Non-formal Language Research Articles

Exploring Arabic Diglossia in Learning Kalām: Bridging the Gap in Daily Communication

This study analyzes Arabic diglossia in terms of variety, context, and underlying factors in the teaching of speaking skills at the Markaz Arabiyah Pare institution in Kediri, focusing on the Akbarnas class program. The subjects of this research include students, speaking skills teachers, homeroom teachers, and the head of the curriculum. Using a qualitative descriptive method, data were collected through observation, interviews, and ethnographic documentation. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results indicate that formal language varieties dominate in the Akbarnas class program, complemented by non-formal language varieties to enhance students' linguistic skills. This diglossia is influenced by the language use system established at the institution and the experiences of Middle Eastern graduate teachers who are familiar with various forms of the Arabic language.

Narrative literature review: Efficiency enhancement - user trust in chatbots as a tool for improving service quality by humans

Chatbots have become efficient and reliable tools for instant and real-time information dissemination. Despite their effectiveness, user trust in chatbot systems remains relatively low. A holistic approach is necessary, integrating user emotional experiences, trust-building strategies, and continuous technological refinement to maximize chatbot benefits across various sectors. This research explores the potential for selective information dissemination based on user preferences using chatbots combined with artificial intelligence. Through a narrative approach, the study reviews literature and analyzes eight articles related to chatbots' application in information dissemination. The results indicate that chatbots are efficient in providing information and can be customized for various needs, such as population services, reminder notifications, and book processing. Chatbots have the potential to enhance services and can be integrated into information systems to improve service quality. However, challenges such as reliance on high-quality data and machine learning, difficulties in understanding non-formal language or slang, and limitations in handling complex questions need to be addressed for chatbots to reach their full potential.

Code-Switching and Slang: An Analysis of Language Dynamics in the Everyday Lives of Generation Z

This study explores the dynamics of code-switching used in Generation Z’s (Gen-Z) communication practices, revealing it as a dynamic and adaptive strategy employed in diverse social contexts. Gen-Z exhibits context-specific types of code-switching, utilizing informal and casual forms, such as slang and non-formal language, in peer interactions. Within familial settings, a seamless transition between formal and informal language aligns with established family norms, while professional environments witness the use of formal and professional language. The strategic use of code-switching and slang by Gen-Z serves as a nuanced communication approach, catering to specific social scenarios. In informal peer contexts, the incorporation of slang fosters a sense of camaraderie, while code-switching acts as a tool for expressing emotions and personal identity, reflecting individuals’ comfort in conveying specific feelings or ideas in a chosen language. This research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of Gen-Z’s language practices, showcasing their adeptness in navigating diverse linguistic landscapes, expressing identity, and adapting to social expectations. Such insights are pivotal for fostering effective intergenerational and cross-cultural communication, bridging understanding between different linguistic and cultural groups.

Creative Writing Skills in English: Developing Student's Potential and Creativity

This research describes teaching creative writing skills in English to develop student's potential and creativity. This research is library research. The finding shows that creative writing is an innovative writing style that emphasizes narrative, character development, opinions, and non-formal language styles. It involves expressing ideas and imagination in various forms of fiction and nonfiction and requires the ability to build the reader's imagination and research skills such as poetry, short stories, novels, epics, short stories, fairy tales, drama scripts, film scenarios, song lyrics, television scripts, advertising scripts, popular articles, opinions, news, etc. It also attracts attention and entertains readers, requiring the author's ability to build the reader's imagination. Creative writing in English is a rewarding activity that increases students’ creativity, trains their imagination, and improves their English skills. To improve creative writing skills, students should read diverse literary works, practice regular writing, explore different language styles, use writing prompts, and accept feedback from friends or teachers. Mastering these skills in English can lead to self-expression, imagination, language and vocabulary improvement, and effectively conveying messages. Techniques to improve creative writing skills include reading diverse literary works, practicing regular writing, exploring different language styles, using writing prompts, and being open to feedback from friends or mentors.

(Non-)Formal Language Education Regarding Polish Language, Literature and Culture in Slovenia

This study is a review article. It presents the forms of teaching Polish language, literature and culture that currently exist in Slovenia, from formal education to non-formal education. Particular attention is paid to the role of the university, namely, the University of Ljubljana, within which Polish studies operate, in popularising the Polish language and culture outside the country and outside the program of Polish studies. Since 2019, the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Ljubljana has been organising workshops on the Polish language and knowledge about Poland for children and young people living (temporarily or permanently) in Slovenia. Using the potential of the staff concentrated around formal education centres, in our case the University of Ljubljana, and transferring it to non-formal language education, this gives young Poles living abroad the opportunity to maintain contact with Polish and with fellow countrymen abroad, and deepen their knowledge about Polish and Poland, while posing new challenges for the academic teacher.

Digital Technologies for Self-Learning of Foreign Languages: An Overview of Opportunities

The dynamic changes taking place in contemporary society underline the growing importance of non-formal education in the learning of foreign languages. In view of the current digital progress, (new) information and communication technologies (ICT), which facilitate access to learning content without any time and geographical limitations, are becoming an inseparable tool for non-formal language learning practices. The objective of this article is to demonstrate the role of digital technologies in the process of learning foreign languages in self-learning (self-education) conditions. The presentation covers, in particular, the usefulness of forms of learning using a virtual environment – mass online courses (MOOCs), online social learning and mobile education (m-learning). The consideration undertaken emphasises the specificity and potential of the indicated forms of learning for the purposes of language self-education.

Hate speech detection on Indonesian text using word embedding method-global vector

<p>Hate speech is defined as communication directed toward a specific individual or group that involves hatred or anger and a language with solid arguments leading to someone's opinion can cause social conflict. It has a lot of potential for individuals to communicate their thoughts on an online platform because the number of Internet users globally, including in Indonesia, is continually rising. This study aims to observe the impact of pre-trained global vector (GloVe) word embedding on accuracy in the classification of hate speech and non-hate speech. The use of pre-trained GloVe (Indonesian text) and single and multi-layer long short-term memory (LSTM) classifiers has performance that is resistant to overfitting compared to pre-trainable embedding for hatespeech detection. The accuracy value is 81.5% on a single layer and 80.9% on a double-layer LSTM. The following job is to provide pre-trained with formal and non-formal language corpus; pre-processing to overcome non-formal words is very challenging.</p>

INSTAGRAM FOR MARKETING COMMUNICATION ART EVENTS DURING COVID-19 (CASE STUDY OF 2021 BIENNALE JOGJA IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA)

In 2021 Indonesian government policy enforced restriction towards community activities, to prevent the Covid-19 spread. This policy affected many aspects, includes art events. This article aims to discuss the social media strategy by 2021 Biennale Jogja. That was the first international art event held hybrid (online and offline) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, during the Covid-19. Focus on this article was on the Instagram for marketing communication, because Instagram become the important tools for marketing communication. Methods: descriptive qualitative, data collecting techniques were interview with the 2021 Biennale Jogja organizer. As the data triangulation, we use the visitor responses by observing the Instagram analytics and trends, followed interview with visitors. Results grouped into four elements of social media marketing. First created buzz by spreading any information through Instagram to build engagement, include with the visitor who could not came to the venue. Second social media plan, by identified the target audience and their characteristics. Third was developed relationship with the audience by use the non-formal language in posted materials, the particular hashtags, and make content upload schedule. Fourth was analysed the data collected as evaluation by observed the number of social media reach, engagement, and followers during the event. To attract visitors’ attention, the organizer planned the theme such as information related to the entertainment, education about the artworks, and information about the procedure to visitor who want attend to the venue. Organizer posted different kind of message in the morning, afternoon,and evening. Organizer also created the visual identity for 2021 Jogja Biennale by use orange as the main colour, and blue, purple, and white as the additional colour.

THE IMPACT OF LANGUAGE CHANGES CAUSED BY TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL MEDIA

This research discusses language change as a result of the influence of social media. In an increasingly advanced digital era, social media has become one of the primary communication tools for individuals worldwide. This study utilizes descriptive and comparative analysis methods to explore the influence of social media on language change. Firstly, the research identifies grammar, syntax, and vocabulary changes due to social media usage. Then, the study compares the language used in traditional communication with that used in social media communication. The findings of this research indicate significant language changes due to the use of social media. There is an increase in the use of abbreviations, emoticons, and distinctive terms specific to social media that affect the way humans communicate in a digital context. Additionally, casual writing styles, non-formal language use, and the adaptation of foreign words have become characteristics of social media communication. These language changes can have both positive and negative impacts. On the positive side, social media has enabled faster and more efficient communication between individuals across the globe. Using a more casual and non-formal language can also strengthen social bonds among social media users. However, on the other hand, these language changes can also pose challenges to understanding and communication between different generations or in formal contexts.

Child friendship patterns at a refugee center in Greece

Since 2015, Greece has seen a large influx of refugees, resulting in increased needs for accommodation and education provision. As most newcomers come in family units, innovative educational measures were established to assist schooling and inclusion for refugee children. Schools provide opportunities to young refugee communities for initiating connections and maintaining friendships with local native peers. However, segregated accommodation structures, such as large, remote Refugee Hospitality Centers, can hinder this process. A small-scale study was conducted at Skaramagas refugee camp in the outskirts of Athens, to investigate the number and type of friendships formed by adolescent refugees, including friendships with refugees/migrants from other countries, as well as native peers. Certain sociological factors, such as age, sex, country of origin, school attendance and duration of stay in Greece, were examined. The study was conducted through semi-constructed interviews with 21 adolescent students at the Refugee Hospitality Center, all of whom attended onsite non-formal language classes, although only half attended formal education outside the camp. The results indicate the positive impact of school attendance on relational inclusion and widening friendship circles. Children attending local formal schools were more likely to widen their friendship circles and form friendships with native peers than children who only attended non-formal classes inside the camp. Girls appear to have fewer friendships than boys, ethnicity and age do not seem to provide any significant differentiation, whereas duration of stay in Greece does not seem to affect socialization patterns directly. This study examines the patterns of friendship formation among newly arrived refugee adolescents and highlights the impact of schooling on relational inclusion, even at highly segregated accommodation structures, such as remote refugee camps.

Japanese Slang on The Nihongo Mantappu Youtube Channel (Morphosemantic Study)

Language is a means of communication and interaction among humans to share information from all over the world, therefore language has a very important role in human life. Slang is a variety of non-formal language used by people aged 10-30 years. Slang can also be used as a secret form by using words that can be understood by certain circles and are temporary. By using this slang, it means that we are people who follow the times. Slang can also be modified and can create new vocabulary. The purpose of this study is to examine and describe the form, meaning, and process of forming Japanese slang words found on the Nihongo Mantappu Jerome Polin youtube channel. The method of data collection used the method of observing with note taking techniques, and the method used in the analysis was a qualitative descriptive method. The research data is in the form of slang that appears on the Nihongo Mantappu Jerome Polin Youtube channel. The data collected were 19 Japanese slang data with various variations of forms and meanings. The theory used to analyze is the theory proposed by Kageyama (2016) regarding the process of word formation. The results obtained according to Kageyama's theory (2016) are the process of forming Japanese slang words consisting of compounding (C), affixation (A), conversion (K), reduplication (R), blending (B), clipping (C), and acronyms. or initials (I).

Enacting a Task-Based Language Teaching Curriculum in Indonesian non-Formal Education (INFE): Rationales and Challenges

Tasks-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) has successfully attracted attention of a second (L2)/foreign language (FL) practitioners, researchers, trainers as well as curriculum developer. Much of the research conducted, however, has mainly focused in formal educational settings, and less research carried out in non-formal educational context. The intent of this paper, therefore, is to advocate the notion of enacting TBLT curriculum in General English (GE) program in the pursuit of increasing students’ language communicative competence at Institute of English Course and Training (IECT), one of Indonesian Non-Formal Educations (INFE) in East Lombok Regency of Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, Indonesia. The rationales and challenges of enactment will be provided, and mainly will be based on my experience as a founder of non-formal language centers, as well as a reflexive practitioner. The advocacy should not solely confine to my home regency, East Lombok, but also to language center of INFE that runs GE in Nusa Tenggara Province.

Streaming Channel Brand’s Rhetoric through Social Media (Qualitative Study of Twitter Account @NetflixID)

This research aims to analyze the rhetoric of @NetflixID, well-known as a brand's Twitter account using Selzer's rhetorical analysis approach. Data was collected in January 2020 through documentation using the text analysis technique. The objective of this research is to analyze @NetflixID's rhetoric and show that @NetflixID was found to be embodied the human character by using humor, emojis and emoticons, authorship and personal pronouns, non-formal language style, choice of words, anecdote, and non-standard vocabularies in giving information and showing emotions. Canon style and canon memory help find the pathos and logos of @NetflixID. Furthermore, this research found the potential uses of conversational tone, authorship, and personal pronouns as a marketing communication tool in initiating social interactions, generating affective responses from the audience, creating emotional bonds with the consumer, and attracting the consumers' attention similarly to humor. After all, this research discovers @NetflixID's rhetoric in promoting the products and engaging with audiences.

Social network as a tool of informal language and communicative education of a doctor

The article considers the problem of necessity in providing continual non-formal language and communicative education of doctors through social network. The views of scientists on the importance of non-formal education for modern highly qualified specialists, the benefits of continual education are analyzed. Іnformation and communicative technologies (in particular – social network) are outlined аmong the tools of non-formal education, which occupy a special place in the process of effective, fast and easy self-development and self-learning. The purpose of research is to find out the best tool among information and communicative technologies for continual non-formal language and communicative education of doctors, analyzing the use of various social networks among medical workers, identifying the most relevant and accessible areas of language and communicative education. Results of such research represent urgency to improve the quality of communication between doctors and patients in our society, and therefore, it is important to create an informational educational environment for informal language and communicative doctor’s studying. The exploring provides data of medical workers’ usage of various social networks on professional and personal purposes, analyzes the level of coverage and interest in educational and illustrative material that motivate to language and communicative literacy (on the example "Effective communication between doctor and patient" on Facebook and Instagram).

Aprendizaje individualizado de segundas lenguas para alumnos de prácticas profesionales en un programade movilidad eurpea

The project ‘Developing E-Learning Capacities for Youth Mobility in Europe’ (DELCYME) aims to develop a multilingual e-learning preparation program for the mobility of young adults (linguistic and intercultural preparation). Moreover, DELCYME aims to develop skills and know-how in organizations working in a non-formal context which oversee preparing the mobility activity.For these 31 months long project (Feb 2018 to Aug 2020) six organizations will be working together. DELCYME is coordinated by OFAJ (Offi ce Franco-Allemand pour la Jeunesse), which has a long experience in organizing mobility as well as developing tools for linguistic and intercultural preparation. Two partners are active in the non-formal language training sector (CAVILAM, CDC), one is an actor who actively hosts and sends abroad participants of mobility activities in Poland (SEMPER AVANTI) and two partners are universities which train language teachers for diff erent contexts (UCLM, CALCIF), who they will contribute a scientifi c perspective to the project. The following paper shows to what extent the PARKUR platform responds to how it is possible to combine under one umbrella and a single methodology the diff erent uses of language - everyday, business and professional specialty - those students of vocational training have to face on their journeys

RAGAM BAHASA DALAM KISAH INSPIRATIF INDONESIA MENGAJAR

This research is motivated by the diversity or kevariasian language contained in a region. As a tool for expressing thoughts and feelings, the choice of language varieties largely determines what the audience is saying is understood or not. In the Inspirational story of Indonesia teaching, there are people who have more than one language, and speakers also come from unequal regions or regions, so speakers have to choose exactly which languages to use. The purpose of this study is to describe the variation of language in the Indonesian Inspirational story of teaching. This research uses qualitative approach with description method. Data collection techniques used in this study is documentation. Then, the data is analyzed in accordance with the existing procedure. The object of this research is the utterance or speech of the characters in the story Inspiratif Indonesia teaching. The results of this study indicate that, in speaking or communicating, the characters or speakers in the Indonesian Inspirational taught to choose or use a variety of language based on situations, speech partners, habits, and age, so they tend to use non-formal language variety in saying or communicating. The variety of languages used in the Indonesian Inspirational story teaching is a variety of business or consultative variety, casual or casual variety, intimate or intimate variety, literature, and literary variety.

Becoming Polyglots through Formal and Non-Formal Language Education

It is not surprising that there are Indonesian people who are able to communicate only in one language, i.e., their native Language (L1). Some Javanese people—the major ethnic group living in East and Central Java -are only able to communicate in Javanese; some Sundanese people—the second major ethnic group living in West Java -are able to communicate only in Sundanese; and some Banjarese—the people living in South Kalimantan province are only able to communicate in Banjarese. This is especially true for those who never experience formal education and live in villages and remote areas for almost of their lives. For those who have ever gone to and attended formal education, they are usually able to communicate at least in two different languages, i.e., their L1 and Indonesian language, their L2. Even, some Indonesian people are not only able to communicate in L1 and L2, but also are able to communicate in more languages. In relation to these phenomena, the following question is raised: “Why do some people be able to communicate only in one language while some others are able to communicate in more, different languages?”

Math-word embedding in math search and semantic extraction

Word embedding, which represents individual words with semantically fixed-length vectors, has made it possible to successfully apply deep learning to natural language processing tasks such as semantic role-modeling, question answering, and machine translation. As math text consists of natural text, as well as math expressions that similarly exhibit linear correlation and contextual characteristics, word embedding techniques can also be applied to math documents. However, while mathematics is a precise and accurate science, it is usually expressed through imprecise and less accurate descriptions, contributing to the relative dearth of machine learning applications for information retrieval in this domain. Generally, mathematical documents communicate their knowledge with an ambiguous, context-dependent, and non-formal language. Given recent advances in word embedding, it is worthwhile to explore their use and effectiveness in math information retrieval tasks, such as math language processing and semantic knowledge extraction. In this paper, we explore math embedding by testing it on several different scenarios, namely, (1) math-term similarity, (2) analogy, (3) numerical concept-modeling based on the centroid of the keywords that characterize a concept, (4) math search using query expansions, and (5) semantic extraction, i.e., extracting descriptive phrases for math expressions. Due to the lack of benchmarks, our investigations were performed using the arXiv collection of STEM documents and carefully selected illustrations on the Digital Library of Mathematical Functions (DLMF: NIST digital library of mathematical functions. Release 1.0.20 of 2018-09-1, 2018). Our results show that math embedding holds much promise for similarity, analogy, and search tasks. However, we also observed the need for more robust math embedding approaches. Moreover, we explore and discuss fundamental issues that we believe thwart the progress in mathematical information retrieval in the direction of machine learning.

Language learning experiences of postgraduate research students in the UK

ABSTRACT This article reports on the findings of a pioneering study of formal, non-formal and informal language learning experiences of postgraduate research students in the UK. The research involved a large-scale survey followed by semi-structured interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis shows that the language needs and interests of postgraduate students are barely met due to limited institutional provision of formal language learning opportunities. The study confirms some known facts, such as the composition of the student body (e.g. mostly young, fully-funded full-time students with a significant proportion of international students), and reveals other possibly less-known realities, from a remarkable interest in language learning among research students to the reasons for their interest and the potential impact greater access to language learning could have on their research and beyond. Half of the respondents reported having funded provision of language tuition but one third were not even aware of the existence of a Language Centre at their institution. Student suggestions for alternative language provision are included as these can inform policy and decision-making at postgraduate level in the UK and serve as a basis for further research in this area.

Оптимальная модель онлайн-обучения взрослых русскому языку как иностранному в системе неформального образования

The article considers the lifelong learning as a perspective trend in modern society The main principles of lifelong learning are knowledge of foreign languages, innovative teaching methods and e-learning technologies. Besides that, the article gives the analysis of Russian and foreign works devoted to one of the modern teaching trends ― “flipped learning”. Based on the ideas of flipped learning and the specifics of teaching adult learners, the author has designed an optimal model of online teaching Russian as a foreign language to adults. The parts of the model (stage “Before”, “Online session”, stage “After”) are connected and didactically complement each other. In order to prove the effectiveness of the model, the vertical experiment was conducted. Based on the existing criteria of the optimization of learning process, the author concludes that the designed model is optimal for adult learners and effective for non-formal online language learning.