Non-handicapped People Research Articles

박물관에서의 유니버설 디자인을 위한 환경 평가요소 분석 : 시각장애인과 비장애인의 사용 평가를 중심으로

고령인구 및 장애인구가 증가함에 따라 평등하고 안전한 환경을 형성하기 위한 유니버설 디자인의 중요성이 더욱 부각되고 있다. 특히 문화체험에 대한 욕구가 증대되어 국가적 차원에서 문화공간에 대한 투자와 구축이 활발하게 진행되고 있으나, 사회적 약자들은 공공시설에서 문화체험을 하기에는 제한적 요소가 많다. 이러한 요소를 분석하기 위해 공공문화공간인 박물관 구축 환경을 시각장애인과 비장애인의 측면에서 현황조사 및 사용 평가 분석을 시행하였다. 문헌연구를 통해 유니버설 디자인의 개념과 원리를 이해하고 기존의 평가요소를 분석하여 재분류하였다. 분석된 평가요소를 기준으로 국내 박물관을 평가한 결과 시각장애인의 박물관 관람을 위한 정보 및 환경, 서비스의 보완할 점을 파악하고 개선방향을 도출하였다. 본 연구는 이러한 사회적 약자를 배려하고 모두가 쾌적하게 활동할 수 있는 환경 구축을 위한 평가요소와 개선방향을 제안하고자 한다. As the elderly and the disabled populations increase, the importance of the universal design is more highlighted to form equal and secured environment. Particularly, as the desire for the cultural experience has grown, investment and construction of the cultural space are actively carried forward at the state level, but there are a lot of restrictive elements for the disadvantaged to have the cultural experience in the public facilities. To analyze these elements, investigation into the present conditions and analysis of use evaluation were conducted over the construction environment of museums, the public cultural space, in terms of the visually handicapped and non-handicapped people. Through the literature review, this study understood the concept and principle of the universal design, analyzed and reclassified the existing evaluation elements. As a result of evaluating museums in the country based on the analyzed evaluation elements, the information, environment and supplement points in service were investigated for the visually handicapped to tour museums and remedies were drawn. This study tries to consider these disadvantaged and to suggest evaluation elements and remedies for environment construction, so that everyone can do pleasant activities.

S0430103 津波避難タワーへの集団避難シミュレーションに関する実験的検証

After the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, seaside cities have prepared evacuation plans, hazard maps, evacuation buildings and so on. These preparations will prevent damages. Prevention, however, does not realize expected effects, because they suppose non-handicapped people. It is difficult to have disaster dills including handicapped people for estimating time required for evacuation. Thus, a simulation for mass evacuation including handicapped people is important. This paper shows results of an experiment supposing evacuation from tsunami to refine the simulation of mass evacuation.

Mieux vivre et mieux vieillir grâce à la pratique du sport chez les personnes ayant des déficits intellectuels

Aims To evaluate the interest of the practice of a physical activity among intellectual deficits. Current knowledge Historically persons with intellectual deficits have been the last population––among the others handicapped populations––considered, with a lot of recognition or emancipation, thanks to sport. It is only at the end of the 70'years that appeared first works and publications about the psychological and sociological benefits induced by the participation of persons mentally retarded in Special Olympics meetings. “A better living”… Today, numerous publications report about positive effects of sports in persons with intellectual deficiencies. They agree the same observation: whatever in protected schools or in sport associations (or clubs) oriented on performance and training, sport participation is growing considering the positive feed-backs of sport activities on psychological an social behaviour domains of these persons. In fact, thanks to sport involvement, they are able to present another attitude with less negative characteristics accompanying the mental handicap mark. From that, sport becomes a unique and uncontested domain of integration and social regulation at least in rich countries of our world. Sport would be a meaning to have a better living: 1) of his (or her) own difference; 2) with and among the others, the non-handicapped people group. “A better ageing”… This theme will be illustrated starting from applied researches putting in evidence benefit effects of physical exercise on biological and metabolic parameters on Down Syndrome (DS) population. The main characteristic of this disease is an effect of genetic overdose (by triplication) of the underband 21q22 where are coded nine enzymes. Two among them are directly in relation with the exercise physiology adaptations. After an endurance training period concluded by an ergo cycle laboratory test, it can be cited the favourable adaptations arising in a group of DS trained subjects, particularly on lipid profiles and SOD-1 regulation. The long-lasting benefits of physical exercise in trained subjects with DS seem to be limited to the duration of the training phase. For that protected population of persons with DS, a better ageing, in encouraging a real planning of regular and more active style of daily life, seems to be the main recommendation from applied researches in sport activities. As in sport man (or in sport woman), movement activity assures, to most biological systems of persons with DS and if the physical stimulations are repeated, only provisional benefits.

551 マウスポインティング操作を容易にするアプリケーションの開発

This paper reports a study on developing of user-friendly mouse pointing applications for not only elderly and/or physically handicapped people but also young and/or non-handicapped people. Mouse systems are most widely used for computer interfaces, but people often find it difficult to move a pointer smoothly, rapidly and exactly onto a particular icon shown on a monitor screen and select it by one or two quick clicks without moving the pointer. A user-friendly pointing application based on Visual C++ 6 was developed, and it proved it could solve the problems effectively. However it was found to need some improvement. This paper presents an improved version of the application which works well to improve user-friendliness for practical use.

Information Service for Wheelchair Users

There are a number of barriers for wheelchair users travelling by train. Due to this disadvantage, they need more information than non-handicapped people. Nevertheless, they have restraint in obtaining the information to ensure safe travel. It is required, therefore, not only to eliminate physical barriers at stations and on trains, but also to offer high-quality information to compensate for the insufficient railway facilities that are still at improvement stages. To solve the problems in the current information services, the technique proposed in this paper uses Internet and animations to guide wheelchair travelers. It enables as many wheelchair users as possible to easily obtain the information they need and intuitively understand its contents.

Handicapped patients and leisure sports--a chance for social integration

Organizing leisure time in an active way with lots of experiences is getting more and more important in western society. Accordingly, sports activities and travelling as well as their combination, holiday sports activities, are in great demand. A general idea of the literature in that field with regard to the possibilities and difficulties of handicapped persons is that holiday sports activities are considered apt to offer outstanding prerequisites for handicapped and nonhandicapped people getting closer to each other. Starting out on this basis, this survey is mainly dedicated to the following questions: What is the situation for handicapped persons in holiday sports activities? Is holiday sporting in a position to meet the expectations of social integration, and to what extent? A questionnaire about these items was answered by wheelchair users, making it clear, on the one hand, that there are hardly any offers for disabled people to take part in holiday sporting activities. On the other hand, the survey confirms that holiday sports activities are well suited to answer major demands of the integration issue, i.e., communication and interaction as well as other factors conducive to social integration. Subsequently, the author formulates the request that access to and participation in holiday sporting activities be made easier for disabled people so that greater use can be made of these special opportunities for social integration.

Psychoanalytic psychotherapy with men with intellectual disabilities: a preliminary outcome study.

Psychotherapy has been demonstrated to be an effective form of treatment for people with psychological problems. However, there is considerable resistance to attempts to generalize these findings to people with intellectual disabilities. Such therapeutic disdain has a long history without any empirical foundation. Recently it has been argued on philosophical grounds that people with intellectual disabilities should have access to the same services as everyone else. Furthermore, that people with intellectual disabilities should be actively targeted as they are more likely to have psychological difficulties than non-handicapped people. The therapeutic literature concerning people with intellectual disabilities is overwhelmingly behavioural. More recently various psychotherapeutic approaches have been explored as alternatives to behavioural interventions. Publication of several case studies in the late 1980s and early 1990s has provided some evidence for the benefit of various psychotherapeutic approaches with people with intellectual disabilities. However, there are no outcome studies. This paper reports an outcome study of individual psychoanalytic psychotherapy provided in normal clinical practice for 25 men with intellectual disabilities who were referred for behaviour problems. Of the 25 participants in the study, 20 completed treatment. In most cases the problem behaviour was eliminated and this was maintained at six months follow-up.

Working with the Living Material Wood As a Means of Making Contact with Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Youth

We shall show how an integrative recreational institution gave handicapped and nonhandicapped young people opportunities for communication and cooperation through active work with concrete materials. We discuss how joint work made possible oral communication on the planned objects, and how other communicative channels can be used to produce understanding. The objects speak for themselves; the sculptures speak in a graphic language that requires no translation, and open up visual possibilities for expression that perhaps can compensate for speech impairments. An example is given of how one youth with autistic disorders became capable of expanded contacts by working with a concrete object, in his case a musical instrument.

Moving out: an opportunity for friendship and broadening social horizons?

The study investigated the changes in social activities and social networks of people with mild learning difficulties who moved from family home and from a long-stay hospital to live more independently in the community. Twenty-five people with a learning difficulty, 12 mothers and 33 members of staff participated in this study based on interviews before and after the move to the community. It was found that people with a learning difficulty participated in more community-based activities after the move but they had very few opportunities to meet non-handicapped people. Their segregation remained a main source of dissatisfaction with their social life.

Dental services for children with mental handicaps: policy changes and parental choices'

Dental services for children with mental handicaps are subject to conflicting policies. On the one hand, the community dental service is being asked to move towards a more specialised role and to focus on disadvantaged groups such as people with mental handicaps. On the other hand, policies for community care have stressed that handicapped people are stigmatised by specialised provision and should have access to all the services used by non-handicapped people. A longitudinal study of 162 mentally handicapped children provided an opportunity to assess parents' opinions on this issue. The results showed high levels of contact with the dental services. Most parents were satisfied with the care their children had received, although there was some suggestion of a preference for receiving care from the general dental practitioner service. However, parents whose children were hard to manage tended to prefer the more specialised care provided by the community dental service. The results of the study suggested that there is a continuing role for the community dental service and that general dental practitioners may need support from the community dental service to help them meet the demands of parents whose children have a mental handicap

Dental services for children with mental handicaps: policy changes and parental choices

Dental services for children with mental handicaps are subject to conflicting policies. On the one hand, the community dental service is being asked to move towards a more specialised role and to focus on disadvantaged groups such as people with mental handicaps. On the other hand, policies for community care have stressed that handicapped people are stigmatised by specialised provision and should have access to all the services used by non-handicapped people. A longitudinal study of 162 mentally handicapped children provided an opportunity to assess parents' opinions on this issue. The results showed high levels of contact with the dental services. Most parents were satisfied with the care their children had received, although there was some suggestion of a preference for receiving care from the general dental practitioner service. However, parents whose children were hard to manage tended to prefer the more specialised care provided by the community dental service. The results of the study suggested that there is a continuing role for the community dental service and that general dental practitioners may need support from the community dental service to help them meet the demands of parents whose children have a mental handicap.

Stigma and the self-concept of people with a mild mental handicap.

Twelve people with a mild mental handicap, their mothers and members of staff of Adult Training Centres were interviewed to explore their views on the subjects of stigma and handicap, and to establish the facts about the social life and autonomy of people with a mental handicap. It was found that all participants with a mental handicap were aware of the stigma attached to them. A minority of three conceived of themselves as 'essentially different' from non-handicapped people, while the majority of nine conceived of themselves as 'essentially the same'. In contrast, the majority of mothers viewed their sons and daughters as 'essentially different' from non-handicapped people. These findings do not support the claim of the social constructionist theory of the self that people's self-concepts are primarily determined by the ways in which they are treated by the significant others. Rather, people with a mental handicap are aware of their own agency and clearly express their socio-emotional needs.

A move from hospital to community: evaluation of community contacts.

A small-scale evaluation was made of the activities and social contacts of a group of young mentally handicapped people in one project, leaving hospital to a house in the community. The results are consistent with other recent work in suggesting that residential provision in small homes for people with severe or profound intellectual or multiple handicaps is likely to lead to increased family contact, increased participation in activities outside of the residence, and an increased frequency and duration of contact with non-handicapped people. The study suggests that many of these benefits of life in the community are dependent in various ways upon the staff employed. The nature of the young people's social contacts is examined and conclusions are drawn about specific issues, including staff selection and training, and attention to the maintenance as well as the provision of social contact.

Teaching Social Skills to Persons with Severe Handicaps in Community Settings: A Review

Research involving teaching social skills to persons with severe handicaps in community settings is reviewed Critical issues in the research are discussed, which include training procedures, domain, generalization, maintenance, cost-effeciency, reliability, social interaction partner, type of social interaction, social validation, research design, and simulation. Nine studies are identified and evaluated. The findings of the review indicated that persons with severe handicaps can learn to interact with nonhandicapped people in a wide variety of community settings. Implications for future research are discussed.

A Job for Life?<subtitle>The Service Needs of Mentally Handicapped People Living in the Community, and their Families</subtitle>

A majority of mentally handicapped people have always lived in the community. Their numbers are increasing currently for two reasons: many are now living to middle age and beyond (Fryers, 1985, pp. 287-288; Mansell and Felce, 1985) and at the same time the population of mental handicap hospitals is decreasing, as patients are discharged into a variety of alternative provisions. A majority of mentally handicapped people living in the community live outside their parental home. They may leave it at any time from infancy to their own middle age; some stay until their parents become too frail to look after them. Many, like most non-handicapped people, leave during their early adult years. Relatively few now enter hospital: most go into the variety of forms of residential accommodation that is now becoming available.

Modifying attitudes toward physically handicapped children.

Studies have documented the widespread existence of negative attitudes held by nonhandicapped peers toward handicapped peers and such attitudes affect handicapped persons. Parish, Ohlsen, and Parish ( 3 ) identified negative attitudes which might seriously interfere with the educational environment of handicapped children. Donaldson ( 2 ) reviewed procedures for changin.5 attitudes toward handicapped persons. Of four exceptionalities simulated for elementary students during 45 min., maneuvering a wheelchair was the only experience which significantly altered attitudes positively ( 1 ) . Fourth graders who watched a film about physically handicapped children participating in physical education classes showed increased artraction toward handicapped peers immediately after the film ( 5 ) . Some change is now evident, in that Public Law 94-142 called for the least restrictive educational environment for handicapped students. This study measured change in attitude towards children with handicaps by nonhandicapped students after engaging in activities that simulate physical handicaps. The simulations of physical handicaps were expected to facilitate positive changes in perceptions of handicapped peers. Among 44 nonhandicapped elementary students who voluntarily participated were 17 boys and 27 girls; 21 were in Grade 5 and 23 in Grade 6. Their attitudes toward handicapped persons were assessed on the Personal Atuibute Inventory for Children ( 3 ) . From 48 alphabetized adjectives (24 positive and 24 negative), students were asked to select 15 which best described physically handicapped children. All students participated in a 1-hr. session utilizing four activities that simulated handicaps with discussion of similarities between nonhandicapped and handicapped people. Activities included restraining of fingers to simulate spasticity, covering hands to simulate decreased sensation, use of crutches and leg weights, and maneuvering a wheelchair with arms restrained. The group's mean knowledge score at pretest was 4.11 ( S D = 4.00) and at posttest 4.30 ( S D = 4.08). The difference was not staristically significant ( r = 1.68, p < .05 ). This result confirms Donaldson's ( 2 ) negative impression of simulations and did not confirm the positive change in attitudes others observed (1, 5 ) . A 1-hr. simulation is likely insufficient. Parish and Taylor's ( 4 ) inventory may be more appropriately used to measure children's attitudes toward handicapped children with whom they have attended school.

Preparing Severely Handicapped Youth for Less Restrictive Environments

In order to facilitate community integration of severely and profoundly handicapped (SPH) youth, community-based training is of vital importance. Numerous reasons exist for using a classroom-community model, including: skill generalization, reinforcer sampling, awareness by nonhandicapped people, appropriate role models in the community, elevated teacher expectations, parent expectations, demonstrations of competence by SPH students, and facilitating curriculum selection. These areas will be explored as well as techniques for programming outside the classroom, such as peer tutoring, use of natural homes and local workshops for instruction, and use of nearby local community facilities. Finally, problems inherent in a community-based training model are discussed as well strategies to overcome them.

Mixed social interaction between handicapped and non-handicapped people

Mixed social interaction between handicapped and non-handicapped people

Some extrapyramidal motor signs in cases of undifferentiated amentia.

A group of 50 mentally handicapped patients who were without gross motor deficit and had never been on anti-psychotic drugs were examined for signs of Parkinsonism and compared with a matched control group of non-handicapped people who were also examined. There was a very significant increase in masking, positive glabella tap, absence of arm swing, rigidity and hypokinesis.

What Does This Symbol Mean to You?

The recognition of the International Symbol of Access as well as the meaning of the Symbol were the focus of two surveys one year apart in Gainesville, Florida. The uncontrolled study revealed that a majority of interviewed non-handicapped persons did associate the Symbol with disability in Some form, but the association with access was not clear to the respondents. In an analysis of responses, it appeared there is a paradox in the use of the Symbol. It tells severely handicapped people that they can be active, yet for non-handicapped people, it may be reinforcing a concept of inactivity or inability. The results of the study, however, indicated that public information can have an impact on the awareness that accessibility means mobility.