Non-functional Requirements Research Articles

MEDIA KOMUNIKASI SANTRI DAN ALUMNI PONDOK PESANTREN ROBITHOTUL ASHFIYA' BERBASIS WEBSITE

Founded in 1990, Robithotul Ashfiya Islamic Boarding School has had students spread across the archipelago. However, the communication media between alumni and students are still limited to social media such as FB and What’sapp group. This makes information often not well-conveyed and well-documented. Since the place is located quite far from the city center, this Islamic boarding school is not well-known by the public, so it requires qualified promotional media. With the establishment of cooperation between the Islamic boarding schools and Universitas Qomaruddin, a solution is found to the existing problems, namely the realization of a boarding school website. The system development methodology used is SDLC (System Development Life Cycle). Feasibility studies and investigations are carried out directly to the site. Requirement analysis includes functional and non-functional requirements of the system. System design uses UML (Unified Modeling Language) and level diagrams. Application is in the form of system development using the CMS (Content Management System) wordpress and system implementation. Regular review and maintenance are with a direct mentoring system in the form of system management training and monitoring system use. The result of the community service is a finished product of a boarding school website and website management training for the boarding school system administrators. With the existence of the website, now the Robithotul Ashfiya Islamic boarding school can make promotions to the community more easily and provide better information to its students and alumni.

Classification of Non-functional Requirements Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Classification of Non-functional Requirements Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Fine-grained adaptive parallelism for automotive systems through AMALTHEA and OpenMP

The software development complexity of automotive systems has significantly increased during the last decade due to the latest Advanced Driving Assistance System (ADAS) functionalities. To effectively address this complexity, domain specific modeling languages (DSMLs) like AUTOSAR or an open-source system performance model for AUTOSAR-aligned systems, APP4MC, have become a common trend in the automotive industry. DSMLs allow for easily capturing the functional and non-functional requirements of the system without needing to master low level details of the programming model or the processor architecture. Unfortunately, current DSMLs do not support the parallel programming models, like OpenMP and CUDA, that are used to exploit parallel heterogeneous architectures featuring acceleration devices such as GPUs and FPGAs required. These architectures are however essential to cope with the performance needs of ADAS. This exposes a gap between the DSMLs used by automotive designers to enhance software productivity and leverage verification and validation processes, and the parallel processor architectures used in this domain. This paper presents a complete framework to safely exploit the inherent parallelism exposed by the AMALTHEA system description, supported in APP4MC, by: (1) automatically transforming the high-level design into the OpenMP parallel programming model targeting both host and accelerator parallelism, and (2) using compiler analysis techniques to prove the correctness of the model transformed to OpenMP code. The paper contributes also with (3) an analysis of the parallel execution model allowed by the AMALTHEA DSML and that of OpenMP, and (4) a performance plus productivity evaluation of the proposed framework on real automotive systems executed on an embedded GPU-based processor architecture.

Development and evaluation of an anesthesia module for electronic medical records in the operating room: an applied developmental study

Developing an anesthesia module in the operating room is one of the significant steps toward the implementation of electronic medical records (EMR) in health care centers. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the web based-anesthesia module of an electronic medical record Sciences, in the operating room of the Namazi Medical Training Center of Shiraz University of Medical Iran. This developmental and applied study was conducted in steps including determining the functional and non-functional requirements, designing and implementing the anesthesia module, and usability evaluation. 3 anesthesiologists, 3 anesthesiologist assistants, and 12 anesthetist nurses were included in the study as a research community. React.js, Node.js programming language to program this module, Mongo dB database, and Windows server for data management and USE standard questionnaire were used. In the anesthesia module, software quality features were determined as functional requirements and non-functional requirements included 286 data elements in 25 categories (demographic information, surgery information, laboratory results, patient graphs, consults, consent letter, physical examinations, medication history, family disease records, social record, past medical history, type of anesthesia, anesthesia induction method, airway management, monitoring, anesthesia chart, blood and fluids, blood gases, tourniquets and warmers, accessories, positions, neuromuscular reversal, transfer the patient from the operating room, complications of anesthesia and, seal/ signature). Also, after implementing the anesthesia module, results of the usability evaluation showed that 69.1% of the users agreed with the use of this module in the operating room and considered it user-friendly.

Agile prototyping strategy for building shared understanding in requirements engineering

The strategy proposed in this paper addresses a critical challenge in requirements engineering: building a shared understanding among all stakeholders in software development. Shared understanding refers to the ability of people in a team to have a common and consistent understanding of the requirements that the system will have, which is essential for effective collaboration. The construction of this strategy was done using Situational Method Engineering (SME), which allowed to obtain, at the end of the realization of each of its activities, a set of phases, with their respective activities and tasks, which seek the construction of shared understanding through the realization of agile prototyping. The use of prototypes allows to provide a visual and tangible representation of the system requirements, which facilitates communication and feedback among stakeholders. In this sense, this article shows the use of SME for the final construction of the strategy, which consists of several phases, including planning, requirements identification and analysis, non-functional prototyping, requirements management, functional prototyping, and socialization. These phases are designed to strengthen communication, promote collaboration, and ensure a solid shared understanding throughout the software development process.

Architectural solution for the ddp (diploma defense project) web application to document the examination process

Analysis of recent research and publications. The primary source of information about using Ruby on Rails is the official RoR documentation website. After researching scientific papers and textbooks on architecture, theoretical aspects that should be taken into account when developing web services were collected. Research objective. The aim of this work is to investigate existing architectural solutions for automating the work of the examination committee and to develop an architectural solution for creating a software product based on it to increase efficiency and improve the quality of the defense process. Presentation of the main research material. The main stakeholders were identified - the secretary of the commission, commission members, commission chair, academic supervisor, student undergoing defense procedures. The client-customer is considered the department. A questionnaire was proposed for teachers to determine non-functional requirements. This allowed us to better consider their needs and requirements in project development. Analysis of functional requirements (architecturally significant requirements) has been conducted. The requirements define factors that significantly influence the choice of architectural style and tools. The constraints include financial and resource aspects, as well as technical and organizational constraints, which can impact the volume, speed, and possibility of future project development. For the DDP system, the following technology stack was chosen: Ruby on Rails for backend and frontend; Postgres for the database. Additionally, a domain was purchased on the HOSTIA service - lildoc.hhos.net (domain traffic is unlimited, currently valid until 08/22/2025), andplans are in place to purchase database hosting. Github was chosen for version control. The design, class, sequence, activity, entity-relationship diagrams for theDDP system were formed and presented. The defined architecture of the DDP project: - Follows Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern. - Components: Models, Views, Controllers, Routing, Database (PostgreSQL), User Interface, Authentication and Authorization System, Testing. Conclusions from this study and prospects for further developments in this direction. The article examines existing solutions for automating the secretary of the commission's workplace, presents the results of developing the general architecture of the DDP project based on Ruby on Rails principles and the MVC pattern. A new architectural solution for a web service to automate the work of the examination commission members is presented.

App store mining for feature extraction: analyzing user reviews

A recent study shows that the most commonly used app stores, iOS app store and Android's play store had up to 2 million apps from where users can explore, purchase, share, download and install applications on a single click. More and more apps are being added daily which makes the app stores a large software repository. An enormous amount of data is provided by the end users in the form of user reviews. This data can provide valuable insights for acquiring requirements. User reviews include plenty of information as they contain information about faulty features (Bug reports), ideas for new features and improvements (feature requests), or user experience that can help app developers and vendors to achieve software enhancement and evolution tasks. As feature requests are the ones that are most helpful for the purpose of eliciting new requirements, the work is done on feature requests out of the 3 categories mentioned above. This study is conducted to provide a general approach that extracts feature request from user reviews. The proposed approach has five main building blocks, namely, (i) Extraction of Feature Requests, (ii) Feature Extraction from Feature Requests, (iii) topic modelling, (iv) sentiment analysis and (v) Classification into Functional Requirements (FR) and Non-Functional Requirements (NFR). Firstly, it finds the feature requests out of the reviews, then perform extraction of features from feature requests, then further work on grouping the features into topics, next apply sentiment analysis to mine the user opinions on the extracted topic and finally group them into Functional and Non-Functional requirements. This article provides the app developers a more user-centred definition of requirements and improvements. At the topic modelling phase, the results received the highest coherence score, 0.70, with k=22 topics. Sentiment analysis is used to classify feature request, with an accuracy of 80.20%, precision of 84.25%, and recall of 80.42%. With an accuracy of 84.4%, requirements are classified quite successfully as well.

Implementasi Metode Fuzzy AHP untuk Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Peminjaman pada Koperasi Kredit Sejahtera

Koperasi Kredit Sejahtera is a cooperative engaged in savings and loan services in the Bogor area. One form of KKS service to employees is by providing loan funds to help solve financial problems for employees. The problem faced by KKS so far is that decision-making activities in lending are still inadequate which results in non-performing loans or bad debts because the cooperative does not have a special system for decision making. Based on the problems that occur, researchers will build a decision support system that can handle credit problems using the Fuzzy AHP method using 9 criteria, namely salary, term, other loans, membership status, expenses, accuracy of previous payments, work, loan purpose and loan amount so that it can help the cooperative in determining the provision of loans to prospective creditors quickly, precise and accurate according to the ranking of the fuzzy AHP calculation results. Blackbox testing is carried out to test the achievement of the functional requirements of the system which shows that the functional requirements are met 100% of the total 8 functional consisting of 5 functional on admin actor and 3 functional on officer actor can be done/valid. UAT testing is used to test the achievement of non-functional requirements. By conducting a questionnaire to 16 respondents, the result is 100% valid and reliable. So that 100% of non-functional needs are successfully met.

The role of informal communication in building shared understanding of non-functional requirements in remote continuous software engineering

The role of informal communication in building shared understanding of non-functional requirements in remote continuous software engineering

Research on the design and implementation of computer experiment cloud platform under the application of big data technology

Abstract In this paper, the computer experiment cloud platform is built using big data technology, and various functions are implemented based on optimizing the platform parameters based on distributed estimation algorithms. The functional and non-functional requirements of the platform are determined, and the overall architecture design and system database design of the platform are carried out. The distributed estimation algorithm and the UDMA algorithm are used to identify the motor model, and the PID controller uses a particle swarm-based algorithm for parameter optimization. The platform system’s requirements are evaluated from environmental and performance perspectives to ensure that it meets the requirements proposed by the requirements analysis. The value of W(S i) is small, and the actual performance load of the platform remains. The performance of the platform function is good and can withstand a large amount of concurrency, and the average value of 90% response time is maintained at 5.8698s, showing an increasing trend.

Automatic Synthesis of FSMs for Enforcing Non-functional Requirements on MPSoCs Using Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithms

Embedded system applications often require guarantees regarding non-functional properties when executed on a given MPSoC platform. Examples of such requirements include real-time, energy, or safety properties on corresponding programs. One option to implement the enforcement of such requirements is by a reactive control loop, where an enforcer decides based on a system response (feedback) how to control the system, e.g., by adapting the number of cores allocated to a program or by scaling the voltage/frequency mode of involved processors. Typically, a violation of a requirement must either never happen in case of strict enforcement, or only happen temporally (in case of so-called loose enforcement). However, it is a challenge to design enforcers for which it is possible to give formal guarantees with respect to requirements, especially in the presence of typically largely varying environmental input (workload) per execution. Technically, an enforcement strategy can be formally modeled by a finite state machine (FSM) and the uncertain environment determining the workload by a discrete-time Markov chain. It has been shown in previous work that this formalization allows the formal verification of temporal properties (verification goals) regarding the fulfillment of requirements for a given enforcement strategy. In this article, we consider the so-far-unsolved problem of design space exploration and automatic synthesis of enforcement automata that maximize a number of deterministic and probabilistic verification goals formulated on a given set of non-functional requirements. For the design space exploration (DSE), an approach based on multi-objective evolutionary algorithms is proposed in which enforcement automata are encoded as genes of states and state transition conditions. For each individual, the verification goals are evaluated using probabilistic model checking. At the end, the DSE returns a set of efficient FSMs in terms of probabilities of meeting given requirements. As experimental results, we present three use cases while considering requirements on latency and energy consumption.

Safe Maintenance of Railways using COTS Mobile Devices: The Remote Worker Dashboard

The railway domain is regulated by rigorous safety standards to ensure that specific safety goals are met. Often, safety-critical systems rely on custom hardware-software components that are built from scratch to achieve specific functional and non-functional requirements. Instead, the (partial) usage of Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components is very attractive as it potentially allows reducing cost and time to market. Unfortunately, COTS components do not individually offer enough guarantees in terms of safety and security to be used in critical systems as they are. In such a context, RFI (Rete Ferroviaria Italiana), a major player in Europe for railway infrastructure management, aims at equipping track-side workers with COTS devices to remotely and safely interact with the existing interlocking system, drastically improving the performance of maintenance operations. This paper describes the first effort to update existing (embedded) railway systems to a more recent cyber-physical system paradigm. Our Remote Worker Dashboard (RWD) pairs the existing safe interlocking machinery alongside COTS mobile components, making cyber and physical components cooperate to provide the user with responsive, safe, and secure service. Specifically, the RWD is a SIL4 cyber-physical system to support maintenance of actuators and railways in which COTS mobile devices are safely used by track-side workers. The concept, development, implementation, verification, and validation activities to build the RWD were carried out in compliance with the applicable CENELEC standards required by certification bodies to declare compliance with specific guidelines.

Analisis Kebutuhan Pengguna pada Pengembangan Malang Virtual Tourism dengan Ambience Lingkungan Terintegrasi

The use of VR in the tourism business continues to increase. The use of VR for tourism is known as virtual tourism. virtual tourism can simulate tourist destinations using a virtual environment (VE). Virtual tourism is expected to enhance the experience for tourists and attract new markets to tourist destinations. Malang City is one of the tourist destinations in East Java, and is always visited by both domestic and foreign tourists. However, Malang City is still not a major destination in tourism, compared to Batu City (Kota Batu) and Malang Regency (Kabupaten Malang), this is due to the lack of vigorous promotion. In order to provide a pleasant experience for its users, Malang Virtual Tourism must be developed based on user needs. Based on these problems, a virtual reality application will be developed that can provide immersive experiences to users related to tourist destinations in Malang City. At the requirement analysis stage, a specification design of the system to be made includes functional and non-functional requirements needed for the development of the system in this research will be carried out. The requirement analysis process involves potential users of the system. We were identifying the requirements by numbering each requirement that has been made with a Use case diagram and Use case Scenario. This step generates a general description and system requirements. The results of this stage get five functional requirements and one non-functional, usability.

Artificial Intelligence-Based Chatbot to Support Public Health Services in Indonesia

The aim of this study is to build an artificial intelligence chatbot application to support public health services. The chatbot acts as an information service that can replace the role of humans. The analysis of functional needs was obtained from information submitted by one of the heads of public health centers in Indonesia. This study uses the Scrum method with pregame stages to produce a plan consisting of functional and non-functional requirements analysis and conceptual design of the chatbot, which will be developed using Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams. The process of finding answers uses the matching graph master technique, which is a backtrack matching that utilizes a depth-first search strategy. There are 6 topics of chatbot services, including service schedules, health information, registration, diseases, drugs, and early care services for chatbot users. Tests conducted on these 6 topics showed an average correct answer ratio of 93.1% out of a total of 251 questions. The result of the usability measurement on the chatbot application that has been built obtained a system usability scale value of 80.1, indicating that the developed chatbots are acceptable for use.

Induktyvinis metodas komponentinių programų sintezėje

The automatic programming and automatic software synthesis systems are relevant software engineering research objects. This article presents the prospects of induction as a component-based software synthesis method. The usage of induction in the component-based software synthesis system can solve main synthesis problems: problem of specification, problem of undefined components and problem of non-functional requirements. However using induction synthesis system can lose soundness provided by structural synhesis of programs method. To avoid this any inductive conclusion should be verified.

Exploring the Challenges and Opportunities of Adopting and Using Telemedicine for Diabetes Care and Management: Qualitative Semistructured Interview Study Among Health Care Providers and Patients With Diabetes.

Around the world, over half of the global population experiences noncommunicable diseases, resulting in premature death. Health care providers (HCPs) can deliver medical treatment from a distance by using digital advancements such as telemedicine. However, there is a limited understanding of the difficulties and opportunities of implementing telemedicine solutions in different socioeconomic and cultural environments, including Kuwait. The purpose of this study is to (1) examine the obstacles and benefits of telemedicine in the context of diabetes treatment and management, as perceived by both HCPs and patients with diabetes; (2) investigate the nonfunctional requirements for telemedicine applications used in diabetes care and management; and (3) provide suggestions to enhance the integration and adoption of telemedicine in Kuwait's health care system for diabetes care and management. The research used a qualitative and exploratory design, with semistructured interviews as the main data collection method. Participants were recruited on the internet through social media platforms due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The results were analyzed using thematic analysis and the Framework Method. The "diffusion of innovation" model was used as a perspective to interpret the findings. A total of 20 participants were included in this study-10 HCPs and 10 patients with diabetes-all of whom supported telemedicine. The HCPs reported that many diabetes cases could be managed through telemedicine, with only a few requiring in-person visits. Patients with diabetes noted the convenience and time-saving aspect of telemedicine. Both groups recommended the creation of a secure and user-friendly telemedicine system similar to popular social media platforms. Additionally, participants emphasized the importance of telemedicine during the pandemic as a way to prioritize patient safety. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the needs and preferences of both HCPs and patients with diabetes in a resource-rich country like Kuwait to embrace telemedicine. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way medical care is provided and has pushed both groups to consider digital solutions for ongoing diabetes management and treatment.

Development of a Web-Based Assignment Information System by Applying Leaderboard and Quest Gamification Elements at SMK Negeri 2 Surakarta

<p>This study aims to find out how to build a web-based assignment information system by applying Leaderboard and Quest gamification elements at SMK Negeri 2 Surakarta TKJ Expertise Program and determine the eligibility level developed according to ISO 25010 Standards. Information system development using the Laravel web application framework. Development is carried out using the agile development software development model consisting of 5 stages, namely planning to produce functional and non-functional requirements. The research applies the Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) method in the analysis and design process. Analysis produces use case diagrams, Design produces activity diagrams and class diagrams. Implementation produces program code from development results. The system produces products uploaded to the server, which can later be accessed online and in real time. This information system has three levels of users, namely admin, teachers and students. The suitability test results using the ISO 25010 Standard on the three sub-characteristics of functional suitability, namely functional completeness, have an average value of 1 (Good). Functional correctness has an average value of 1 (Good). Functional appropriateness has an average value of 1 (Good). Characteristics of performance efficiency obtained an average result of GTMatrix Grade 85% (grade B). The average largest contentful paint is 1.423s (OK, but considering improvement). Average total blocking time 97.82ms (Good - nothing to do here). Average cumulative layout shift 0.023 (Longer than recommended). Portability characteristics have excellent results in that the system can run on desktop or mobile devices. Usability characteristics of 85% (Very Decent). The results of the respondent gamification test average score of 4.44 indicate that respondents are categorized as strongly agreeing with the existence of a web-based assignment information system by applying leaderboard and quest gamification elements. From the results of these tests, it can be concluded that the web-based assignment information system, using Leaderboard and Quest gamification elements at SMK Negeri 2 Surakarta TKJ Expertise Program, meets ISO 25010 quality standards. </p>

Activities and Practices of Requirements Engineering in Agile Software Environments

Requirements are one of the important factors for software success. However, Requirements Engineering (RE) activities, in the Waterfall process model, are done sequentially in the analysis phase, which makes it difficult when RE practitioners think and reason about them in Agile Software Development (ASD) process model. RE practitioners need to find the established RE activities conventions in the ASD process model, especially with an increase of software companies, which transform to the ASD process model, in order to foster their transition to the new model. The objective of this study is to provide RE activities in ASD to allow RE practitioners to utilize the appropriate activity for specific ASD methodology. RE activities in ASD are handled repetitively and on a small scale, which makes them embedded in the development life cycle. This paper focuses on highlighting them in different ASD methodologies and discusses the practices that resolve the traditional Waterfall model issues. Although the ASD model has resolved some traditional RE issues, it introduced other issues, such as a consequence of trying to achieve an adequate balance between agility and stability. In addition, there is a lack of practices that target non-functional requirements.

Topology and material optimization of an underactuated robot for gait rehabilitation

This article presents the topology and material optimization of an underactuated lower limb robot for gait rehabilitation of stroke survivors. Robot aided lower limb rehabilitation has been studied for the last three decades and a few over-actuated and underactuated robot designs have been proposed in the literature. Over-actuated robots give more controlled motions, whereas underactuated designs allow unconstrained naturalistic motions. Designing an underactuated robot is difficult as it must be lightweight and yet strong enough to scaffold human lower limbs during gait. In this research, a Stephenson III six-bar linkage is modified to be used as single-actuated lower limb robot. The proposed robot design couples two four-bar linkages in a driver-driven mode to provide motions, which are equivalent to the motions from a six-bar linkage. A digital twin of the underactuated robot is developed to conduct in-silico experiments and evaluate the use of three different materials namely, aluminum alloy, structural steel, and fiber reinforced carbon composite. Finite element analysis (FEA) modeling is carried out using the Ansys workbench to assess mechanical performance indices. In order to minimize the overall weight of the robot, structural optimization is carried out using a multi-mode single objective genetic algorithm. Functional and nonfunctional design requirements are formulated as constraints to be used during the optimization experiments. The topology and material optimization presented in this article provides insights into the robot design requirements and the optimization process. As a result of this process, a significant reduction in the robot weight is achieved without compromising the mechanical performance.

Minimising conflicts among run‐time non‐functional requirements within DevOps

AbstractSignificant contributions in the existing literature highlight the potential of softgoal interdependency graphs towards analyzing conflicting non‐functional requirements (NFRs). However, such analysis is often at a very abstract level and does not quite consider the run‐time performance statistics of NFR operationalizations. On the contrary, some initial empirical evaluations demonstrate the importance of the run‐time statistics. In this paper, a framework is proposed that uses these statistics and combines the same with NFR priorities for computing the impact of NFR conflicts. The proposed framework is capable of identifying the best possible set of NFR operationalizations that minimizes the impact of conflicting NFRs. A detailed space analysis of the solution framework helps proving the efficiency of the proposed pruning mechanism in terms of better space management. Furthermore, a Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) ‐ based system behavioral model that works on top of the proposed framework, is defined and analyzed. An appropriate tool prototype for the framework is implemented as part of this research.