories of low to medium problem confrontation in using IPM practices. The first ranked constraint is lack of training facility. Thus, massive extension facility including training is needed in the study areas to increase the extent of use of IPM technology.Progressive Agriculture 27 (3): 311-319, 2016

Impact evaluation indicators of an Integrated Pest Management program in vegetable crops in the subtropical region of Jammu and Kashmir, India

A reduction in the amount of active ingredients by weight (low-dosage pesticides replacing pesticides with a higher dosage) is not a strong indicator to measure the impact of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs because the toxicity of the pesticides to humans and the environment is not considered. Although, pesticide use frequency is a good indicator to measure the impact, it does not consider the qualitative aspect of the use of more toxic pesticides of low dosage. The field environmental impact quotient (FEIQ) developed at Cornell University, USA, considers the toxicological aspect of the pesticides used. A field study was conducted to evaluate the long-term impact on vegetable Integrated Pest Management-Farmer Field School (IPM-FFS) Program, implemented in the 2000s, in the sub-tropical Jammu region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India. A sample of 80 IPM-trained and 60 non-IPM farmers were selected for the study. Pesticide use by weight in the non-IPM villages was greater in the cases of cauliflower and eggplant by about 19 and 39%, respectively, but in the case of cabbage and okra it was less by 12 and 26%, compared to the IPM villages. The mean numbers of pesticide applications were lower in the IPM villages by 23, 22 and 40% on cauliflower, okra and eggplant, respectively. Overall, the IPM-trained farmers had reduced pesticide use (active ingredients), by weight by 10%, and by treatment frequency by 29% in vegetable crops. The FEIQ of pesticide use was higher in the IPM villages compared to the non-IPM villages, as the farmers trained under the IPM program applied more toxic pesticides. Pesticide retailers were the key source of information on pesticides for both IPM-trained and non-IPM farmers and they affected the farmers' selection and use. Our study explains that FEIQ of pesticide use in combination with the amount of pesticide-active ingredients and application frequency are good indicators to measure the impact of IPM programs on agriculture. Under the IPM programs, mass media should be utilized to get accurate information about the judicious use of pesticides to as many farmers and pesticide retailers as possible, as reaching 108 million farmers through Farmer Field Schools (FFSs) is not possible.

Factors determining adoption of integrated pest management by vegetable growers in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand

Widespread use of highly toxic pesticides primarily for agricultural purpose has generated increasing concerns about the negative impact of pesticides on human health and the environment. Integrated pest management (IPM) usually seeks to minimize the use of pesticides and can be utilized to solve pest problems while minimizing risks to people and the environment. A total of 220 vegetable farmers in Nakhon Ratchasima Province of Thailand was interviewed with the objective of investigating the factors determining their adoption or non-adoption of IPM practices. The findings demonstrated that farmers had different uncompromising reasons for determining the use of IPM for their insect pest management. Higher costs of insecticides (91%), adverse effects of insecticides on human health and the environment (80%), and a greater risk of insect pests developing resistance to insecticides (28%) were the primary reasons for the adoption of IPM by vegetable growers in the study area. The reasons for the rejection of IPM practice were unsuitability of IPM for a large farm (52%), implementation difficulties (80%) and a greater belief in synthetic insecticides and their efficacy for target pest control (39%). A comparison between the IPM and the non-IPM farmers showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) in farmers' knowledge of pest management, which influenced IPM adoption or non-adoption. The IPM farmers had greater knowledge about identifying natural enemies and their beneficial role in controlling insect pests, about plant extracts and their efficacy in controlling insect pests and about sticky traps and their efficacy in monitoring natural enemies and controlling insect pests. For example, 24% of IPM farmers had knowledge of natural enemies whereas it was only 4% for the non-IPM farmers. A logistic regression model was fitted which showed that lower cost of pest management, better knowledge on IPM after training and availability of extension services were the factors which influenced farmers' adoption of IPM practice. The non-IPM farmers rejected adoption of IPM due to the common belief that natural enemies would not be effective in controlling insect pests and yields of vegetables would not be increased by practicing IPM.

Use of pesticides and attitude to pest management strategies among rice and rice-fish farmers intheMekong Delta, Vietnam

This study assesses the use of pesticides and attitude to pest management strategies among rice and rice-fish farmers in Cn Th and Tin Giang provinces of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, in 2007. A comparison is made to a similar study in 1999, in order to identify changes in patterns of pesticide use and possible influences of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes and brown planthopper (a major pest) outbreaks. One hundred and twenty farmers used 66 different pesticides, similar to the 64 pesticides recorded as being used in the 1999 survey. Nine of the 10 most popular pesticides in 2007 were the same as those found to be popular in 1999. Insecticides are used by 73–95% of the farmers, which is the most commonly employed type of pesticide. The number of applications of both herbicides and fungicides has more than halved since 1999 for all farmers, while insecticide applications has doubled for IPM farmers (those with prior training in IPM methodology). Similarly, the average dose of active ingredient (a.i.) of insecticides per crop has decreased slightly for non-IPM rice farmers, while it has more than doubled among IPM farmers, resulting in almost the same amount of a.i. per crop for all groups of farmers (insecticides 0.6, fungicides 0.5, and herbicides 0.3 kg a.i. ha−1 crop−1). Overall, the results indicate a temporal trend for more selective use of pesticides and an increased awareness among non-IPM farmers of the negative side effects of pesticide use.

A Study on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Programs in Thailand: A case study of Saraburi province

This paper focuses on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Programs in Nong Khae and Nong Done districts in Sarabri province, Central Thailand. This program started in 2003 to introduce IPM technology to local rice farmers for the purpose of “reduction of pesticides use” and “reduction of production cost.” The investigations for the IPM technology adoption among farmers and its impacts were carried out by interviewing to 50 rice farmers in both districts. In the IPM program, Farmer Field School (FFS) played the important role to increase farmers' skills and lowering pesticide use in rice. No characteristic (age, educational background, field area etc.) differences between IPM and non-IPM farmers imply that every rice farmers can conduct IPM in reality. IPM farmers, most of them graduated from FFS, succeeded in about 57.5% reduction of pesticide use, and applied pesticide about 1.43 times in a crop season while non-IPM farmers applied about 2.6 times. This lowering pesticide uses contributed to reduction of production costs and risks of health and environment. However, the outcomes by IPM adoption will be much greater if the population of IPM farmers in the districts increases; network externality. For this, it is necessary to consider the process from the prevalence of IPM technology by FFS to the diffusion of IPM technology through FFS participants to nonparticipants. This activity should be enhanced by continuing FFS approach in the districts, identifying health and environmental impacts of IPM practices, and opening IPM rice markets.JEL Classification: R58, Q18, Q57

Integration of Chemical and Biocontrol Approaches for the Management of Leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee and Stem Borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker on Basmati Rice

Efficacy of various control measures for the management of leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee and stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker was evaluated in large scale field trials at farmers' fields in village Karnikhera (Disst. Ferozepur) on Pusa Basmati 1121 during kharif 2003 and 2004. Integration of one application of cartap hydrochloride 4G@ 1.0 kg a.i/ha 30 days after transplanting with weekly tagging of trichocards ( Trichogramma chilonis Ishii and T. japonicum Ashmead @ 20,000/0.4ha each) during the crop season was the most effective approach in reducing the leaf folder and stem borer incidence. It gave higher grain yield than the untreated control and non-IPM farmers' fields and also showed maximum cost benefit ratio (1:5.08) as against the recommended three applications of cartap hydrochloride 4G (1:1,81).

Impacts of transgenic Bt cotton and integrated pest management education on smallholder cotton farmers

Comparative field research on transgenic Bt cotton and conventional cotton under different conditions (fields without pesticide inputs, fields managed by farmers with IPM education, fields managed by farmers lacking IPM education) were carried out in Hubei province of China in 2002. The amount of pesticide used on Bt cotton by non-IPM farmers was found to be around three times that used by IPM farmers. IPM farmers made significantly higher net profits from cultivating transgenic Bt cotton in comparison with non-IPM farmers. Other pest management practices had more significant influences on the population dynamics of predatory natural enemies and major insect pests than did the adoption of transgenic Bt cotton in the cotton ecosystem. Our study showed that IPM education, by increasing farmer capacity to critically evaluate inputs and their effects, monitor their fields and make informed decisions on pest management, enabled farmers to reduce pesticide use significantly, so resulting in improved production and profit margin. IPM farmer education thus, contributed to maximising the value of planting transgenic Bt cotton.

Rice monoculture and integrated rice-fish farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam—economic and ecological considerations

This study is a survey of agriculture practices and pest management strategies among rice and rice-fish farmers in the Mekong Delta. Based on an economic comparison between different farmer categories, it is argued that rice-fish farming provides a sustainable alternative to rice monoculture, if the farmer takes full advantage of the natural productivity of the rice field ecosystem. The aim should be to reduce the resource use, avoid overuse of agrochemicals and improve production efficiency through increased recycling of nutrients and matter. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies should thus be adopted as a necessary complement to fish farming practices. IPM rice-fish farmers have the highest net income (19 500 000 VND per year ha −1), due to comparatively low costs and high yields of both rice and fish. Also IPM rice-farmers have a high net income (18 400 000 VND per year ha −1). Their productions cost are lower, but their rice yield is similar to that of non-IPM rice farmers. Non-IPM rice-fish farmers have the lowest net income (15 800 000 VND per year ha −1) due to their high costs and low yields.

Pesticide use in rice and rice–fish farms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Pest management practices among rice and rice–fish farmers and their perception of problems related to pests and pesticides were surveyed in the Mekong Delta. A total number of 64 different pesticides were identified during the survey. Approximately 50% were insecticides, 25% were fungicides and 25% were herbicides. The main insecticides used were pyrethroids (42%) carbamates (23%) and cartap (19%). Non-IPM farmers used twice as many pesticides as IPM farmers. Their application frequency and the amount of active ingredient used were 2–3 times higher per crop, as compared to IPM farmers. During the last three years IPM farmers estimated that they had decreased the amount of pesticides used by approximately 65%, while non-IPM farmers said that they had increased the amount of pesticide used by 40% . Also, farmers growing fish in their rice fields used less pesticide than farmers growing only rice, as pesticides adversely affect cultures of fish. Taking a long-term perspective integrated rice–fish farming with IPM practices provides a sustainable alternative to intensive rice mono-cropping, both from an economic as well as an ecological point of view.

Pest Management Practices of Indiana Crop Farmers

Two populations of Indiana farmers—those who use and those who do not use crop consultants—were surveyed for their attitudes toward integrated pest management (IPM). Information was obtained by a closed-question mail survey. Results indicate that farmers involved in IPM programs are younger, have been farming fewer years, and have more schooling. The IPM farmer was less likely to apply insecticides as prophylactic treatments. Herbicide use did not differ between IPM and non-IPM farmers. Farmers using crop consultants were satisfied with the service provided. Farmers without crop consultants expressed a greater interest in marketing and soil fertility advice than in pest management advice. Currently, no Indiana consultant provides marketing advice as part of the services offered.