Nonhuman Research Articles

Democracy and Kinship in Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind

This article argues that Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind provides generative openings for young people to imagine egalitarian political relations with non-human animals. At the same time, the film also reproduces the all-too-common image of the young monarch who almost single-handedly saves their people from destruction: an autocratic and authoritarian impulse that runs contrary to what a truly ecological democracy might look like. Nevertheless, I propose that educators might still use Nausicaä to help young people think through the politics of climate-minded media.

Veganism as anti-anthropocentrism the potential of vegan advocacy discourse

Proceeding from an identification of anthropocentrism as the ideological bedrockof interconnected human to nonhuman animal and intra-human oppressions,and the central role played by discourse in transmitting and normalisinganthropocentrism and its consequences, this article provides a critical explorationof four ways in which vegan advocacy discourse can undermineanthropocentrism in its various manifestations. These include: the centring of thebeyond-human interests of nonhuman animals through ethical veganargumentation and the simultaneous decentring and invalidating of the humaninterests in exploiting them; the exposing of the oppressive reality of animalproducts for the affected nonhuman animals, in opposition to the connectedindustries’ efforts to manufacture the public’s understanding of animal productproduction; the eroding of the discriminatory, otherising human/animaldichotomy through the championing of shared animality between humans andother animals and the decentring of human-supremacist judgements to thecontrary; and an intersectional analysis of nonhuman and human oppressionswhich recognises their common ideological source under the inherentlyoppressive system of capitalism. Several potential anthropocentric or otherwisecounterproductive pitfalls of each recommended discourse strategy are alsoconsidered. In providing said critical exploration, the author hopes to havesupported the case for veganism’s indispensable contribution to opposing theinterconnected nonhuman and human oppressions of Western societies, andelucidated some key ways in which vegan advocates can enact this potential.

Duck tales and beyond: power at the duck pond through the giving and taking of food

ABSTRACT The contemporary era’s awareness of the sentience of multiple species results in an acknowledgement that both humans and nonhuman animals are important contributors to social action. Consequently, the happenings that occur when humans and nonhuman animals entangle require unpacking in research. Such entanglements occurring at a park duck pond are the focus of this paper. The paper emerges from a study that was animalcentric in its approach to looking at human leisure as a multispecies practice. Hence, it engaged with the notion that leisure activities involve interweaving interests of sentient human and nonhuman participants. One global example of this, which is under-researched in the leisure field, is the practice of feeding nonhuman animals at public park ponds and other waterways. This paper presents insights drawn from observational research of the multispecies entanglements occurring at a duck pond in Dunedin, New Zealand. Via an inductive approach to analysing the fieldwork data, thoughts of power in the entanglements are considered. The paper highlights how the multispecies leisure entanglements between humans, ducks, and pigeons contain nuanced power dynamics. It has implications for the development of animalcentric appreciations of animal entanglements in leisure that spread far beyond the context of this paper.

Response to geometrical visual illusions in non-human animals: a meta-analysis.

Visual illusions have been studied in many non-human species, spanning a wide range of biological and methodological variables. While early reviews have proved useful in providing an overview of the field, they have not been accompanied by quantitative analysis to systematically evaluate the contribution of biological and methodological moderators on the proportion of illusory choice. In the current meta-analytical study, we confirm that geometrical visual illusion perception is a general phenomenon among non-human animals. Additionally, we found that studies testing birds report stronger illusion perception compared to other classes, as do those on animals with lateral-positioned eyes compared to animals with forward-facing eyes. In terms of methodological choices, we found a positive correlation between the number of trials during training or testing and the effect sizes, while studies with larger samples report smaller effect sizes. Despite studies that trained animals with artificial stimuli showing larger effect sizes compared with those using spontaneous testing with naturalistic stimuli, like food, we found more recent studies prefer spontaneous choice over training. We discuss the challenges and bottlenecks in this area of study, which, if addressed, could lead to more successful advances in the future.

Invited Reply: Modal reasoning in non-human animals: possible ways forward.

Invited Reply: Modal reasoning in non-human animals: possible ways forward.

The Problem of Animal Suffering

This chapter concerns sentient, nonhuman animals, all of them, both domesticated and those in the wild. Typically, the animal kingdom, in its most loosely stated definition, includes every living thing in distinction from the plant kingdom. In this world, they suffer, sometimes horribly, because of the law of the jungle, as well as at the hands of human beings. For an all-powerful, all-loving, all-knowing god to have created the egregiously horrific and unnecessary predatory relationship among his creatures requires a rejection of god and his religion. My argument is that the amount of massive ubiquitous horrendous animal suffering in the world cannot be reconciled with god and is one of the strongest reasons to reject him/her/it.

Neural Mechanisms of Attention

Classical evidence for neural mechanisms of attention resulted from findings that attention to sensory signals modulated sensory neuronal responses in both humans and non-human animals. These findings led scientists to propose a variety of sophisticated information-processing and mathematical models of attention. Recent advances in neuroimaging and studies including hemispatial neglect and attention deficits in patients have also facilitated understanding of neural mechanisms of attention in terms of functional specialization and large-scale brain network. Here, we reviewed neural mechanisms of attention from classical literature up to recent advances.

Towards More Inclusive Practices in Applied Linguistics: A Study of Journal Editors’ Views on Using ‘Who’ with Nonhuman Animals with Implications for Language Education

Towards More Inclusive Practices in Applied Linguistics: A Study of Journal Editors’ Views on Using ‘Who’ with Nonhuman Animals with Implications for Language Education

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) recognize that their guesses could be wrong and can pass a two-cup disjunctive syllogism task.

When chimpanzees search for hidden food, do they realize that their guesses may not be correct? We applied a post-decision wagering paradigm to a simple two-cup search task, varying whether we gave participants visual access to the baiting and then asking after they had chosen one of the cups whether they would prefer a smaller but certain reward instead of their original choice (experiment 1). Results showed that chimpanzees were more likely to accept the smaller reward in occluded than visible conditions. Experiment 2 found the same effect when we blocked visual access but manipulated the number of hiding locations for the food piece, showing that the effect is not owing to representation type. Experiments 3 and 4 showed that when given information about the contents of the unchosen cup, chimpanzees were able to flexibly update their choice behaviour accordingly. These results suggest that language is not a pre-requisite to solving the disjunctive syllogism and provides a valuable contribution to the debate on logical reasoning in non-human animals.

The Cultural Work of Animal Narrators in the Contemporary Sub-Saharan African Novel

ABSTRACT: Over the early decades of the twenty-first century there has been a marked rise of works of African fiction recounted by first-person animal narrators—prompted by such historical vectors as the accelerating onrush of climate change (with the mass extinctions it promises to bring), the instrumentalization of animals and their reduction to the status of commodities under neoliberal capitalism, the rise of animal studies as an academic field with its promotion of an awareness of speciesism, and the continuing effort to culturally decolonize residual imperialist discourses that suppressed indigenous African modes of knowledge. This essay argues these animalnarrated works of fiction explore a wide range of thematic focuses but share a number of distinct commonalities as well: attention to the natural world or breakdown of the conceptual dichotomy between man-made and natural worlds, a desire to provide alternative perspectives on human society, a calling into question of humanity's age-old idealization of itself, and a revaluation of nonhuman animals.

How to optimize communication about animal and animal-free research methods.

There is a long-standing debate about experimental non-human animals and animal-free methods in scientific research. Among the various stakeholders involved in the debate are the scientists. During media broadcasts we, animal researchers and animal-free methods researchers, were positioned as 'opponents'. In this essay we describe our initial rational thoughts and emotions after these events, and how we came together to explore our common ground on animal(-free) experimentation. Realizing that all models have advantages and limitations, our common ground lies in the principles of good scientific research and responsible experimentation. Our communication emanating from the broadcasts has been instrumental in improving communication on animal(-free) experimentation issues by teaming up. We strongly believe that this is essential for making well-informed decisions for the methods we are using now and will be using in the future.

Confucian exclusivism: A challenge to Confucian exemplarist morality

ABSTRACT This essay challenges moral exemplarist interpretations of the Analects by focusing on exclusivist attitudes and actions exhibited by Confucius as he is portrayed in the Analects. Attention is drawn to what may be plausibly interpreted as culturalism and speciesism in the Analects. The case for culturalism in the Analects turns on a recurrent distinction therein between the Huá (Chinese) and Yí (non-Chinese; peoples outside of China proper), the latter commonly cast as barbarians—a term deployed similarly to yí being mán (rough; reckless). The case for speciesism in the Analects turns on a number of passages of the Analects recommending a privileging of human interests over those of non-human animals. Acknowledgement of forms of Confucian exclusivism ought to provoke contemporary audiences to critically examine the text and to consider carefully that which ought to be regarded as exemplary and worthy of admiration and emulation in their own lives.

Are ants not only ‘social insects’, but also ‘nomic insects’? In search of clues of normativity in the ant world

Abstract Recently, various philosophers and ethologists have argued or hypothesised that, in addition to humans, there are also non-human animals that are capable of following rules and implementing normative behaviours. The investigation of animal normativity until now, however, has been almost exclusively focused on mammals and, in particular, non-human primates and cetaceans. In contrast, this work aims to extend this research to the world of invertebrates and, more specifically, to the world of eusocial insects. For the purpose of investigating whether there are clues of normativity in the world of eusocial insects, we will inquire into the question of whether certain behaviours of ants can be considered normatively conditioned behaviours.

Application and challenge of pancreatic organoids in therapeutic research

The in-vivo non-human primate animal and in-vitro cell disease models play a crucial part in the study of the mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of pancreatic diseases, but with increasingly prominent limitations with in-depth research. Organoids derived from human pluripotent and adult stem cells resemble human in-vivo organs in their cellular composition, spatial tissue structure and physiological function, making them as an advantageous research tool. Up until now, numerous human organoids, including pancreas, have been effectively developed, demonstrating significant potential for research in organ development, disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. However, different from intestine, liver and other organs, the pancreas is the only special organ in the human body, consisting of an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland. Thus, the development of pancreatic organoid technology faces greater challenges, and how to construct a composite pancreatic organoid with exocrine and endocrine gland is still difficult in current research. By reviewing the fundamental architecture and physiological role of the human pancreas, along with the swiftly developing domain of pancreatic organoids, we summarize the method and characteristics of human pancreatic organoids, and its application in modeling pancreatic diseases, as a platform for individualized drug screening and in regenerative medicine study. As the first comprehensive review that focus on the pharmacological study of human pancreatic organoid, the review hopes to help scholars to have a deeper understanding in the study of pancreatic organoid.

Neurotoxicity and Developmental Neurotoxicity of Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles on a Human Neuronal In-Vitro Test System.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are becoming increasingly important novel materials for many purposes, including basic research, medicine, agriculture, and engineering. Increasing human and environmental exposure to these promising compounds requires assessment of their potential health risks. While the general direct cytotoxicity of NPs is often routinely measured, more indirect possible long-term effects, such as reproductive or developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), have been studied only occasionally and, if so, mostly on non-human animal models, such as zebrafish embryos. In this present study, we employed a well-characterized human neuronal precursor cell line to test the concentration-dependent DNT of green-manufactured copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles on crucial early events in human brain development. CuS NPs turned out to be generally cytotoxic in the low ppm range. Using an established prediction model, we found a clear DNT potential of CuS NPs on neuronal precursor cell migration and neurite outgrowth, with IC50 values 10 times and 5 times, respectively, lower for the specific DNT endpoint than for general cytotoxicity. We conclude that, in addition to the opportunities of NPs, their risks to human health should be carefully considered.

The Integration of Community-Dwelling Non-Human Companion Animals in Research Programs

Traditional purpose-bred laboratory animals used in clinical research and testing often do not represent human conditions, with efficacy results often not replicated in human clinical trials. Quality of life among laboratory animals is generally low given exposure to painful procedures, pathologies, and unnatural living conditions. This form of research also contributes to several detrimental environmental effects including pollution, climate change, and altered biodiversity. A One Health solution to this issue involves replacing purpose-bred laboratory animals with companion animals in research given greater similarities to human genetic diversity, healthcare systems, and living environments. The integration of companion animals in this way can also mitigate the effects of research using purpose-bred laboratory animals on animals and the environment. Most published literature on the topic involves veterinary clinical trials evaluating the potential of companion animals as research models for future human applications. We propose a study to explore the perspectives of veterinarians and researchers within this field to better understand some of the strengths and challenges associated with utilizing companion animals in clinical research programs.

Anthropomorphizing Animals: Foxhunting Stories and the Nature Faker Controversy

Abstract This paper uses a selection of foxhunting stories to explore the way in which anthropomorphized foxes were used to communicate pro-hunting messages to their mostly young readers. These justifications also appeared in nonfictional foxhunting sporting literature. Indeed, this literature included some of the same incredible anecdotes that also appeared in the work of nature writers at the turn of the twentieth century such as Charles G.D. Roberts and Ernest Thompson Seton working in a new sympathetic genre called the “animal story.” These writers found themselves under attack because naturalists like John Burroughs, and hunters, including President Theodore Roosevelt, found their stories to be inaccurate and anthropocentric. Roosevelt dubbed them the “nature fakers.” Foxhunting “histories” employed imaginative material and much anthropomorphism but were not attacked for doing so. This tends to indicate that anthropomorphisms were more acceptable when they were facilitating animal exploitation than when they were used to promote the perspective of nonhuman animals.

Call combination production is linked to the social environment in Western Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen dorsalis).

It has recently become clear that some language-specific traits previously thought to be unique to humans (such as the capacity to combine sounds) are widespread in the animal kingdom. Despite the increase in studies documenting the presence of call combinations in non-human animals, factors promoting this vocal trait are unclear. One leading hypothesis proposes that communicative complexity co-evolved with social complexity owing to the need to transmit a diversity of information to a wider range of social partners. The Western Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen dorsalis) provides a unique model to investigate this proposed link because it is a group-living, vocal learning species that is capable of multi-level combinatoriality (independently produced calls contain vocal segments and comprise combinations). Here, we compare variations in the production of call combinations across magpie groups ranging in size from 2 to 11 birds. We found that callers in larger groups give call combinations: (i) in greater diversity and (ii) more frequently than callers in smaller groups. Significantly, these observations support the hypothesis that combinatorial complexity may be related to social complexity in an open-ended vocal learner, providing an important step in understanding the role that sociality may have played in the development of vocal combinatorial complexity. This article is part of the theme issue 'The power of sound: unravelling how acoustic communication shapes group dynamics'.

The Necessity and Goodness of Animals in Sijistānī’s Kashf Al-Maḥjūb

The Neoplatonic notion of “emanation” implies a required progression through hierarchical stages, originating from the highest principle (the One or God) and cascading down through a series of principles. While this process is deemed necessary, it is also inherently good, even “choiceworthy”, aligning with the identification of the first principle with the Good. Plotinus, a prominent Neoplatonist, emphasizes the beauty and goodness of the sensible world, governed by divine providence. This perspective, transmitted through Arabic adaptations of Plotinus, influences Islamic philosophers too. This paper delves into the thought of the Ismāʿīlī philosopher Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī (d. after. 349/971), exploring the interplay of necessity and goodness in his cosmology, with a focus on non-human animals. Sijistānī’s Persian Uncovering the Veiled provides a unique perspective on animals, presenting them as both necessary unfoldings of the universal intellect and inherently good beings with intrinsic value. The paper concludes with an appendix featuring an improved edition and English translation of relevant passages.

The power of sound: unravelling how acoustic communication shapes group dynamics.

Acoustic signalling is a key mode of communication owing to its instantaneousness and rapid turnover, its saliency and flexibility and its ability to function strategically in both short- and long-range contexts. Acoustic communication is closely intertwined with both collective behaviour and social network structure, as it can facilitate the coordination of collective decisions and behaviour, and play an important role in establishing, maintaining and modifying social relationships. These research topics have each been studied separately and represent three well-established research areas. Yet, despite the close connection of acoustic communication with collective behaviour and social networks in natural systems, only few studies have focused on their interaction. The aim of this theme issue is therefore to build a foundation for understanding how acoustic communication is linked to collective behaviour, on the one hand, and social network structure on the other, in non-human animals. Through the building of such a foundation, our hope is that new questions in new avenues of research will arise. Understanding the links between acoustic communication and social behaviour seems crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of sociality and social evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'The power of sound: unravelling how acoustic communication shapes group dynamics'.