Non-glandular Hairs Research Articles

Genetic relationship and population genetic diversity of Epimedium pubescens and its related species based on ISSR and non-glandular hair characteristic

In this study, 128 individuals form 14 Epimedium pubescens populations and 1 E. stellulatum population were analyzed by ISSR marker. The data were calculated by POPGENE software and clustered by UPGMA method. Optical microscope was used to observe the main types of the non-glandular hairs and their characteristics in each population. It is found that the following conclusions: Non-glandular hairs can be divided into five morphological categories, long straight pubescent, curly pubescent, appressed curly pubescent, pseudo short appressed hairs and long appressed. Eight primers were screening and a total of 94 bands were detected in ISSR, among which 90 were polymorphic bands. Based on the results of ISSR cluster analysis, 15 populations were divided into 3 clades. E. stellulatum populations should be incorporated into the E. pubescens or as avariety under E. pubescens not be independent and as it has no separate phylogenetic branch for a cluster. The genetic relationship among the populations of E. pubescens was closely related with its geographical distribution and non-glandular hair features. But there were also some inconsistency, which provided a good hint for the further study on the interspecific relationship and natural speciation manner of Epimedium species. Population diversity analysis showed Nm=0.354 4, Nei's=0.585 2. It was showed that E. pubescens has high genetic diversity among populations, for which the main reason was probably the high inbreeding rate and the small range of seed dispersal.

Infraspecific variations in essential oil and glandular trichomes in Nepeta heliotropifolia

Yarmoohammadi M, Talebi SM, Nohooji MG. 2017. Infraspecific variations in essential oil and glandular trichomes in Nepeta heliotropifolia. Biodiversitas 18: 964-970. Nepeta heliotropifolia Lam. (Labiatae) is one of the perennial medicinal and aromatic plants, naturally grows in different regions of Iran. The essential oil composition of aerial parts and also the micromorphology and distribution of foliar trichomes of N. heliotropifolia from two different regions of Iran were studied. The extracted essential oils were significantly composed of caryophyllene oxide and phytol, which were quantified by GC and identified based on their GC/MS spectra. The essential oil compositions differed greatly with habitat as well as former investigations. Phytol was quantified between 0.75-10. 29% of the total essential oil, but caryophyllene oxide was quantified between 3.90-12.17% of the total essential oil. Trichomes investigations showed that leaves bear an indumentum of glandular and non-glandular hairs. Two main kinds of glandular trichomes were observed; peltate and capitate. The numbers of capitate and peltate trichomes varied between populations. Such great differences in the essential oil composition may be attributed to chemotype creation and also an adaptation of these populations to particular habitats.

Salvia uliginosa Benth.: Glandular trichomes as bio-factories of volatiles and essential oil

Micromorphological, histochemical and ultrastructural investigations on the indumentum of vegetative and reproductive organs were carried out for Salvia uliginosa Benth. (Lamiaceae). Besides non-glandular hairs, two types of glandular trichomes (peltate and short-stalked capitate) are described and compared with trichomes in other Lamiaceae species. The histochemical findings evidence a similar, complex chemical nature of the secretory products for both types of trichomes: lipids, terpenes, phenols and flavonoids. TEM investigation allows to confirm the preliminary histochemical results.In addition, we report for the first time the phytochemical characterization of the leaf and flower volatile emission profiles and the analysis of the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts.Leaf volatile profile resulted more complex, presenting a total number of constituents almost double compared to that found in the flowers (50 vs 27 compounds, respectively). Leaf VOC profile is characterized by 30 exclusive compounds, dominated by 1,8-cineole (3.84%) and trans-γ-cadinene. Flower VOC profile Exhibits 7 exclusive compounds, among which germacrene D (8.65%) is the most abundant one. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons represent the major chemical class in both profiles (90.13% in leaves and 92.18% in flowers) and 20 common compounds have been detected: among them δ-elemene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene and bicyclogermacrene are the dominant constituents, with relative percentages in the range of about 5.00–17.00% for the leaves and of about 9.00-31.00% for the flowers.49 different compounds were identified in the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts. The extraction yield is 0,02%. Sesquiterpenes represent the most abundant terpene fraction (89.56%). The main compound is bicyclogermacrene (16.30%) followed by germacrene D (14.81%), β-caryophyllene (8.57%) and δ-cadinene (8.47%), among the hydrocarbons. Spathulenol (12.66%) dominates the oxygenated sesquiterpenes.

Morphological and anatomical features of Bauhinia vahlii Wight and Arnott. grown in Egypt

Leaves and stems of plants of genus Bauhinia, family Fabaceae subfamily Caesalpinoideae, have been used as folk remedies for treatment of numerous health problems mainly diabetes. The genus is famous for the characteristic camel's foot shape of its leaves and bearing flowers ranging from white, yellow to purple. The shape and size of both flower and leaf are essential for species characterization. This study targets the morphological and histological profiling of Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arnott. due to its recently evidenced biological importance. Morphologically, B. vahlii can be distinguished by being a huge evergreen climber with numerous pairs of coiled revolute tendrils. Its branches bear numerous large bilobed hairy leaves and white flowers that turns buff by time. The flowers show three long fertile stamens and two short staminodes. The commonly used parts, leaves and stems, were subjected to a deeper investigation. Microscopically, they are characterized by long non-glandular hairs with three small basal cells and an elongated distal one and that are rare in Caesalpinoideae. B. vahlli was recently segregated into a separate genus; Phanera based on the presence of tendrils, nature of its flower's androceum and phylogenetic data.

The effect of flowering calendula and cuphea plants on Orius insidiosus survival and predation of Aphis glycines

ABSTRACTFlowering oilseed crops have the potential to diversify agroecosystems currently dominated by corn and soybeans and improve the provision of ecosystem services such as pest control. Nectar and pollen feeding may increase natural enemy fitness and searching behaviour, increasing their survival and prey consumption rates. The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura; Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a particularly widespread and costly agricultural pest. In this study, we evaluate the effects of two flowering oilseed crops, cuphea and calendula, on the survival of the insidious flower bug (Orius insidiosus Say; Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and its consumption levels of A. glycines placed on soybean plants. We also evaluated the survival of O. insidiosus when placed on glandular and non-glandular cuphea varieties. The amount of A. glycines that remained unconsumed by O. insidiosus did not differ among treatments. Because mortality levels of O. insidiosus were higher on glandular compared to non-glandular cuphea plants, glandular trichomes, or plant hairs, may play a role in impeding movement and prey consumption by O. insidious.

Identity Characteristics of three Guatemalan Edible and Medicinal species

The diagnostic characteristics for the correct identification of Fernaldia pandurata, Cucurbita argyrosperma and Solanum nigrescens, popularly used as food and medicine, were established in the present study. The macroscopical and microscopical description, histochemical screening of secondary metabolites, organoleptical analysis of fresh and dry drug, acute toxicity, determination of total and acid ashes, and moisture percent for each species, were carried out. F. pandurata flowers, strongly aromatic and greenish-white in fresh plant material, become brown in the dry drug, which include some leaves and stem parts. Microscopically, large epidermal cells, evident cuticle, lacunar collenchyma, paracytic type stomata, and different varieties of hairs, appear. Non-glandular hairs show multicellular, verrucous, or acicular shape, and diversity of bases; glandular ones with unicellular blunt heads, and unicellular short stalks; sclereids, prismatic calcium oxalate crystals and pollen of circular shape with size ranges from 60-80 microns and pore-like opening were also found. C. argyrosperma seed with green color, microscopically exhibits reticulated cover and undulations; the leaves and stem, like other Cucurbitaceae members, show angular collenchyma, anomocytic type stomata, bicolateral vascular bounds surrounded by sclerenchyma, abundant non-glandular multicellular large and short elevated hairs, multicellular glandular ones with unicellular foot. S. nigrescens flowers are pale purple or white and exhibit a dark zone near de base; microscopically, leaves and stem shows non-glandular hairs, multicellular, verrucous with four and six cells in the base, plains and unicellular with blunt end with diversity of bases, glandular ones with unicellular foot and multicellular blunt heads and calcium oxalate druses. None of the species showed significant toxicity.

Study on characteristics of non-glandular hairs of cultivated Lonicera japonica

We collected 22 cultivated population of Lonicera japonica from 17 areas. The characteristics of non-glandular hairs were observed and measured by the scanning electron microscopy. The principal components analysis and correlation analysis were conduct based on length and density of L. japonica. The results showed a significant negative correlation between length and density of non-glandular hairs, and the characteristics of non-glandular was not corrrelated significantly with latitude. The correlation results indicated that the density was a key to separate "Damaohua" and "Jizhuahua". The contribution of climate and soil was important to the cultivated population. This reminded that the characteristics of non-glandular hairs were affected by environmental and genetic interaction.

Comparing and authenticating on anatomical aspects of Abrus cantoniensis and Abrus mollis by microscopy.

Background:Abrus cantoniensis is popularly used as traditional Chinese medicine and a cool tea in South of China. However, due to diminishing source of A. cantoniensis, it is usually interchanged or adulterated with other species of Abrus genus because of the limited knowledge in identification and differentiation. Especially, Abrus mollis is widely mixed on herbal markets and pharmaceutical preparation.Objective:To ensure safety and efficacy, a detailed comparison was undertaken to carry out an anatomical and micro-morphological study of two species of A. cantoniensis and A. mollis.Materials and Methods:Microscopic characteristics of roots, leaves and stems, including transverse sections and the crude drug powder, were observed using a light microscope according to the usual microscopic techniques.Results:The basic diagnostic features of A. cantoniensis include that stem is extremely thin; xylem vessels of root are radially arranged in 10 or more bundles; pith is hollow in stem, and the palisade tissue is made up of two layers of palisade cells. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy was used to compare nonglandular hairs and the stomata of the leaflet surface. A table of the key authentication parameters based on the analyzed microscopic characteristics was drawn up.Conclusion:The study demonstrated that the microscopy and related techniques provided a systematic method that is convenient, feasible, and can be unambiguously applied to the authentication of the species of Abrus.

한국산 산박하속(꿀풀과)의 외부형태학적 식별 형질

ABSTRACT: Although a few recent taxonomic studies focusing on infraspecific taxa in each species of Isodon havebeen reported, a detailed taxonomic revision of the Korean Isodon taxa has yet to be performed. We investigated themorphological characters of Korean Isodon based on approximately 600 herbarium sheets from major herbaria inKorea and Japan. We identified characters which distinguish seven Korean Isodon taxa and created a key to KoreanIsodon based on the results from this study and on recent studies of the Korean Isodon taxa. The following uniquecharacters for several taxa were recognized: 1) dense non-glandular hairs in stems for I. inflexus var. canescens (over 70ea/mm on one side of the stem), 2) dense glandular hairs on the abaxial surface of the leaf for I. serra (over 40 ea/mm 2 ),3) protruding pistils and stamens from the corolla with the length of the protruding part longer than that of the lowerlobe of corolla for I. japonicus, and 4) the presence of non-glandular hairs on the entire surface of the fruit of I.inflexus var. microphyllus. Based on this study, we recognized that there are four species, two varieties, and one formaof Isodon taxa in Korea.

Traits of seasonal dimorphism associated with adaptation to cold stress in Origanum dictamnus L. (Lamiaceae)

Phryganic plants are herbs or subshrubs with erect shoots that grow at low altitudes under hot and arid environmental conditions. Many phryganic plants are aromatic/medicinal plants and display the phenomenon of seasonal dimorphism (Thymus sibthorpii, Satureja thymbra, Cistus incanus, Phlomis fruticosa, Teucrium polium, etc.). Phryganic plants of the Mediterranean region are reported so far to be affected by summer drought stress. However, in the present study, the phryganic plant Origanum dictamnus appears to be affected by winter cold stress rather than by summer drought stress in the specific area. This triggered the investigation of the functional and structural traits associated with adaptation of O. dictamnus to cold stress. Winter plants of O. dictamnus in order to stand up to the cold, shed all of their large leaves and keep only the small apical leaves, which are covered with a thick insulating layer of dendroid non-glandular hairs. Epidermal and mesophyll cells of apical leaves contain antioxidant vacuolar phenolics protecting from oxidative stress due to low temperatures. Protection from oxidative stress is also provided by the antioxidant essential oils secreted by the numerous glandular hairs. Concentrations of stress indicators like proline and soluble sugars, are always higher in winter leaves compared to summer leaves. Principal components of the O. dictamnus essential oil are p-Cymene, Carvacrol, γ-Terpinene, and Borneol. The major constituent of the winter oil is p-Cymene (59.2%) and that of the summer oil Carvacrol (42.4%). The presented results provide a structural and functional elucidation for the largely deviating appearance of winter and summer plants of O. dictamnus, and favour the interpretation of adaptation of the plant to cold stress.

Effects of different light intensities, CO2 concentrations, temperatures and drought stress on photosynthetic activity in two paleoendemic resurrection plant species Ramonda serbica and R. nathaliae

Ramonda serbica and R. nathaliae are rare resurrection flowering plants of the northern hemisphere. Although their habitats on the north-exposed slopes of canyons and gorges are similar, those inhabited by R. nathaliae are more varied in terms of humidity, temperature and type of bedrock. These fine differences in ecological preference lead us to ask whether diploid R. nathaliae is ecologically more plastic than hexaploid R. serbica. Photosynthetic performance and fluorescence parameters are central in evaluating a plant's capacity to withstand extreme environmental conditions. We have compared the effects of various light intensities, CO2 concentrations and temperatures on the photosynthetic response of well hydrated plants of the two species. We also tracked changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence, photochemical efficiency and non-photochemical quenching during plant desiccation. The results have shown that both species have a low compensation point and low dark respiration that are indispensable for their survival at shaded and humid sites; only there are they able to maintain an appropriate equilibrium between positive net carbon gain and optimal water status. Under conditions of saturating light and CO2, net CO2 uptake was always higher in R. nathaliae that showed lower sensitivity to temperatures between 25°C and 40°C. Moreover, the leaves of R. nathaliae are amphistomatic, with smaller but more numerous stomata than those in the hypostomatic leaves of R. serbica. These xeromorphic characters of R. nathaliae suggest the better regulation of gas exchange and efficiency of water use, under the conditions of everyday short periods of direct sunlight and higher temperatures, making it possible for this species to inhabit more open, warm and dry habitats than R. serbica. Pronounced drought stress induced, in both species, strong decline in fluorescence parameters, photochemical quenching and chain electron transport rate. At the same time the exceptionally high non-photochemical quenching provided the main and highly effective mechanism of energy dissipation and protection against over-excitation. Although being homoiochlorophyllous, chloroplasts in desiccated plants are well protected from photodamage in two ways. First, the leaves are curled inward with the palisade tissue oriented to the inner side of the leaf. Second, the lower epidermis, that hence becomes exposed to sunlight, is densely covered with dark non-glandular hairs and is rich in carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics. All this protects desiccated plant tissues against excessive light induced damage.

Pigeonpea genotypes influence parasitization preference and survival and development of the Helicoverpa armigera larval parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae.

Studies were undertaken to identify pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh and the wild relative of pigeonpea, Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) (accession ICPW 125,) genotypes that are hospitable to the pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) for the management of this pest in pigeonpea based cropping systems. Percentage parasitization of the H. armigera larvae by the C. chlorideae females was greater under no-choice conditions than under multi-choice conditions because of forced parasitization under no-choice conditions. Lowest parasitization was recorded on the wild relative, ICPW 125, which may be due to long nonglandular hairs and low survival of H. armigera larvae. Parasitization of H. armigera larvae was greater under no-choice, dual-choice and/or multi-choice conditions on ICPL 87, ICPL 87119 and ICPL 87091, which are susceptible to H. armigera, than on the pod borer-resistant genotypes ICPL 332WR, ICPL 84060 and ICPB 2042; while survival and development of the parasitoid was better on H. armigera larvae fed on ICPL 87, ICPL 87119, LRG 41, ICP 7035 and ICPL 87091 than on ICPL 332WR, ICPL 84060, ICPB 2042 and ICPW 125. The genotypes ICPL 87, ICPL 87119, LRG 42 and ICPL 87091 that are hospitable to C. chloridae, are better suited for use in integrated pest management to minimize the losses due to H. armigera in pigeonpea.

English

Ajuga orientalis (Lamiaceae), with a wide distribution area in Turkey, is a traditionally used medicine in the treatment of some skin diseases in Anatolia. The aim of this study was to determine the anatomical characteristics of the root, stem, leaf, petiole, calyx and corolla of  medicinal species of A. orientalis in cross sections. As a result of the study, it was found out that the pith rays of the root composed 3 to 4 rowed cells and stem was quadrangular. The shape of pith cell in the stem was ovaidal-polygon. There were glandular and non-glandular hairs on the surface layers on stem, leaves, petiole, calyx and corolla. Starch particles were also detected in the cortex cells of stem. The stomata were diastatic and the leaf was bifacial. There were one big vascular bundle in the center and 4 to 5 small vascular bundles on each corner of the petiole. It was also determined that adaxial epidermis cell shapes of corolla are papillose type. Key words: Ajuga orientalis, anatomy, medicinal plant, Turkey.

Glandular and non-glandular hairs in the seasonally dimorphic Origanum dictamnus L. (Lamiaceae) as a means of adaptation to cold stress

<em>Origanum dictamnus</em> is a seasonally dimorphic plant having different appearance in winter and summer. Shoots of winter plants are leaf-naked except for their apical region which bears a cluster of small leaves covered with a thick indumentum of non-glandular hairs. This indumentum highly contributes to the avoidance of cold penetration into the leaf mesophyll, allowing thus plants to endure winter low temperatures. Shoots of summer plants are vigorous with large green leaves. Non-glandular hairs are dendroid with a 5-celled vertical stub and several lateral branches. Glandular hairs are of two types, large peltate hairs and small capitate hairs. Peltate hairs are numerous and consist of a 12-celled head, a unicellular stalk, and a basal epidermal cell.. They constitute the sites of essential oil secretion. Capitate hairs occur in a small number and are composed of a unicellular head, a unicellular stalk and a basal epidermal cell. They are not secreting essential oil, but a hydrophilic material. The oil secreted by the peltate hairs has antioxidant properties, opposes the oxidative stress resulted from low temperatures, and contributes to the adaptation of the plant to winter cold stress.

Identification and Taxonomic Status ofCordylanthus tenuisSUBSP.Pallescens(Orobanchaceae)

Abstract Cordylanthus tenuis subsp. pallescens, Pallid Bird's-beak, is a rare plant of the Mount Shasta area of northern California. Recent reports of dozens of populations outside its limited expected range, observations of plants with morphology intermediate to other subspecies of C. tenuis, and populations that seemed to include individuals of more than one subspecies, raised questions about its rarity and taxonomic validity. Examining populations in the field suggested that many reported populations were misidentified because they were based on a single trait, often foliage color. The name C. t. subsp. pallescens should be restricted to populations in which all or most plants have the combination of traits expected of this taxon, including yellow-green foliage, four to eight flowers per cluster, and short, mostly non-glandular calyx hairs. In the context of other variation recognized at the subspecies level in C. tenuis, recognizing C. t. subsp. pallescens taxonomically is a reasonable choice, despite...

Morphological variation of non-glandular hairs in cultivated Epimedium sagittatum (Berberidaceae) populations and implications for taxonomy

Morphological variation of non-glandular hairs in cultivated Epimedium sagittatum (Berberidaceae) populations and implications for taxonomy

Erigeron pacalis(Asteraceae), a New Species from Western Canadian Boreal Grasslands

Abstract. Erigeron pacalis Bjork (Asteraceae) is a new species found only in the Peace River Grasslands of northeastern British Columbia, Canada. Its characteristics (short stature, leathery leaves, vestiture of mixed glandular and nonglandular hairs, and white rays) distinguish it from E. glabellus Nutt. and E. asper Nutt., the latter of which has appeared only in synonymy under E. glabellus according to most recent authors, but which shows consistent distinctions that merit its resurrection from synonymy.

Identification of Daqingye and Banlangen including crude drugs and decoction dregs from three plant species by normal light and fluorescence microscopy

Daqingye and Banlangen are commonly used Chinese medicinal materials derived from the leaves and roots of Isatis indigotica Fort., respectively, which clinical effects have been confirmed by many studies in recent years. However, many problems have arisen concerning the quality and identity of materials sold in the market under these two names. Thus, the identification of Daqingye and Banlangen has drawn public attention. In this work, transverse sections of Daqingye and Banlangen from I. indigotica Fort. and two easily confused species, namely Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek. and Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz., were investigated with normal light and fluorescence microscopy. The distinguishing features were 7-9 vascular bundles, cystoliths and nonglandular hairs in the leaves of I. indigotica, B. cusia, and C. cyrtophyllum, respectively. The Banlangen could be distinguished according to the characteristics of parenchymous cells, cystoliths, and stone cells. Moreover, the fluorescence features of Daqingye and Banlangen investigated in this study can provide direct points for differentiating those samples. Importantly, whether the crude drugs were decocted could be easily identified by their different fluorescence features, which can ensure their quality in clinical application. This is the first report to distinguish the three species that are commonly found in the market sold as Daqingye and Banlangen by normal light and fluorescence microscopy. This work indicates that the combination of normal light and fluorescence microscopy could be powerful, convenient, and economical for authenticating Daqingye and Banlangen from the three species, including crude drugs and decoction dregs.

The composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils in three Ocimum species growing in Romania

Abstract In this study the glandular hair morphology, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from three Ocimum species have been investigated (Ocimum basilicum L. var. Genovese, O. gratissimum and O. tenuiflorum). The indumentum shows little variation among the investigated species with both glandular and non-glandular hairs presents. Glandular hairs on the three species are peltate and capitate (with various cell numbers in the stalk and gland). The samples of essential oils obtained from the plant aerial organs by hydrodistillation have been analyzed by GC-MS. Linalool (65.38%, 74.22%, 38.60%), eugenol (5.26%, 3.47%, 10.20%) and tau-cadinol (8.18%, 3.47%, 10.20%) appear as the main components in Ocimum basilicum L. var. Genovese, O. gratissimum and O. tenuiflorum. The oils also contain lower levels of α-bergamotene, 1,8-cineole, germacrene D, β-ocimene, α-caryophyllene, camphor, and α-guaiene. All essential oils showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli depending on their concentration. Ocimum basilicum L. var. Genovese oil produced the strongest antibacterial effect on S. aureus and E. coli.

Comparative research on histological and microscopical leaves characters of five species in Chloranthus

To clarify the origin and provide pharmacognostical evidences for the leaves of 5 species in Chloranthus. Histological observation and microscopic identification through different slice-making techniques were applied to the research. There were subtle differences between the histological characteristics. In microscopical identification, the different structures of vascular bundles in veins were observed, appendages and non-glandular hairs were distinct. The method can be used to distinguish the features of 5 species in Chloranthus. This article offers information for the further research and exploitation of Chloranthus.