Non-glandular Types Research Articles

PLKPD Compilation Based on Research on Characteristics of Epidermis and Epidermis Derivatives of Capsicum frutescens L. and Capsicum chinense Jacq. Leaves for Students of Class XI SMA/MA

There are limitations to teaching materials used in schoolssourced from research results. This study aims to look at the characteristics of the epidermis and epidermal derivatives of the leaves of Capsicum frutescens L. and Capsicum chinense Jacq. as well as to determine the quality of LKPD teaching materials on the material structure and function of plant tissue for class XI students based on the results of the research conducted. The method used for making preparations is the leaf clearing method. The preparations were observed in the laboratory using optilab to see the characteristics of the epidermis and its derivatives. The results of research on the structure of the epidermis and the epidermis derivatives of the leaves of Capsicum frutescens L. and Capsicum chinense Jacq. developed in the form of Biology LKPD. LKPD arrangement is carried out by the ADD (Analysis, Design, Development) stage. Epidermal structure data analysis and leaf epidermal derivatives were carried out descriptively, product assessment was carried out by 2 experts from biology education.Epidermis leaves of Capsicum frutescens L. and Capsicum chinense Jacq. has an irregular epidermal cell shape and is spread over the surface, has anisocytic stomata type, glandular and non-glandular types of trichomes, hydatod trichomes and simple needle-shaped hairs found on the edges of the leaves. The average results of the assessment by two Biology education experts get a percentage value of 73.28% with a feasible category to be tested as teaching material for students of class XI SMA / MA.

Morphological characterization of trichomes shows enormous variation in shape, density and dimensions across the leaves of 14 Solanum species.

Trichomes are the epidermal appendages commonly observed on plant surfaces including leaves, stem and fruits. Plant trichomes have been well studied as a structural plant defence designed to protect plants against abiotic and biotic stressors such as UV rays, temperature extremities and herbivores. Trichomes are primarily classified into glandular and non-glandular trichomes, based on the presence or absence of a glandular head. The plant genus Solanum is the largest genus of family Solanaceae that houses ~3500 species of ecological and economic importance have a diverse set of trichomes that vary in density and morphology. However, due to the incomplete and contradictory classification system, trichomes have subjective names and have been largely limited to be grouped into glandular or non-glandular types. Through this study, we did a complete workup to classify and characterize trichomes on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surface of 14 wild and domesticated species of the genus Solanum. Using electron microscopy, statistical analyses and artistic rendition, we examined finer details of trichomes and measured their density and dimensions to compile a detailed data set which can be of use for estimating the variation in trichome types, and their density, with consequences for understanding their functional roles. Our study is the first of its kind that provides us with a better and well-defined classification, density and dimension analysis to complete the morphological classification of trichomes on both leaf surfaces of a diverse range of members in Solanum genus.

Morphological Structures of Bamboo (Bambusa emeiensis) Shoot Shells and Trichomes and Functions in Response to Herbivory

Bamboo (Bambusa emeiensis) shoot, a nutritious food, easily attracts herbivores, including the bamboo weevil, Cyrtotrachelus buqueti. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that bamboo shoot shells (BSSs), the protective layers encasing bamboo shoots, are composed of closely packed fibers and bamboo shoot trichomes (BSTs) are divided into three types, including glandular trichome I, and non-glandular types II and III. To elucidate the underlying molecular defense mechanisms, 50 transcription factors (TFs) were chosen for qRT-PCR analyses of BSS and BST based on bamboo shoot transcriptome data. Among these, 8 and 23 genes were significantly differentially expressed in BSS and BST, respectively, indicating that BSS and BST responded to herbivory. BSS and non-glandular BST functioned as physical barriers and glandular BST released volatile compounds in defense against herbivory. Some TFs might act as mediators and participate in defense responses by BSS and BST.

<p class="Body"><strong>Impact of leaflet trichomes on settlement and oviposition of <em>Tetranychus evansi </em>(Acari: Tetranychidae) in African and South American tomatoes</strong></p>

Red spider mite (Tetranychus evansi) is considered one of the main tomato pests in Africa. As an alternative to chemical control, the use of pest-resistant cultivars has been considered a desirable and environment-friendly choice. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the influence of trichomes on settlement and oviposition preferences of T. evansi in African tomato varieties, besides comparing them to South American wild tomato species. First, free- and no-choice laboratory tests were carried out to investigate settlement and oviposition preferences of females on leaflets of two South American wild tomato species (Solanum pennellii LA-716 and S. habrochaites var. hirsutum PI134417) and five African tomato varieties (S. lycopersicum cv. Kekefo, Akikon, TLCV15, Tounvi, and TOML4), the latter are widely grown in Benin. Thereafter, leaf trichome types were determined and densities were estimated and then correlated to numbers of settled females and laid eggs on leaflets of each assessed genotype. According to our findings, females strongly preferred to settle and oviposit on African varieties rather than on South American genotypes. Regarding trichome density, non-glandular type Va showed significant positive correlations with both studied parameters, with the highest amounts in African genotypes. Conversely, glandular trichome density (mainly types I, IV, and VI) presented significant negative correlations with preference indicators, with the largest densities in South American species. The high density of non-glandular trichomes on leaflets of the varieties Akikon, Tounvi, Kekefo, TOML4, and TLCV15 might have been one of the causes of preference of T. evansi females.

MULTI-OMICS OF GENUS SOLANUM L. TRICHOMES REVEALS THE INTERSECTION BETWEEN STRESS MEMORY AND THE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS FOR RECOVERY

Trichomes are cosmopolitan biological textures originating from the aerial epidermis, which render as a superior model to investigate plant differentiation at the cell level. The main function of these epidermal protuberances is protection from abiotic and biotic stresses. Trichomes are classified to glandular and non-glandular types. Glandular trichomes are biochemical factories and storage compartments for a diverse array of specialized metabolites. However, little knowledge is available about the plant machinery to coordinate trichome formation, metabolism regulation, and stress resistance. In the present study, trichomes are proved to be the key link between stress memory and the molecular mechanism of Solanaceous species for recovery. Scanning with electron microscope SEM confirmed the distribution of four glandular and six non-glandular trichome types between the studied Solanum species. Multi-omics analysis including genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic studies revealed that Solanum species, which contain approximately equal density and same types of trichomes are closer genetically to each other. Several stress-responsive cis-elements were identified through in-silico analysis of the promoters of MIXTA, MIXTA-like1 and MIXTA-like2 the key genes of trichome formation. The transcriptomic results demonstrated that all genes were differentially expressed in the studied Solanum species due to trichome types and density according to its tolerance to stresses. This report shed light into endemism of Solanum species in their defined zones.

Morphological diversity of foliar trichomes in Asteraceae from Sand-fields of the Pampa biome, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

ABSTRACT Asteraceae is the largest family of angiosperms and occurs predominantly in grassland areas. This study aimed to identify and characterize the foliar trichomes of 34 Asteraceae species from Sand-fields of the Pampa biome, by means of epidermal analyzes (front and transverse view) under light and scanning electron microscopy. Eleven types of trichomes were identified and characterized: three glandular (recurved on the epidermis, erect-capitate and uniseriate to multiseriate vesicular-capitate) and eight non-glandular (simple conical, flagellate-filiform, aseptate-flagellate, whip-like, oblique-flagellate, branched with one arm, branched with two T-shaped arms, branched with three or more arms). The most representative glandular type was the uniseriate to multiseriate vesicular-capitate (58%) and the non-glandular type was the simple conical (35%). A large number of trichomes is an adaptive strategy to the adverse conditions of the Pampa biome and its morphological diversity can be useful in the family systematics.

Characterization of trichome morphology and aphid resistance in cultivated and wild species of potato

Trichomes are specialized epidermal structures that protect plants from abiotic and biotic stresses. Cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) is known to have both glandular and non-glandular trichomes. However, the criteria for trichome type classification have not been studied in detail. In addition, there is a poor understanding of the types of trichomes that exist in wild potato species. Here, the morphology and density of trichomes were compared between a representative cultivated potato variety and 17 wild potato species using Cryo Scanning Electron Microscopy (CryoSEM). Based on trichome morphology, the cultivated variety and each of the wild species were seen to have two glandular and two non-glandular trichome types. We classified the eighteen potato species into four groups using trichome type and density criteria. Groups I and II represented species with a higher density of glandular or non-glandular trichomes, respectively, on both abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces. Group III represented species with a higher density of non-glandular trichomes on abaxial leaf surfaces alone. Group IV represented species with an overall lower trichome density on both abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces, but which was formed of both glandular and non-glandular types. Honey dew spots were quantified following infestation with the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae to test whether trichome composition is associated with resistance to aphid feeding. Fewer honey dew spots were observed in the Group I representative species S. berthaultii and S. hougasii compared to that in species from other groups. Furthermore, correlation coefficient analysis showed that honey dew spot number was negatively associated with glandular trichome density. These results imply that glandular trichomes play an important role in aphid resistance and thus can be used for developing insect-resistant potato.

Leaf epidermal features of Quercus Group Ilex (Fagaceae) and their application to species identification

Leaf epidermal features are useful for elucidating the taxonomy and systematics of oak species. Quercus Group Ilex has a wide distribution mainly in subtropical areas of Eurasia with rich fossil records since the Oligocene, but no comprehensive study has ever been conducted on its diversity of leaf epidermal features. We compared the leaf epidermal features of 37 species of Quercus Group Ilex and Q. suber from Group Cerris using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A total of five trichome types (including three glandular and two non-glandular types) and two trichome base types were found. Leaf epidermal features of Group Ilex show typical xeromorphic features. The stomatal complexes are stephanocytic. The leaf trichome types and trichome base types are stable at inter- and intra-species levels. The trichomes, stomatal sizes and density and the ray arm lengths show a wide variation during developing stages within species. The leaf epidermal features show a highly convergent pattern in the genus Quercus based on tree-mapping analysis, except for the multiple epidermal layers on the adaxial surface supports the monophyletic origin of section Heterobalanus. Cluster analysis of leaf epidermal characters infers two morphological subgroups within Group Ilex: (1) the capitate and (2) the branched uniseriate. The trichomes and trichome base types, and their density are useful for species identification, which can improve the accuracy of assigning fossil leaves to their nearest living relatives in Group Ilex.

Morphological Classification of Trichomes Associated with Possible Biotic Stress Resistance in the Genus Capsicum

Trichomes are specialized epidermal structure having the functions of physical and chemical block against biotic and abiotic stresses. Several studies on <TEX>$Capsicum$</TEX> species revealed that virus and herbivore resistance is associated with trichome-formation. However, there is no research on the structural characterization of trichomes developed on the epidermis of <TEX>$Capsicum$</TEX> spp. Thus, this study attempts to charaterize the trichome morphologies in 5 species of <TEX>$Capsicum$</TEX> using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Six main trichome types were identified by their morphology under FESEM. Both glandular and non-glandular types of trichomes were developed on the epidermal tissues of <TEX>$Capsicum$</TEX> spp. The glandular trichome were further classified into type I, IV and VII according to their base, stalk length, and stalk. Non-glandular trichomes were also classified into type II, III, and V based on stalk cell number and norphology. Almost all the species in <TEX>$C.$</TEX> <TEX>$chinense$</TEX> and <TEX>$C.$</TEX> <TEX>$pubescens$</TEX> had glandular trichomes. To our knowledge, this is the first study on classification of trichomes in the genus <TEX>$Capsicum$</TEX> and, our results could provide basic informations for understanding the structure and function of trichomes on the epidermal differentiation and association with biotic stress tolerance.

Differential effects of various African nightshade species on the fecundity and movement of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae)

The tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard is a serious pest of solanaceous plants worldwide. Management of this oligophagous pest in African nightshades has been a challenge to smallholder African farmers due to its high reproductive rate and rapid development of resistance to synthetic pesticides. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of leaf trichomes on T. evansi by comparing its fecundity and movement on the leaf surfaces of five African nightshade species, namely Solanum sarrachoides Sendter, S. villosum Miller, S. tarderemotum Bitter, S. americanum Miller and S. scabrum Miller. Data were recorded in the laboratory at 23 ± 1°C, 50–70% relative humidity and a 12 h light:12 h dark photoperiod for the effect of trichome type and density of the abaxial leaf surface on mite fecundity. Distances travelled by mites on the leaf surface from the edge of a thumbtack pin inserted on the leaf were also recorded. Different trichomes, glandular and non-glandular types, were identified. There was a significant negative correlation of fecundity and distance walked by mites with the density of glandular trichomes. Significantly fewer eggs were laid on S. sarrachoides in comparison with the other Solanum species. The distance walked by mites was also significantly shorter in this species, indicating that higher densities of glandular trichomes interfere with mite movements. These results suggest that African nightshade genotypes differ in their levels of resistance to T. evansi, which is partially associated with differences in trichome types and their densities.

An investigation of the glandular and non-glandular foliar trichomes of Orthosiphon labiatus N.E.Br. [Lamiaceae

Using a combination of light (stereo and compound) and scaning electron microscopy, this study investigates the distribution and morphology of foliar trichomes of Orthosiphon labiatus (Lamiaceae) at different stages of leaf development. Three types of trichomes were observed: two glandular types (large peltate and small capitate) and one non-glandular type. Results revealed that the development of peltate trichomes was initiated in the early stages of leaf development. However, a higher number of developed peltate trichomes was observed in mature leaves, indicating an increase with age. Capitate trichomes are, by contrast, rare and sparsely distributed on both leaf surfaces. The highest density of non-glandular trichomes was observed on the abaxial leaf surface, especially along the veins, with the density decreasing with leaf maturity. This paper contributes towards the body of knowledge being assembled on the family Lamiaceae as it manifests in southern Africa.

The morphology and ultrastructure of glandular and non-glandular trichomes of Pteronia incana (Asteraceae)

The electron microscopical investigation of foliar appendages of Pteronia incana(Burm) has shown that there are two types of trichomes. The non-glandular type which consists of two-four cells forms a dense mass of long fibrous hairs, covering the entire surface of plant. The glandular trichome types which are club-oval shape and consist of several glandular cells. The gland cells of the glandular trichome are characterized by a dense cytoplasm containing osmophilic droplets, various organelles such as modified plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, a large nucleus with a dense cytosol. The secreted material accumulates in a cavity beneath a wall derived from separation of the cuticularized outer wall surface of the top tier of secretory cells and are released to the outside when the cavity ruptures. Only the apical pair of cells participates in secretion. Cells of both types possess plastids without thylakoids. These active compounds secreted by P. incana might be the reason why this plant is unpalatable to livestock. Key words: Pteronia incana, trichomes, oil glands, electron microscope

Higher glandular trichome density in tomato leaflets and repellence to spider mites

The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of selection for higher glandular trichome densities, as an indirect criterion of selection for increasing repellence to spider mites Tetranychus urticae, in tomato populations derived from an interspecific cross between Lycopersicon esculentum x L. hirsutum var. glabratum PI 134417. Trichome densities were evaluated in 19 genotypes, including 12 from advanced backcross populations, derived from the original cross L. esculentum x L. hirsutum var. glabratum PI 134417. Counts were made both on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, and trichomes were classified into glandular types IV and VI, other glandular types (types I+VII), and nonglandular types. Mite repellence was measured by distances walked by mites onto the tomato leaf surface after 20, 40 and 60 min. Spider mite repellence biotests indicated that higher densities of glandular trichomes (especially type VI) decreased the distances walked by the mites onto the tomato leaf surface. Selection of plants with higher densities of glandular trichomes can be an efficient criterion to obtain tomato genotypes with higher resistance (repellence) to spider mites.

Foliar pubescence and resistance to potato moth, Phthorimaea operculella, in Lycopersicon hirsutum

AbstractPubescence characteristics for six accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum Dunal and five accessions of L. hirsutum f. glabratum CH Mull. were determined and compared with those of an accession of cultivated tomato (L. esculentum Mill.). Removal of trichome exudates from excised leaflets using ethanol solution resulted in a reduced mortality and increased survival of potato moth (Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)) neonates for the accessions that were most lethal when not treated with ethanol solution. No such treatment effect was evident for L. esculentum or for the L. hirsutum accession with least effect on neonates when its trichomes were intact. In a glasshouse experiment with caged intact plants, mortality of neonate P. operculella placed on the abaxial surface was greater on seven accessions than for L. esculentum. Neonates were less severely affected on the adaxial surface. Eleven days after inoculation, no live larvae were found on LA 1927, PI 127827, PI 134418, and PI 134428, and numbers on other accessions were lower than for L. esculentum. Eventual emergence of adults followed a similar trend. Multiple regression of insect data against pubescence indicated a significant correlation between density of type IV and VI trichomes and neonate mortality, decreased larval development and decreased adult emergence. Non‐glandular type V trichomes were positively correlated with high survival of insects to 11 days and to adult. Though factors other than glandular trichomes are likely to be important, increased density of type IV and VI, along with reduced type V, are shown to be important to select in breeding for P. operculella resistance.

Characteristic Trichomes and Indumentum Specialization in African and European Parasitic Scrophulariaceae

: Trichomes and their distribution patterns have been observed in the aerial parts of plants of the genera Striga, Buchnera, Rhamphicarpa, Euphrasia, Melampyrum and Rhinanthus, using both light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All trichomes belong to the multicellular, uniseriate category and can be classified as glandular and nonglandular types. On nearly all organs, the two types can be observed side by side. Apart from a large group of ubiquitous trichomes, some characteristic trichome types are reported; they are restricted either to chlorophyllous organs (foliage leaves, bracts, calyx and stem) or to the corolla. In some nonglandular trichomes mineral deposits have been found. Other morphological and anatomical trichome features are discussed with regard to their possible function.

Immunohistochemical study of expression and cellular localization of the multidrug resistance gene product p-glycoprotein in primary liver carcinoma

Expression and cellular localization of the multidrug resistance gene product P-glycoprotein, which plays an important role in multidrug resistance to cancer chemotherapy, were immunohistochemically studied in paraffin sections from 55 patients with primary liver carcinoma. Tumor samples from 43 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and from 12 with cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) were obtained at autopsy or at surgical resection. Immunohistochemical study was performed by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique using monoclonal antibody JSB-1 directed against P-glycoprotein. Anti-P-glycoprotein immunostaining was observed in 67.4% of cases with HCC and in 66.7% of cases with CCC. When P-glycoprotein was detected in HCC, it was localized on the contact surface among tumor cells regardless of histologic type and on the cellular surface facing the blood space in the trabecular type and on the luminal surface in the pseudoglandular type. In CCC, relatively weak immunoreactivity for P-glycoprotein was localized in the cytoplasm of tumor cell both in glandular and nonglandular types, and stronger immunoreactivity was sometimes seen on the luminal surface of glandular type. The incidence of expression of P-glycoprotein was not influenced by previous cancer chemotherapy both in HCC and CCC. In the trabecular type of HCC, however, all cases with P-glycoprotein expression on the cellular surface facing the blood space were from the patients treated with antitumor agents. Resistance to cancer chemotherapy in primary liver carcinoma results from P-glycoprotein protein expression.

A comparison of patterns of metastasis in gastric cancer by histologic type and age

Patterns of metastasis were examined in 173 autopsy cases of gastric cancer in which the primary tumor had not been resected and the death was mainly caused by growth and metastasis of the cancer. The results were compared by different histologic types as well as different age groups. From the histologic viewpoint, gastric cancer of glandular type showed preferential metastasis to the liver, whereas the nonglandular type showed a preference for peritoneal involvement and lymph node metastasis. With regard to age, peritoneal involvement was more frequently observed in younger patients for both glandular and nonglandular types. Younger patients also had a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer of nonglandular type, but not for the glandular type. Regarding liver metastasis, there was no difference in incidence between different age groups.

Multiple gastric cancers in the aged with special reference to intramucosal cancers.

A histopathologic study was made on 512 specimens of gastric cancer that were surgically obtained from aged patients (mean age 73 years) in the Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital. Of the 512 cases studied, 408 were gastric cancer of the glandular type (80%) and 104 were of the nonglandular type (20%). There were 75 cases of gastric cancer consisting of multiple independent cancer lesions and 71 of these were histologically diagnosed as multiple (2-5) gastric cancers composed of glandular type only. Of these 71 cases, 21 cases were multiple intramucosal cancers. These 21 cases of multiple intramucosal cancers were compared with 49 cases of single intramucosal cancers of glandular type in terms of the maximum diameter of each lesion and the location within the stomach. The results suggest that, in aged patients, there is a great possibility that collision of multiple cancer lesions may result in a single intramucosal gastric cancer measuring over 3 cm in diameter.