Non-hazardous Industrial Waste Research Articles

STUDY OF THE SAFETY OF GRAIN POST-ALCOHOLIC GRAIN

Introduction. When producing alcohol, only the starch is extracted from the grain; the remainder of the grain containing various biologically active substances (BAS): proteins and amino acids, reducing substances, uronides, flavonoids, lipids, vitamins and provitamins, with added enzymes is called post-alcohol grain grains, its volume is 12-13 times greater than the volume of alcohol and practically not used. To substantiate the prospects for the pharmaceutical use of grains, two areas of processing have been proposed: to obtain total biologically active substances (“Biobardins”) and in-dividual betaine hydrochlorides with different pharmacological properties. The assumption that the cause of grains spoilage is labile biologically active substances, the isolation of which will determine the stability of grains, requires experimental confirmation. The purpose of the work is to study the chemical and microbiological safety of grains (wheat, corn, barley, millet) before and after its processing (after obtaining Biobardins and betaines). Material and methods. The object of the study is various types of grain grounds (wheat, corn, barley, millet) produced in 2021–2022 by distilleries in the Stavropol Territory. We studied the chemical safety of industrial waste according to the integral and most informative indicator of anthropogenic environmental pollution - the indicator “chemical oxygen consumption” (COC), determined by dichromatometry. Microbiological quality control of grain grounds was carried out in accordance with the requirements of general pharmacopoeial monograph GPM.1.2.4.0002.18 “Microbiological purity” of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation XIV. Results. The indicator of “chemical oxygen consumption” (COC), which characterizes the chemical safety of waste and determined by dichromatome-try, decreased by 4.1 times (by 75.6%) when obtaining Biobardinov from stillage (from 54503 to 13205 mg O/l), and when obtaining betaines - 3.5 times (by 71.4%) (from 54503 to 15490 mg O/l). In both options, the recycled grains corresponds to non-hazardous industrial waste. According to the results of specific qualitative reactions, the processed grains contains no biologically active substances characteristic of the original grains: proteins and amino acids, reducing sugars, uronides. Microbiological control of the processed grains also confirmed its microbiological safety in terms of the content of aerobic bacteria, enterobacteria, fungi and the absence of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella. Conclusion. Thus, the use of various types of post-alcohol grain grains as pharmaceutical raw materials for the production of total and individual medicines made it possible to solve 2 problems: to use grains as a medicinal raw material and to reduce the technogenic impact of grains on the en-vironment.

Unveiling a Technosol-based remediation approach for enhancing plant growth in an iron-rich acidic mine soil from the Rio Tinto Mars analog site

This paper explores the potential of Technosols made from non-hazardous industrial wastes as a sustainable solution for highly acidic iron-rich soils at the Rio Tinto mining site (Spain), a terrestrial Mars analog. These mine soils exhibit extreme acidity (pHH2O = 2.1–3.0), low nutrient availability (non-acid cation saturation < 20 %), and high levels of Pb (3420 mg kg−1), Cu (504 mg kg−1), Zn (415 mg kg−1), and As (319 mg kg−1), hindering plant growth and ecosystem restoration. To address these challenges, the study systematically analyzed selected waste materials, formulated them into Technosols, and conducted a four-month pot trial to evaluate the growth of Brassica juncea under greenhouse conditions. Technosols were tailored by adding varying weight percentages of waste amendments into the mine Technosol, specifically 10 %, 25 %, and 50 %. The waste amendments comprised a blend of organic waste (water clarification sludge, WCS) and inorganic wastes (white steel slag, WSS; and furnace iron slag, FIS). The formulations included: (T0) exclusively mine Technosol (control); (T1) 60 % WCS + 40 % WSS; (T2) 60 % WCS + 40 % FIS; and (T3) 50 % WCS + 16.66 % WSS + 33.33 % FIS. The analyses covered leachate quality, soil pore water chemistry, and plant response (germination and survival rates, plant height, and leaf number). Results revealed a significant reduction in leachable contaminant concentrations, with Pb (26.16 mg kg−1), Zn (4.94 mg kg−1), and Cu (2.29 mg kg−1) dropping to negligible levels and shifting towards less toxic species. These changes improved soil conditions, promoting seed germination and seedling growth. Among the formulations tested, Technosol T1 showed promise in overcoming mine soil limitations, enhancing plant adaptation, buffering against acidification, and stabilizing contaminants through precipitation and adsorption mechanisms. The paper stresses the importance of tailoring waste amendments to specific soil conditions, and highlights the broader implications of the Technosol approach, such as waste valorization, soil stabilization, and insights for Brassica juncea growth in extreme environments, including Martian soil simulants.

Residue fluidized catalytic cracking in lightweight polystyrene concrete: A sustainable construction solution

This study explores the potential of Polystyrene concrete, a globally recognized lightweight concrete, in the context of Vietnam's construction industry. The research incorporates non-hazardous industrial waste, specifically Residue Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (RFCC), as a novel additive in the production of lightweight concrete. The systematic approach involves evaluating different cement types and gradually replacing cement with RFCC to identify an optimal formula for lightweight Polystyrene concrete. The study aligns with global sustainability goals and addresses local gaps by contributing practical insights and solutions to challenges in traditional brick production. The experimental setup utilizes Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) granules, standard cement types (PCB50, PCB40, and PCB30), and super foaming additives. Results indicate the feasibility of replacing up to 10% of cement with RFCC, offering a promising avenue for effective industrial waste management. This research aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and contributes to a more environmentally conscious scientific community.

Multi-period optimization for CO2 sequestration potential of enhanced weathering using non-hazardous industrial wastes

Negative emission technologies (NETs) can contribute to mitigating climate change. Enhanced weathering (EW) is a NET with considerable carbon sequestration potential. It is based on accelerated chemical reactions between alkaline minerals and water and carbon dioxide to generate bicarbonates in runoff that flows into the ocean to achieve long-term carbon sequestration. EW also presents a potential valorisation pathway for the use of industrial residues. Therefore, we selected non-hazardous industrial wastes (NHIWs) as the alkaline mineral of EW. The processes for implementing EW (crushing, transporting, and spreading NHIWs) will produce additional CO2 emissions and require energy input, and these values may vary in the life cycle of the specific facilities. To address this gap, we developed a multi-period mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model to optimize NHIWs flows between sources and sinks over the planning horizon, while considering the annual CO2 sequestration target for achieving regional carbon drawdown. Our results show that the unit net CO2 sequestration cost for removing 1% and 1.5% annual carbon emissions of Shandong province is $273 and $378 /t CO2, respectively. It is estimated that from 2020 to 2030, the maximum CO2 sequestration of NHIWs produced by Shandong province will be 305.78 Mt CO2. The developed model can also be applied to other regions and countries as guidance for EW deployment and support for waste utilization towards circular economy.

Environmental factors of utilizing steel slag as building materials and backfill materials

This study aims to present about national and international regulations, standards reletated to environment parameters when using steel slag as building materials and backfill materials. As a part of this research, environmetal tests were undertaken to determine the hazardous components, natural radioactivity and potential of leaching heavy metals of steel slag samples. The laboratory test results shown that steel slag is classified as a non-hazardous industrial waste. In terms of natural radioactivity, steel slags were found to pose no environmetal risks for use as building materials and backfill material. Although trace amount of heavy metals was found in steel slag components, leachable heavy metals analysis implied the low possibility of leaching issue for steel slag applications. To give out a comprehensive conclusion on the environment impact of the use of steel slag, further environmental tests under actual conditions need to be performed. However, this initial laboratory test results demonstrated that steel slags have a great potential for use as building materials and backfill material without environmetal risks surrounding the area of use.

Effect of Marble Waste Powder as a Binder Replacement on the Mechanical Resistance of Cement Mortars

The quarrying of marble and its processing to produce building materials often generates a negative impact on the environment. In the Apuan Alps marble district, a renowned quarrying area in Italy since ancient times, the aquatic pollution of water bodies, caused by the presence of marble waste in the form of powder or sludge, represents a significant and current environmental problem. Depending on the different national and international regulations on waste management, the marble waste can be classified as a special non-hazardous industrial waste. If marble waste has been managed according to environmental international and national laws, it can be reused as a by-product. For this, the present work aims to evaluate the reuse of marble waste as a material in replacement for cement for producing mortars. Subsequently, the mechanical and physical tests were carried out to evaluate the specific properties of the obtained materials during and after the curing time. The results showed that replacement of cement into mortars by marble waste always causes a decrease of mechanical properties, with still acceptable values for many applications up to a substitution of less than 25%. From the collected data, the use of marble waste in the production of cement mortars represents an adequate and sustainable destination of this by-product.

PROGNOSTIC MODEL OF SUBSURFACE CONTAMINATION CAUSED BY NEW EMBANKMENTS ON THE TERRITORY OF MARITSA EAST COAL MINING COMPLEX – CENTRAL SOUTHERN BULGARIA

One of the many environmental problems resulting from electricity generation in thermal power plants is the release of large amounts of solid wastes (coal combustion products). In the absence of effective eco-friendly disposal practices, this waste is accumulated in the form of coal ash embankments or in the excavated parts of the open-cast mines. The so constituted big landfills and surface impoundments emit leachate emissions containing a wide range of conventional pollutants among which, by definition, sulphate ions (SO4) dominate. Using the computer program VS2DI, a numerical model is developed of the conditions for mass transport of pollutants (using the example of SO4) from the designed new embankments for deposition of non-hazardous industrial solid waste from TPP in the area of the internal embankments of Troyanovo-North open-cast mine, part of the Maritsa East Coal Mining Complex. The scheme of convective-diffusion mass transport is employed, taking into account reversible elimination (sorption-desorption), mechanical dispersion and mixing. On the basis of the developed model, a long-term prognosis (100 years) is made for the extent and the degree of subsurface contamination from the new embankments. Based on the model solutions, the retention capacity of the geological foundation and the risk of groundwater pollution are assessed.

Regional carbon drawdown with enhanced weathering of non-hazardous industrial wastes

Countries around the world are taking active efforts to address the current climate crisis. Negative emissions technologies (NET) such as enhanced weathering will play a significant role in these efforts in the coming decades. Enhanced weathering is based on the terrestrial application of powdered natural or synthetic silicate minerals to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. In the latter case, non-hazardous industrial waste (NHIW) can react with water and CO2 from the atmosphere to achieve carbon drawdown through the acceleration of the naturally occurring weathering process. This approach also addresses the problem of sustainable industrial waste management. Besides, carbon drawdown also enhances soil quality for agricultural application sites. In the future, planning the large-scale implementation of enhanced weathering via carbon management networks can be facilitated by using optimization models. In this work, a source-sink model is developed for the proper allocation of NHIW to application sites. The method is demonstrated with a case study based at Shandong Province, China. Two scenarios are analyzed, with both achieving significant negative CO2 emissions. The CO2 sequestration rates for these two scenarios are determined as 12.73 Mt/y and 13.77 Mt/y, respectively. Scenario 1 shows that the system can achieve negative CO2 emissions at a cost of $ 184.25/t CO2, which is comparable to previously reported cost estimates. Given the necessary input data, the model can be used to generate case-specific estimates for any country. The increasing use of clean energy in the transport and crushing process will enhance CO2 sequestration of the system.

Challenges to promoting eco-industry parks in Malaysia: A case study of Rawang Integrated Industrial Park

Malaysia is a developing country, and its economic growth has caused the increase in the generation of industrial waste in terms of its volume. The increase has its impacts towards the environment. Thus, it is imperative for the stakeholders to address the waste disposal issues in general. Currently, majority practice the end-of-pipe approach, that promotes the use of landfill disposal method. As this is not an eco-friendly solution, strategy such as recyclable material recovery is explored. This paper presents an overview of the current non-hazardous industrial solid waste management and typical challenges faced for developing eco-industrial park (EIP). In this paper, we select Rawang Integrated Industrial Park, Malaysia as our study model. A total of 29 companies in this park, which are comprised of small, medium and large industries, agreed to participate in this study. The questionnaires were distributed via email, followed by telephone calls and face-to-face interviews to increase the response rate. Results shown that 66% of the companies did not have designated personnel in solid waste management because it was not a major concern so long the waste was collected and disposed by the waste collection contractor. The common types of non-hazardous wastes generated were food wastes, waste papers, plastic wastes, glass and metals. Furthermore, none of the respondents knew where their wastes were disposed. Finally, the case study of Rawang Integrated Industrial Park suggests four typical challenges for developing eco-industrial parks in Malaysia. They were namely, low quantity of recyclable generated by industry, lack of top management commitment, absence of synergies between industries and lack of enforcement.

Finding a suitable treatment solution for a leachate from a non-hazardous industrial solid waste landfill

The current study aimed at tackling the lack of effective treatment solutions for leachates from industrial solid waste landfills (ISWLs) through the development of a treatment train for a non-hazardous ISWL (NHISWL) leachate with low/moderate content of organics and salts and low biodegradability. The following technologies were tested: (i) coagulation using ferric chloride (FeCl3) or aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3), (ii) biological oxidation, and (iii) chemical and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (AOPs/EAOPs), including photo-Fenton oxidation using ultraviolet C (UVC) or ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation (PF-UVC or PF-UVA), anodic oxidation (AO), ozonation process and ozone (O3)-based processes. The best multistage treatment strategy included: (i) coagulation with FeCl3 for partial removal of organics (with direct impact on colour, odour and turbidity removal and biodegradability enhancement) and phosphorous, (ii) PF-UVC process for recalcitrant organics oxidation (with direct impact on colour and odour removal and biodegradability enhancement) coupled to a clarification step for removal of suspended solids, turbidity, iron and phosphorous, and (iii) biological process for removal of the generated biodegradable organics and of nitrogen compounds. Upon treatment, the NHISWL leachate fulfilled European and Portuguese requirements for discharge into aquatic systems, except for ammonium (and consequently for total nitrogen), pointing to the need to change the biological process conditions or add an air stripping step. The application of coagulation before the PF-UVC process has proved to be crucial for the fulfilment of the legislation requirements.

Non-hazardous industrial waste in the United States: 100 Million tonnes of recoverable resources

Despite the large volume of non-hazardous industrial waste (NHIW) being generated globally, systematic NHIW reuse policies are lagging, largely owing to piecemeal understanding of generation volumes, locations, chemical constituents, and future trends. Herein, we demonstrate how to estimate the mineral and energy flows embedded in the 200-300 million tonnes of NHIW in the United States using information from process engineering and economic projections. We estimate that the minerals contained in NHIW are on the order of 100 million tonnes and with electricity potential lectricity at 200 billion kWh annually from 1990 to 2016. Both are expected to increase by roughly 50% from 2017 to 2050. The electricity potential and bulk mineral contents (e.g., CaO and SiO2) are modest compared to the total level of consumption of these resources (<3%), but there are county-level hotspots along the west coast with opporunities possibly large enough to yield significant material benefits at the local scale. Two lower-volume minerals, phosphorus and titanium, are noteworthy from a material substitution standpoint. They are estimated at 0.5-2.0 million tonnes in NHIW annually, which is 10-20% of current consumption and up to 50-80% in hotspot states. Although there are difficulties in cross-national generalization, we anticipate that the workflow steps themselves would be transferrable to other countries to be able to yield the chemical, locational and temporal information needed to inform the design of region-specific NHIW reuse programs and the development of NHIW valorization technologies.

Estimating non-hazardous industrial waste generation by sector, location, and year in the United States: A methodological framework and case example of spent foundry sand

Non-hazardous industrial waste (NHIW), primarily consisting of manufacturing process residues, has long been overlooked in waste reporting, regulation, and reuse. Limited information about NHIW generation with spatial and sectoral details has impeded the systematization of reuse efforts to move towards a resource-efficient economy. In this article, we develop a methodological framework that makes the best use of fragmented and limited observational data to infer the confidence intervals of NHIW generation by sector, location, and year across the United States. The framework decomposes the quantity of NHIW into two factors: the activity level (economic output) and the waste intensity factor (waste tonnage generated per unit of output). It statistically infers the probability distribution of the waste intensity factor and extrapolates waste tonnages to the entire country. In our demonstrative application of the method, we provide an updated estimate for spent foundry sand and find that its total amount in the United States decreased from 2.2–7.1 million tons in 2004 to 1.4–4.7 million tons in 2014. The spatial distribution, however, was highly uneven, with over 90% of the waste generated in 10% of the counties, indicating great variations in reuse potentials and benefits among regions. Our methodological framework makes a significant departure from existing estimations that usually rely on averaging limited observations or expert judgments biased by subjectivity. Detailing spatial and sectoral distributions and temporal trends in NHIW generation and reuse benefits, our study could inform more systematic strategies on waste and materials management to build a circular economy.

Co-processing of industrial trade rejects in cement plant.

In India non-hazardous industrial waste is generated at a staggering rate of about 30 million metric tonnes/year; considering the major generators (excluding power plant and mining industry waste) as per Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India (GoI), thus disposing of them is a challenge. The industrial waste generated from fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) trade rejects and expired product is also enormous (although largely remains unaccounted) and needs to be disposed of by the producer as per the guidelines of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, GoI. Co-processing of this industrial trade rejects in cement plant can be a prominent solution as it reduces the disposal problem of the solid waste stream and provides an alternative methodology for complete thermal and material recovery of the waste with no by-products. Co-processing further reduces the use of conventional resources by utilizing the waste as an alternative fuel and raw materials. The study thus analyzes a co-processing trial of a month in a cement plant in the southern part of India and based on the obtained data, the environmental and operational sustainability was studied. The economic benefit obtainable was also analyzed based on the achieved substitution benefit. Parameters such as emission and quality of the final product were gauged. The leaching behavior of the final product was also analyzed. Thus, the findings will help in reducing the carbon footprints of the industrial wastes, specifically the FMCG trade waste, and will show the sustainability of co-processing waste in Indian cement plants.

Symbiotic Circularity in Buildings: An Alternative Path for Valorizing Sheet Metal Waste Stream as Metal Building Facades

This study suggests an alternative approach to valorize non-hazardous industrial solid waste flow into construction materials, in particular as metal facade systems by quantifying the creative reuse of consistent and predicated sized scrap metal cutouts (known as Offal) that were generated from the automotive sheet metal stamping and blanking manufacturing processes. This study is an expansion on two papers presented at the 10th International Conference on the Environmental and Technical Implications of Construction with Alternative Materials (WASCON). Automotive sheet metal waste stream was transformed into two novel building facade system designs and a “cradle to gate” Life Cycle Assessment was carried out to analyze their environmental impacts and its resultant effect on design, manufacturing and economy. A Material Design Circularity Factor was introduced to compare both facade systems. Design #1 had greater impacts for all indicators except for operational energy due to the possibility of infiltration. Economically, design #1 had almost double the savings of design #2 at approximately four million dollars annually. The avoided carbon emissions made it evident that the creative reuse of Offal had significant environmental impacts. The two facade systems avoided 7.8 and 5.3 million kg CO2-eq. of greenhouse gas emissions for design #1 and design #2 respectively. Industrial Symbiosis is a viable concept that can lead to the adoption of circular economy principles to activate reuse over recycling for industrial by-products, which was promoted by creativity, saved manufacturing energy and the reduced costs of production of construction materials. This study proved that reusing automotive metal scrap for building envelopes is environmentally optimal and economically affordable.

Torrefaction and carbonization of refuse derived fuel: Char characterization and evaluation of gaseous and liquid emissions

Refuse derived fuel containing non-hazardous industrial wastes was subjected to torrefaction and carbonization in an industrial furnace. The RDF samples were heated at 300 °C and 400 °C, for 30 min, yielding solid products (chars) as well as gases and liquids. Proximate and ultimate composition, mineral composition, chlorine content and high heating value were determined for the original sample and the produced chars. Thermal treatment produced RDF chars with carbon contents of 61.6 and 80.2 wt%, and high heating values of 19.9 and 23.5 MJ/kg, that could be further upgraded by washing with water to reduce ash and chlorine concentrations and improve calorific value. Gas products were composed of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide with minor amounts of hydrogen. Methane was only detected in the gas produced at 400 °C. The process generated liquid products rich in organic compounds that represent potential in further energy or material recovery.

Optimising mixture of agricultural, municipal and industrial solid wastes for the production of alternative fuel

The valorisation of waste is often represented through the form of energy recovery, nutrient reclamation and other by-products. Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) or Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) as a solid alternative fuel has shown promising results for waste management and enhancing the energy security. The energy recovered is dependent on the quality of the solid fuel, which is evaluated by several parameters, including the calorific value, the moisture content, the density, the oxygen content and the gas emissions. The parameters varied following different types of wastes, which increase the complexity in producing high quality of solid fuel from a mixture of solid waste. This study aims to compare different mixtures of alternative fuel composed of municipal solid waste (MSW), non-hazardous industrial waste and agricultural waste. The selected wastes have high calorific value (2,601-8,657 cal/g), low moisture content (0.06 - 9.86 %), various density (63 - 910 kg/m 3 ), high carbon (C) of 45 - 67 %, low nitrogen (N) of 0.15 - 2.22 %, low sulphur (S) of 0.01 - 0.80 %, moderate hydrogen (H) of 4.9 - 8.21 % and high oxygen (O) of 25 - 45.5 %. The high C and O content indicated high energy and combustibility, whereas low N and S concentration can reduce the emissions of unwanted gas. The selection of the optimised mixture is based on technical and economic feasibility assessment. The technical score is calculated over seven criteria, including calorific value, moisture content, density, O and gas emissions (COx, NOx, SOx). Based on the assessment on these parameters, the optimum mixture consists of 23.00 % rice straw, 19.52 % wood, 24.58 % plastics, 18.43 % cotton stalks, and 14.47 % used tires. The optimum mix has a calorific value of 5,272 cal/g, density of 311 kg/m 3 , and moisture content of 1.94 %. The analysis demonstrated that mixture with high proportion of plastics, rice, wood and cotton stalk ranked high as preferable alternative fuel. The analysis also showed that the ranking of the alternative fuel decreases following an increase of sludge and olive pomace in the mixture. The proposed selling price of the alternative fuel produced is 135.47 USD/t covering all capital costs and operational and maintenance costs.

Industrial waste injection feasibility in North Dakota

Class I and Class II waste re-injection are the most important methods for disposing of fluid in North Dakota: in 2007, more than 96% of produced water were disposed of using underground injection, and by 2012 all produced water was being managed by underground injection. While Class II injection covers waste produced from most Exploration & Production (E&P) activities, Class I injection wells are used for disposing of a special class of industrial wastes, including waste generated by petroleum refining, metal production, chemical production, pharmaceutical production, commercial disposal, and food production. Non-hazardous industrial waste and Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) not associated with E&P can also be injected using Class I wells. In all cases, the primary concern for permitting and safe operations is to (1) predict the movement of the injected waste to ensure that it stays within pre-defined formations, and (2) ensure that pore-pressure increases caused by injection do not impact neighboring offset wells.Results from a geochemical study of the feasibility of disposal into the Dakota Sands (Inyan Kara formation) in North Dakota is being presented. Analyses were made using a compositional reservoir simulation (REVEAL) to predict the pore-pressure distribution, direction and movement of the injected fluid, as well as chemical reactions between formation brine/waste/formation rocks and the effect of these chemical reactions on formation injectivity and cap rock integrity. Forecasts indicate that for over 50 years of injection, the injected wastes will be completely trapped within the Dakota Sands (no fluid flow is expected to penetrate through the cap rock) and injection pressures are expected to remain well below the estimated fracture pressure. While the Inyan Kara formation is therefore a reasonable storage trap for industrial wastes, carbonate and sulfate scales may cause near wellbore formation damage and rising wellhead pressures which operators will need to address.

Production of Alternative Fuel from Optimized Mixture of MSW Residuals, Non-Hazardous Industrial Wastes and Agricultural Residues.

This study aims to produce an alternativefuel from optimized mixture of municipal solid waste residuals, non-hazardous industrial wastes and agricultural residues with a production plant design and detailed economic feasibility study. Waste types examined in this study are rice straw, cotton stalks, plastics, wood, used tires, olive pomace oil, paper, and dried digested sludge. Optimum mix selection criteria are; calorific value with a weighting factor 30%, density 15%, moisture content 15%, oxygen content 10%, and gas emissions 30%. Eight mixes are investigated and the optimum mix was 23% rice straw, 19.52% wood, 24.58% plastics, 18.43% cotton stalks, and 14.47% used tires. The optimum mix has a calorific value of 5272 cal/g, density of 311 kg/m3, and moisture content of 1.94%. The proposed selling price of the alternative fuel produced is 1200 LE per ton covering all capital costs and operational & maintenance costs.

Manifest system for management of non-hazardous industrial solid wastes: results from a Tianjin industrial park

Industrial parks pose a significant challenge in industrial solid waste management (ISWM) due to the large quantity of waste they generate. The manifest system, a tool currently used mainly for the management and tracking of hazardous waste, has been employed in a pilot project on non-hazardous industrial solid waste (NHISW) in the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA). This paper focuses on the implementation of a non-hazardous industrial solid waste manifest system (NHISWMS) in TEDA, which aims to track the NHISW transfer path, and accurately acquire detailed information on each specific company. Using a total of 1456 manifests from 25 tenant companies over one year of research, this paper analyzes the information generated on waste generation, transfer and disposal. The results show that more than 50% of NHISW leaves TEDA but remains in Tianjin province, and more than 65% of NHISW is utilized or disposed by only one waste receiver. The research concludes that the manifest is an effective instrument for analyzing NHISW characteristics and identifying connections between waste handlers in order to establish a waste recycling industry chain. The experiences and methods from this case study are highly applicable to other industrial parks seeking to improve their waste management.

Effect of Variation in the Chemical Constituents of Wastes on the Co-processing Performance of the Cement Kilns

Cement kiln co-processing is a globally practiced technology for management of different kinds of wastes in an environmentally sound and ecologically sustaining manner. Different types of wastes e.g. agro-wastes, hazardous & non-hazardous industrial wastes, combustible fractions from MSW etc are disposed off in large quantities in many cement kilns in different countries all over the world. During the treatment of wastes through co-processing, wastes get utilised as Alternative Fuels and Raw materials (AFRs) in the cement kilns. In India, cement plants have initiated co-processing of wastes and to prove the acceptability of cement kilns for their environmentally sound disposal, cement plants have implemented large number of demonstration trials on different kinds of waste streams as per the protocol prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board. Based on the critical evaluation of the results of these trials, Central Pollution Control Board endorses the acceptability for their co-processing in cement kilns. In this paper, results of such 22 demonstration co-processing trials – which were endorsed as successful by CPCB - are evaluated to understand the extent of variation present in the chemical constituents of these waste streams. It was also concluded through this evaluation that different waste streams having large variation in the chemical characteristics can be managed in an environmentally sound manner in the cement kilns.