Non-ionogenic Surfactants Research Articles

The Nature of the Increased Efficiency of Sorption-Stimulating Preparations Containing Non-Ionic Surfactants for Pre-Sowing Seed Treatment.

The effect of the introduction of a non-ionogenic surfactant Polysorbate 20 into a sorption preparation (CB-H-BYA) on the structure of sorbent layers formed on the surface of spring wheat seeds during their pre-sowing treatment has been studied using electron microscopy. According to the results, an increase in the efficiency of sorption preparations containing Polysorbate 20 is based on an intensification of the bentonite aggregate disintegration into individual montmorillonite particles and a formation of more dense protective sorption layer providing a better protection of seeds against allelotoxins on the seed surface. The introduction of non-ionogenic surfactants into the preparation increases a sorption capacity of a bentonite-humus complex that results in a decreased gibberellin activity in a solution. Therefore, to achieve the maximum physiological activity of gibberellin in a preparation solution, it is necessary to increase its concentration from 100 to 300 mg/L. As a result, the stimulating effect increases from 36 to 55%.

Extraction of Organic Compounds from Aqueous Solutions by the Nanofiltration Method

Extraction from aqueous solutions of oxalate and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) ions, anionic (ASF) and nonionogenic (NSF) surfactants, and a complex of Co(III) with EDTA by the nanofiltration (NF) method was studied. It was shown that 98–99% of NSFs and EDTA, 85–90% of ASFs and oxalate ions, and 76–79% of the Co(III)–EDTA complex can be extracted with the use of a polymeric NF membrane. The possibility is demonstrated of effectively extracting EDTA and oxalate ions with an NF membrane at solution pH varied within the range 1–13 and sodium nitrate concentrations of 0 to 159 g/dm3. A conclusion is made that using the nanofiltration method is promising for effective removal of various organic complexing and surface-active substances and the Co(III)–EDTA complex from solutions with complex salt composition.

Use of Surfactants in Manufacture of Catalysts for Conversion of Methane

Effects are compared of various surfactants on the properties of an impregnating solution of nickel and aluminum nitrates in the condensate, used in manufacture of supported catalysts for conversion of methane. It was shown that use of synthanols (oxyethylated alcohols, which are nonionogenic surfactants) makes it possible to significantly (by three orders of magnitude) reduce the necessary content of surfactants in solution, which is confirmed by many years of industrial experience. Results are presented of quantum-chemical calculations of the interaction of synthanol molecules with nickel ions. The use of synthanol can substantially reduce the probability of carbonization of the catalyst surface and the possible carryover of a part of metal ions with the impregnating solution and also diminish the toxicity and the explosion hazard in the production area.

New Products Based on Essential Oils for the Treatment of Medical Furs

Sheep furskins for medical use were tanned with non-metallic tanning materials (syntans based on phenolsulphonic acids and aromatic oxysulfones). Sanitation of medical furs was made using essential oils, with therapeutic effect, in the final treatment of tanned furs. The paper refers to obtaining and physical-chemical characterization of new products based on natural oils (eucalyptus essential oil), ethyl alcohol, non-ionogenic surfactants from the category of polyethoxylated fatty alcohols and polyethylene glycols and water, for the treatment of medical furs. Eucalyptus essential oil used to obtain new products was analysed using GC-MS and spectral analyses. The furs will be used to make natural fur articles for medical purposes (lumbar belts, knee pads, elbow pads etc.) to relieve rheumatic and muscular pain of the affected target areas, keeping the area warm and potentiating the medical treatment of the patients who suffer from these conditions.

Selection and Characterization of Some Essential Oils for the Treatment of Medical Furs

It is now increasingly accepted that medicinal plants can be successfully used to treat certain conditions. There are a large number of people with rheumatic, joint and muscular disorders, and it is necessary to improve the treatment of patients suffering from these conditions by alternative methods. For these diseases, phytotherapy recommends plant species with analgesic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory effects, etc. The paper refers to obtaining and their characterization by physico-chemical analyses new products based on natural oils (cajeput and mint essential oils), ethyl alcohol, non-ionogenic surfactants from the category of polyethoxylated fatty alcohols and polyethylene glycols and water, for the treatment of medical furs. Cajeput and mint essential oils used to obtain new products was analysed using GC-MS and spectral analyses. The composition of cajeput essential oil analyzed by GC-MS indicates the presence of the following major compounds: Eucalyptol -57.02%, alpha-linalool -2.93%, alpha-pinene�2.77%. The composition of mint essential oil analyzed by GC-MS indicates the presence of the following major compounds: Menthol -40.04%, L-menthone -23.78%, I-Menthone -14.51%. The furs will be used to make natural fur articles for medical purposes (lumbar belts, ankle guards, bootees etc.) to relieve rheumatic and muscular pain of the affected target areas, keeping the area warm and potentiating the medical treatment of the patients who suffer from these conditions.

Monolayer formed by l-Asp-based gemini surfactants self-assembled in 1D nanostructures.

Herein, studies on the surface activities of newly synthesized l-Asp-based gemini surfactants, both nonionic and anionic, are presented. Conductometry, tensiometry, and the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film technique were applied for this purpose. π–A isotherms were obtained with a Langmuir trough and Wilhelmy balance. The structures of the monolayers assembled at the air/water interface and those deposited as LB films were studied via Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The 2D films formed by the anion-active compounds show a well-known pattern of a monolayer film, whereas the nonionogenic amphiphiles have been found to be 1D structures with nano-widths and micro-lengths that align with each other during the process of compression; this is the first study where the organization of 1D fibrils in 2D films during compression is reported. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study reveals that 1D nanostructure formation is an intrinsic tendency of these molecules as not only nonionogenic surfactants, but also the anion active representatives have been constructed in the solid state by fibrillary structures.

SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF PROPERTIES OF SURFACTANTS BASED ON FAT ACIDS OF PALM OIL AND METHANOL

A new product was obtained with the use of methyl alcohol and fatty acids of palm oil. The series of experimens were performed to reveal its composition and properties with the use of modern devices and methods. The results of IR-spectroscopy have approved the presence of specific functional groups: hydroxylic, ester, carboxylic and sulfonate ones. The results of studies have shown that the synthesized substance posesses the surfactant properties: wetting, foaming, detersive; and it has a relatively low surface energy. It belongs to the group of high-despersity and mono-dispersity systems and takes an intermediate position between micro- and nano-particles. It was shown, that the contact angle of the water solution of the surfactant under study equals to at least 90 degrees and practically does not depend on the nature of wetted surface (eather hydrophylic or hydrofobic). It was founded that the foam expansion ratio and its stability are high and lay in direct relation with the substance concentration. It was found that relating to the protein composition, the detergent power of the surfactant is higher (up to 90 %) than regarding to pigment-and-oil contamination. Measuring the values of surface tension by Willhelm plate-bearing method allowed defining the critical concentration of micelle formation of 4.0 g/dm3, at which the maximum wetting is achieved. It was found that the synthezised product have a low emulsifying power towards the motor, machine oil and animal fat. Besides, the highest stability of emulsion was observed towards the machine oil (at concentration of synthesized product of 2.0 g/dm3). The emulsion stability can be increased by making compositions including the non-ionogenic surfactants. Moreover, it was found that the product under study is characterized by the high aggregative stability, since the achieved values of zeta-potential are in the range of 30 mB< ζ < -30 mB. The developed product belongs to the anionic surfactants, with рН of water solution of 7-8. It has a good water solubility. According to results of the hydrophylic-and-lipophylic balance, the synthesyzed surfactant belongs to detergents.Forcitation:Lutfullina G.G., Guseva K.S., Grishin P.B., Khairutdinova R.I. Synthesis and study of properties of surfactants based on fat acids of palm oil and methanol. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 6. P. 88-95

Dialkyl Disulfide Solvents of Asphalt-Resin-Wax Deposits

The structural group composition of samples of asphalt-resin-wax deposits (ARWD) has been studied. These samples were found to be of the wax-rich type. The effectiveness of disulfide oil as an ARWD solvent was studied. Pure disulfide oil was found ineffective for removing the most difficult to degrade wax-rich deposits. The addition of 0.1-0.5 wt. % nonionogenic surfactants and more than 40 wt.% aromatic hydrocarbons (liquid pyrolysis products, Bentol) markedly enhances the effectiveness of disulfide oil (up to 80-90 wt. % at 20-50°C), which justifies its commercial use as an ARWD solvent.

Mesoporous MgO: Synthesis, physico-chemical, and catalytic properties

Mesoporous MgO was obtained via the hydrothermal synthesis using both ionogenic and non-ionogenic surfactants as structure-directing templates. The materials prepared were characterized by SEM, BET-N2, XRD, and TG-DTA techniques. MgO particles are spherical 20-μm aggregates of primary oxide particles well shaped as rectangular parallelepipeds. Magnesium oxide samples have the specific surface area of 290–400 m2/g and pore sizes of 3.3–4.1 nm. Their mesoporous structure remained unchanged after calcination up to 350°C. Catalytic activity of mesoporous MgO was studied in acetone condensation reaction.

Complex formation of MnII with tetra(p-tert-butyl)thiacalix[4]arene acid in aqueous solutions of surfactants and polymers

The formation of manganese(II) complexes with different stereoisomers of tetraacid based on p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene in water, in micellar solutions of nonionogenic surfactants, and in polymer solutions was studied. The formation of complexes with different degrees of ligand protonation was revealed by pH-metric titration and nuclear magnetic relaxation. On the basis of experimental data, the composition and stability constants of the solubilized complexes of stereoisomers of thiacalixarene acid with manganese(II) ions were determined using mathematical simulation methods. The manganese thiacalixarene complexes are unstable in solutions, especially upon the addition of calcium cations and in the presence of nitrilotriacetic acid.

Influence of surfactants on laser-induced copper deposition from solution

The influence of surfactants on the result of laser induced copper deposition from solution on the dielectric surface was studied. The dependences of the topology of the copper structures on the hydrophilic—lipophilic balance of non-ionogenic surfactants was found. The surface tension at the gas phase—solution interface was measured. The best results of laser deposition are obtained by the use of non-ionogenic surfactants with low values of hydrophilic—lipophilic balance.

Effect of inorganic electrolytes and nonionogenic surfactants on the stability of soap stock emulsion

Modes in which the fat component of the soap stock emulsion is extracted under heating and introduction of various nonionogenic surfactants and electrolytes were studied. The compression isotherms of the soap stock and its mixtures with OP-7 and NaCl were examined by the Langmuir method, with 2D pressure recorded. Recommendations were developed for separation of the soap stock emulsion for recovery of the fat component from wastes produced in manufacture of vegetable oils.

Investigation of the activity and stability of papain in different micellar systems

Hydrolysis of PyrPheAlaPNa, catalyzed by papain in reverse micelles of ionogenic surfactant of Aerosol OT, and in octane, was studied in the presence and in the absence of nonionogenic surfactants of a different nature. As found, the dependence of the catalytic activity of papain on the hydration degree of the surfactant in reverse micelles of AOT has two maxima, corresponding to the activity of monomeric and oligomeric forms of the enzyme. It was established that the addition of nonionogenic surfactant of a different nature to the Aerosol OT in octane leads to changes of the catalytic properties of the enzyme, in particular, to its activation in the presence of Pluronic L61. Nanoemulsions of nontoxic nonionogenic surfactant and organic solvents, lecithin and Tween 20 in eucalyptus oil were created and characterized; with the use of the photon-correlation spectroscopy technique it was shown that the size of such particles lie in the range from 34 to 266 nm, depending on the water content, nature, and the concentration of system components, and factors regarding its shape lie in the interval 20–30, suggesting the presence of particles with a rod-like shape. It is important to note that in such systems, suitable for use in medicine and cosmetology, the activity of papain was revealed.

Aminoacetal derivative of calix[4]resorcinarene. Acid-base properties and reactions with copper(II) and lanthanum(III) in various media

Studies were carried out by means of pH-metry, spectrophotometry, and mathematic simulation of equilibria (program CPESSP) on the state, acid-base properties and complexing ability [with respect to copper(II) and lanthanum(III)] of calix[4]resorcinol with acetal groups in the aminomethyl substituent [H8L: R1 = C7H15, R2 = CH2N(CH3)CH2CH2CH(OCH3)2] in water-alcohol solution [80 vol % of i-PrOH] and in solutions of nonionogenic and ionic surfactants [Triton X-100, Brij-35, sodium dodecyl sulfate]. In all environments protonated and deprotonated tetrameric, dimeric, and monomeric species were found (pH range 3–10.6). In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate dimer (H8L)2 did not form that was the main speciation form in the other solvents. The sodium dodecyl sulfate like also Brij-35 favors formation of a hexadecamer (H8L)16 (pH about 6.3–6.5) in relatively small maximum accumulation fractions, 20 and 16% respectively. The solubility of H8L in acid medium in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, and in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate in alkaline medium, originated from the formation of mixed cationic and mixed anionic aggregates respectively. In a water-alcohol solution six complexes of copper(II) were detected: four mononuclear, one binuclear, and one tetranuclear complex with neutral and deprotonated forms of the ligand. Lanthanum(III) formed nine mononuclear complexes and in general coordinated more ligands than copper(II) favoring association (aggregation) of the compound under study.

The effect of curvature of the surface of inorganic nanoparticles on their formation in solutions containing well-adsorbed organic compounds

Inorganic nanoparticles with controlled form, size, and functional properties can be synthesized in liquid-phase processes using additives of polymers and surfactants. The effect of nonionogenic surfactants on the size of the formed critical nucleus is analyzed in terms of the traditional thermodynamic approach. It is shown that the surfactantprotection shell is formed that isolates the growing new phase nucleus from the environment and makes its further growth and aggregation impossible. The role of adsorption during particle formation becomes more important with an increase in the surfactantand its adsorption ability.

Effect of nonionogenic surfactants and a magnetic field on the rheological properties of highly viscous crude oils

The rheological properties of crudes from the Mordovo-Karmaly and Mortukovsk fields were investigated at 10–70°C in the presence of surfactants (SF) and in a magnetic field. The maximum decrease in the characteristics was attained in UHF treatment for the Mortukovsk crude and on addition of IPG-12 activating additive for the Mordovo-Karmaly crude.

Phosphorylation of Pyrimidinophane in the Reversed Micellar Solutions of Cationic and Nonionogenic Surfactants

Reactions of a macrocycle containing three pyrimidine fragments and N,N′-bis(2-methylthio-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)-hexamethylenediamine with p-nitrophenyl bis(chloromethyl)phosphinate in the micellar solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, polyethyleneglycol-600 laurate and their mixture in chloroform was investigated spectrophotometrically. Catalytic activity of micelles depends on their structure, concentration of surfactants, molar fraction of the latter in solution, and structure of the nucleophilic reagent.

Influence of some Chromium Complexes on the Conversion Rate of Glycidol – Fatty Acid Reaction

Abstract Monoacylglycerols – thanks to their amphipathic properties – belong among non-ionogenic surfactants. Their additional unique properties, such as antistatic, microbicidal, and lubricating, are also well known. One possibility for preparing pure individual monoacylglycerols is the reaction of fatty acid with glycidol. In this paper, the catalysis of this reaction with some chromium(III) complexes is described. Compounds prepared in high yields were 1-monoacylglycerols of caprylic, capric, lauric, oleic, and palmitic acids, the purity of which was verified by high performance liquid chromatography.

Acid Hydrolysis of Vinyl Acetate in an Aqueous Medium in the Presence of Non-Ionogenic Surfactants and Polyvinyl Alcohol

Acid Hydrolysis of Vinyl Acetate in an Aqueous Medium in the Presence of Non-Ionogenic Surfactants and Polyvinyl Alcohol

Complexation of Cobalt(II) with Thiocyanate Ions in Aqueous Solutions of Nonionogenic Surfactants

The formation of tetrahedral cobalt(II) thiocyanate complexes in aqueous solutions of nonionogenic surfactants was studied using electronic spectroscopy. The equilibrium constants were calculated in the framework of different schemes of complexation reactions. The influence of such factors as the oxyethylene chain length and the size of the alkyl substituent of the surfactant on the stability of the complexes was examined.