Non-flagellated Strain Research Articles

Psychromicrobium Xiongbiense sp. nov., an Actinobacterium Isolated from Forest Soil.

A novel Gram-stain-positive, oval-shaped, and non-flagellated bacterial strain YIM S02556T was isolated from forest soil in Xiongbi Town, Shizong County, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, southwestern China. The strain exhibited high pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Psychromicrobium lacuslunae (97.3%) and Psychromicrobium silvestre (96.3%). Strain YIM S02556T exhibited an average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 72.5% with P. lacuslunae IHBB 11,108T and 72.8% ANI with P. silvestre AK 20-18T. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value between strain YIM S02556T and P. lacuslunae IHBB 11,108T was 20.2%, while with P. silvestre AK 20-18T, the dDDH value was 20.8%. Strain YIM S02556T exhibited optimal growth at 28°C, pH 7.0, without NaCl. Growth occurred within 10-37 ℃, pH 5.0-8.0, and in the presence of up to 5% w/v NaCl concentration. The genome size was 3.1 Mbp with 64.2% G + C content. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H4). The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15:0. Based on the polyphasic analysis, strain YIM S02556T (= KCTC 49,805T = CCTCC AB2020166T) represents a novel Psychromicrobium species in which the name Psychromicrobium xiongbiense sp.nov. was proposed.

Pusillimonas maritima sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater

Two Gram-stain-negative, short rod-shaped and non-flagellated strains, designated 17-4AT and L52-1-41, were isolated from the surface seawater of the Indian Ocean and South China Sea, respectively. The 16S rRNA genes of the two strains shared sequence similarity of 99.45 %. Strain 17-4AT shared the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity of 98.02 % with Pusillimonas caeni EBR-8-1T, followed by Pusillimonas noertemannii BN9T (97.47 %), Pusillimonas soli MJ07T (96.93 %), Parapusillimonas granuli Ch07T (96.68 %), Pusillimonas ginsengisoli DCY25T (96.65 %), Eoetvoesia caeni PB3-7BT (96.63 %), Paracandidimonas caeni 24T (96.34 %), Castellaniella defragrans 54PinT (96.28 %) and Pusillimonas harenae B201T (96.05 %). L52-1-41 shared the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity of 97.74 % with Pusillimonas caeni EBR-8-1T, followed by Pusillimonas noertemannii BN9T (97.47 %), Pusillimonas soli MJ07T (96.65 %), Parapusillimonas granuli Ch07T (96.41 %), Pusillimonas ginsengisoli DCY25T (96.37 %), Eoetvoesia caeni PB3-7BT (96.35 %), Pusillimonas harenae B201T (96.28 %), and Paracandidimonas caeni 24T (96.06 %). The results of phylogenetic analyses indicated that 17-4AT and L52-1-41 formed a stable, distinct and highly supported lineage affiliated to the genus Pusillimonas. The results of the digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analyses indicated that they represented a single species. They featured similar genomic DNA G+C contents of 53.2-53.4 mol%. Activities of catalase and oxidase were negative for both strains. The fatty acids patterns of 17-4AT and L52-1-41 were most similar, mostly comprised of C16 : 0, C17 : 0cyclo, C18 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c). The major polar lipids of the two strains were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and unidentified aminolipids. The respiratory quinone of the two strains was Q-8. Hence, on the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data presented in this study, we proposed the classification of both strains as representatives of a novel species named Pusillimonas maritima sp. nov., with the type strain 17-4AT (=MCCC 1A12670T=KCTC 62121T=NBRC 113794T), and another strain L52-1-41 (=MCCC 1A05046=KCTC 52313).

Ancylomarina longa sp. nov., isolated from southern Okinawa Trough sediment and emended description of the family Marinifilaceae.

A Gram-stain-negative, obligately anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, long-rod-shaped and non-flagellated bacterial strain, designated T3-2 S1-CT, was isolated from a sediment sample collected at the Okinawa Trough. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences and the whole genome revealed that strain T3-2 S1-CT was a member of the family Marinifilaceae and exhibited less than 95.1 % sequence similarities to the closely related type strains of the family Marinifilaceae. Optimal growth occurred at pH 7.0, 28 °C and in the presence of 3 % (w/v) NaCl. The isoprenoid quinone of strain T3-2 S1-CT was identified as menaquinone-7 (MK-7) and the predominant fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C15 : 0 (38.9 %) and anteiso-C15 : 0 (11.6 %). The major polar lipids were one phosphatidylethanolamine, one phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, one aminolipids, two unidentified lipids and two unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G+C content of strain T3-2 S1-CT was 35.7 mol%. On the basis of the results of polyphasic analyses, strain T3-2 S1-CT is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Ancylomarina, for which the name Ancylomarina longa sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T3-2 S1-CT (=KCTC 15505T=MCCC 1K01617T).

Paracoccus salipaludis sp. nov., isolated from saline-alkaline soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, short ovoid- to coccus-shaped, aerobic, non-flagellated, and nonmotile strain, designated WN007T, was isolated from the natural saline-alkali wetland soil. Growth occurred at 10-45 °C (optimum 33-37 °C), pH 6.5-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.5-8.0) and with 0-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2-4 % NaCl). Catalase- and oxidase-positive. A comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of WN007T showed the highest sequence similarities to Paracoccus chinensis (97.5 %) and Paracoccus niistensis (97.4 %). The major respiratory quinone of strain WN007T was Q10 and the fatty acid profile of strain WN007T contained a predominant amount of summed feature 7 and small quantities of C10 : 0 3OH, C16 : 00 and C18 : 00. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, glycolipid, aminolipid and lipid. The genome revealed that the G+C content was 63.9 mol% and the DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain WN007T and the type strains of P. chinensis CGMCC 1.7655Tand P. niistensis KCTC 22789T were 46.9±2.3 and 42.4±1.7 %, respectively. This was also confirmed by the low average nucleotide identity values (<83.5 %) between strain WN007T and the most closely related recognized Paracoccus species. According to these results, strain WN007T represents a novel species of the genus Paracoccus, for which the name Paracoccussalipaludis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WN007T (=KCTC 52851T=ACCC 19972T).

Ancylomarina psychrotolerans sp. nov., isolated from sediments of Fildes Peninsula and emended the description of genus Ancylomarina.

A Gram-stain negative, obligately anaerobic, non-motile, asporogenous long rod-shaped and non-flagellated bacterial strain, designated 4SWWS2-6T, was isolated from sediment in the intertidal zone of Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 4SWWS2-6T belongs to the genus Ancylomarina and showed high sequence similarity with Ancylomarina subtilis FA102T (96.5%). Optimal growth occurred at pH 6.5, 16°C and in the presence of 3% (w/v) NaCl. Strain 4SWWS2-6T contained menaquinone-7 (MK-7) as the major respiratory quinone and held iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C15:0 3-OH as the major cellular fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, an aminolipid, two unidentified lipids and an unidentified phospholipid. The DNA G + C content of strain 4SWWS2-6T was 37.6mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic analyses, strain 4SWWS2-6T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Ancylomarina, for which the name Ancylomarina psychrotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 4SWWS2-6T (= KCTC 15504T = MCCC 1K01618T).

The Flagellar Regulon of Legionella-A Review.

The Legionella genus comprises more than 60 species. In particular, Legionella pneumophila is known to cause severe illnesses in humans. Legionellaceae are ubiquitous inhabitants of aquatic environments. Some Legionellaceae are motile and their motility is important to move around in habitats. Motility can be considered as a potential virulence factor as already shown for various human pathogens. The genes of the flagellar system, regulator and structural genes, are structured in hierarchical levels described as the flagellar regulon. Their expression is modulated by various environmental factors. For L. pneumophila it was shown that the expression of genes of the flagellar regulon is modulated by the actual growth phase and temperature. Especially, flagellated Legionella are known to express genes during the transmissive phase of growth that are involved in the expression of virulence traits. It has been demonstrated that the alternative sigma-28 factor is part of the link between virulence expression and motility. In the following review, the structure of the flagellar regulon of L. pneumophila is discussed and compared to other flagellar systems of different Legionella species. Recently, it has been described that Legionella micdadei and Legionella fallonii contain a second putative partial flagellar system. Hence, the report will focus on flagellated and non-flagellated Legionella strains, phylogenetic relationships, the role and function of the alternative sigma factor (FliA) and its anti-sigma-28 factor (FlgM).

Chitinophaga rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of a tomato plant.

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, rod-shaped or filamentous bacterial strain, T16R-86T, was isolated from rhizosphere of a tomato plant collected from a farm on Buyeo-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. It grew at the temperature range 10-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and pH range 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), and tolerated up to 2 % (w/v) NaCl. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain T16R-86T shared the highest similarity with Chitinophaga barathri YLT18T (96.8 %) and C. pinensis DSM 2588T (96.7 %), forming a subcluster with C. barathri YLT18T, C. cymbidii R156-2T and C. niabensis JS13-10T in the phylogenetic tree. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω5c and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-7. Polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, five unknown aminolipids, an unknown aminophospholipid, one unknown phospholipid and two unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content was 53.6 mol%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data showed that strain T16R-86T represents a novel species of the genus Chitinophaga, for which the name Chitinophaga rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T16R-86T (=KACC 18790T=JCM 31600T).

Terrimonas terrae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of a tomato plant.

A yellow, aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped and non-flagellated bacterial strain, designated T16R-129T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of a tomato plant collected at a farm located on Buyeo-gun of Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. Strain T16R-129T grew at 15-40 °C and pH 7.0-9.0, and did not require NaCl for growth. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain T16R-129T clustered with members of the genus Terrimonas, and it shared highest similarity with Terrimonas arctica R9-86T (96.1 %), Terrimonas pekingensis QHT (95.9 %), Terrimonas lutea DYT (94.9 %), Terrimonas crocea M1-33108T (95.4 %) and Terrimonas rhizosphaerae CR94T (95.3 %). The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 G. The polar lipids of strain T16R-129T were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, two unidentified aminophospholipids and five unidentified polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 46.0 mol%. On the basis of data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain T16R-129T represents a novel species in the genus Terrimonas, for which the name Terrimonas terrae sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is T16R-129T (=KACC 18787T=JCM 31603T).

Contribution of flagella and motility to gut colonisation and pathogenicity of Salmonella Enteritidis in the chicken.

Salmonella Enteritidis causes fowl paratyphoid in poultry and is frequently associated to outbreaks of food-borne diseases in humans. The role of flagella and flagella-mediated motility into host-pathogen interplay is not fully understood and requires further investigation. In this study, one-day-old chickens were challenged orally with a wild-type strain Salmonella Enteritidis, a non-motile but fully flagellated (SE ΔmotB) or non-flagellated (SE ΔfliC) strain to evaluate their ability to colonise the intestine and spread systemically and also of eliciting gross and histopathological changes. SE ΔmotB and SE ΔfliC were recovered in significantly lower numbers from caecal contents in comparison with Salmonella Enteritidis at early stages of infection (3 and 5 dpi). The SE ΔmotB strain, which synthesises paralysed flagella, showed poorer intestinal colonisation ability than the non-flagellated SE ΔfliC. Histopathological analyses demonstrated that the flagellated strains induced more intense lymphoid reactivity in liver, ileum and caeca. Thus, in the present study the flagellar structure and motility seemed to play a role in the early stages of the intestinal colonisation by Salmonella Enteritidis in the chicken.

Functional Analysis of the Alternative Sigma-28 Factor FliA and Its Anti-Sigma Factor FlgM of the Nonflagellated Legionella Species L. oakridgensis

Legionella oakridgensis causes Legionnaires' disease but is known to be less virulent than Legionella pneumophilaL. oakridgensis is one of the Legionella species that is nonflagellated. The genes of the flagellar regulon are absent, except those encoding the alternative sigma-28 factor (FliA) and its anti-sigma-28 factor (FlgM). Similar to L. oakridgensis, Legionella adelaidensis and Legionella londiniensis, located in the same phylogenetic clade, have no flagellar regulon, although both are positive for fliA and flgM Here, we investigated the role and function of both genes to better understand the role of FliA, the positive regulator of flagellin expression, in nonflagellated strains. We demonstrated that the FliA gene of L. oakridgensis encodes a functional sigma-28 factor that enables the transcription start from the sigma-28-dependent promoter site. The investigations have shown that FliA is necessary for full fitness of L. oakridgensis Interestingly, expression of FliA-dependent genes depends on the growth phase and temperature, as already shown for L. pneumophila strains that are flagellated. In addition, we demonstrated that FlgM is a negative regulator of FliA-dependent gene expression. FlgM seems to be degraded in a growth-phase- and temperature-dependent manner, instead of being exported into the medium as reported for most bacteria. The degradation of FlgM leads to an increase of FliA activity.IMPORTANCE A less virulent Legionella species, L. oakridgensis, causes Legionnaires' disease and is known to not have flagella, even though L. oakridgensis has the regulator of flagellin expression (FliA). This protein has been shown to be involved in the expression of virulence factors. Thus, the strain was chosen for use in this investigation to search for FliA target genes and to identify putative virulence factors of L. oakridgensis One of the five major target genes of FliA identified here encodes the anti-FliA sigma factor FlgM. Interestingly, in contrast to most homologs in other bacteria, FlgM in L. oakridgensis seems not to be transported from the cell so that FliA gets activated. In L. oakridgensis, FlgM seems to be degraded by protease activities.

Niastella gongjuensis sp. nov., isolated from greenhouse soil.

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, long rod or rod-shaped bacterial strain, 5GH22-11(T), was isolated from a soil sample of a greenhouse in Gongju, Republic of Korea. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain 5GH22-11(T) showed the highest sequence similarities with Niastella populi THYL-44(T) (97.1%), Niastella koreensis GR20-10T (95.7%) and Niastella yeongjuensis GR20-13(T) (95.6%), and < 3% sequence similarity with all other species with validly published names. The phylogenetic tree also showed strain 5GH22-11(T) formed a compact cluster with members of the genus Niastella. DNA-DNA hybridization revealed strain 5GH22-11(T) is a novel species, showing far less than 70% DNA-DNA relatedness with Niastella populi THYL-44(T). Strain 5GH22-11(T) contained iso-C15 : 0 (34.3%), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (24.8%) and iso-C15 : 1 G (18.2%) as the major fatty acids; phosphatidylethanolamine, six unknown aminolipids, two unknown lipids and one unknown phospholipid as the polar lipids; and MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone. The DNA G+C content was 41.4 mol%. Based on these phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data, it was demonstrated that strain 5GH22-11(T) represents a novel species of the genus Niastella, for which the name Niastella gongjuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 5GH22-11(T) ( = KACC 17339(T) [corrected] = JCM 19941(T)).

Estimation of the adhesive force distribution for the flagellar adhesion of Escherichia coli on a glass surface

The effects of the presence or absence of microbial flagella and the microbial motility on the colloidal behaviors of microbial cells were quantitatively evaluated. The microbial cell attachment and detachment processes on a glass surface were observed directly using a parallel-plate flow chamber. Wild-type, flagellar paralyzed, and nonflagellated Escherichia coli strains were used as model microbial cells. In the cell attachment tests, the microbial adhesion rate in a 160mM NaCl solution was approximately 10 times higher than that in a 10mM solution, for all E. coli strains. The colloidal behavior of the microbial cells agreed well with the predictions of the DLVO theory. In addition, the microbial flagella and motility did not significantly affect the cell attachment, regardless of the existence of a potential barrier between the cell and the glass substratum. In the cell detachment tests, the cumulative number of microbial cells detached from the glass substratum with increasing flow rate was fit well with the Weibull distribution function. The list of strains arranged in order of increasing median drag force required to remove them was nonflagellated strain, flagellar paralyzed strain, and wild-type strain. These results indicated that the flagella and the flagellar motility inhibited the cell detachment from the glass substratum. Furthermore, a large external force would likely be required to inhibit the microbial adhesion in the early stage of the biofilm formation.

Draft Genome Sequence of the Flagellated Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans Strain CFBP 4884.

We report the draft genome sequence of the flagellated strain CFBP 4884 of Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans, which was isolated in an outbreak of common bacterial blight of beans along with non-flagellated strains. Comparative genomics will allow one to decipher the genomic diversity of strains cohabiting in epidemics.

Mariniflexile ostreae sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from an oyster.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and rod-shaped bacterial strain able to move by gliding, designated TYO-10(T), was isolated from an oyster collected at Tongyoung on the South Sea, South Korea. Strain TYO-10(T) was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain TYO-10(T) joined the cluster comprising the type strains of Mariniflexile species. Strain TYO-10(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 95.4-95.7 % to the type strains of Mariniflexile species and of less than 95.4 % to the type strains of other recognized species. Strain TYO-10(T) was found to contain MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and iso-C15:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain TYO-10(T) were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified lipid, which is similar to those of the type strains of Mariniflexile species, but different from those of other phylogenetically related species. The DNA G+C content of strain TYO-10(T) was determined to be 35.9 mol%. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain TYO-10(T) is separated from other Mariniflexile species. On the basis of the data presented, strain TYO-10(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Mariniflexile, for which the name Mariniflexile ostreae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TYO-10(T) (= KCTC 42113(T) = CECT 8622(T)).

Ruegeria meonggei sp. nov., an alphaproteobacterium isolated from ascidian Halocynthia roretzi

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-flagellated and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated MA-E2-3(T), was isolated from an ascidian (Halocynthia roretzi) collected from the South Sea, South Korea. Strain MA-E2-3(T) was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain MA-E2-3(T) fell within the clade comprising Ruegeria species, clustering consistently with the type strain of Ruegeria halocynthiae, with which it exhibited 98.2 % sequence similarity. Sequence similarities to the type strains of the other recognized Ruegeria species were 94.7-97.7 %. Strain MA-E2-3(T) was found to contain Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18:1 ω7c as the predominant fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain MA-E2-3(T) were identified as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain MA-E2-3(T) was determined to be 58.0 mol%. Mean DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain MA-E2-3(T) and the type strains of four phylogenetically closely related Ruegeria species were in the range of 13-23 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain MA-E2-3(T) is separated from other Ruegeria species. On the basis of the data presented, strain MA-E2-3(T) (=KCTC 32450(T) = CECT 8411(T)) represents a novel species of the genus Ruegeria, for which the name Ruegeria meonggei sp. nov. is proposed.

Sabulilitoribacter multivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a polysaccharide-degrading bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seashore sand

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated M-M16(T), was isolated from seashore sand around a seaweed farm on the South Sea, South Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic study. Strain M-M16(T) grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain M-M16(T) exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values to the type strains of Gaetbulibacter lutimaris (96.5 %) and Flaviramulus basaltis (95.8 %). Neighbour-joining and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain M-M16(T) clustered with the type strains of Gaetbulibacter species and F. basaltis. Strain M-M16(T) contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15:1 G, iso-C15:0 and iso-C17:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain M-M16(T) were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain M-M16(T) was 37.4 mol%. The phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data and other phenotypic properties revealed that strain M-M16(T) represents a novel genus and species within the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Sabulilitoribacter multivorans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of S. multivorans is M-M16(T) (= KCTC 32326(T) = CCUG 63831(T)).

Bayesian process-identification in bacteria transport in porous media

A Bayesian parameter estimation approach is developed for the estimation of joint probability distribution functions for colloid and bacterial fate and transport model parameters describing breakthrough curves (BTCs) obtained through porous media column studies, and is applied to data involving different ionic strength solutions to fit models of differing complexity. Our approach focuses on the simultaneous fitting of a number of BTCs representing different conditions, and it provides a measure of the goodness of model structure, namely Deviance Information Criteria (DIC). Comparison of DIC per model fit enables the evaluation of the significance of various processes through step-wise increases in complexity due to the addition of process model components. We use the method to investigate the transport of both flagellated and non-flagellated strains of Azotobacter vinelandii in a simulated porous media under three ionic strengths. Three different model structures are considered: one without a detachment process and with Langmuirian blocking function, one with detachment, and one with detachment and a second-order blocking function based on random sequential adsorption. First, the model was applied separately to each single BTC. Next, the model was applied comprehensively to the experiments under various ionic strengths, whereas some transport parameters including dispersivity, detachment coefficient, the fraction of cells undergoing irreversible attachment, and the coefficient of the second-order blocking term were assumed to be the same under different ionic strengths. In most cases, including detachment substantially improved the DIC as expected, whereas using the second-order blocking improved DIC for most of the cases when the method was applied to separate BTCs but not when the method was applied collectively to the three BTCs obtained under various ionic strengths. Also, comparing the outcomes of the separate applications of the parameter estimation algorithm versus the collective application indicates that the uncertainty associated with the estimated parameters is substantially smaller when the collective approach is used and also that the estimated parameters are more consistent with the expectations based on the underlying physical processes.

Mariniflexile soesokkakense sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the junction between the North Pacific Ocean and a freshwater spring, and emended description of the genus Mariniflexile

A Gram-negative, non-flagellated and rod-shaped bacterial strain able to move by gliding, designated RSSK-9(T), was isolated from the junction between the North Pacific Ocean and a freshwater spring at Jeju island, South Korea. Strain RSSK-9(T) was found to grow optimally at 30°C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RSSK-9(T) fell within the clade comprising Mariniflexile species. Strain RSSK-9(T) exhibits 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.1-98.8% to the type strains of Mariniflexile species and of less than 95.6% sequence similarity to the type strains of the other recognized species. Strain RSSK-9(T) was found to contain MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, iso-C17:0 3-OH and iso-C15:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain RSSK-9(T) were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain RSSK-9(T) was determined to be 34.6mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of the four Mariniflexile species were in the range 11-28%. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain RSSK-9(T) is separate from other Mariniflexile species. On the basis of the data presented, strain RSSK-9(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Mariniflexile, for which the name Mariniflexile soesokkakense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RSSK-9(T) (=KCTC 32427(T)=CECT 8369(T)). An emended description of the genus Mariniflexile is given.

Algibacter miyuki sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from leachate of a brown algae reservoir.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated WS-MY6(T), was isolated from a brown algae reservoir in South Korea. Strain WS-MY6(T) grew optimally at 25°C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2% (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain WS-MY6(T) clustered with the type strains of Algibacter lectus and 'Algibacter undariae', showing 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.1 and 98.4%, respectively. It exhibited sequence similarities of 95.4-96.7% to the type strains of the other Algibacter species, Pontirhabdus pectinovorans and Marinivirga aestuarii, whose reclassification into the genus Algibacter has been recently proposed. Strain WS-MY6(T) contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15:1 G, anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C17:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. It contained phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids as the major polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain WS-MY6(T) was 35.3mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with A. lectus KCTC 12103(T) and 'A. undariae' WS-MY9(T) was 21 and 13%, respectively. The phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness and differential phenotypic properties revealed that strain WS-MY6(T) is separate from existing Algibacter species. On the basis of the data presented, strain WS-MY6(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Algibacter, for which the name Algibacter miyuki sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WS-MY6(T) (=KCTC 32382(T) =CECT 8300(T)).

Jejudonia soesokkakensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the junction between the ocean and a freshwater spring, and emended description of the genus Aureitalea Park et al. 2012

A Gram-negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated SSK1-1(T), was isolated from the junction between the ocean and a freshwater spring at Jeju island of South Korea. Strain SSK1-1(T) was found to grow optimally at 30°C, at pH 7.0-7.5 and in the presence of 2% (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SSK1-1(T) is phylogenetically most closely related to members of the genera Ulvibacter and Aureitalea, with which it exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 93.1-95.3%. The results of chemotaxonomic analyses distinguish strain SSK1-1(T) from the genera Ulvibacter and Aureitalea. Strain SSK1-1(T) was determined to contain MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain SSK1-1(T) were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain SSK1-1(T) was determined to be 39.9mol%. The phylogenetic analysis, chemotaxonomic data and other phenotypic properties revealed that the strain SSK1-1(T) can be distinguished from the members of previously known genera of the family Flavobacteriaceae. On the basis of the data presented, strain SSK1-1(T) is considered to represent a novel genus and species, for which the name Jejudonia soesokkakensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SSK1-1(T) (=KCTC 32325(T)=CCUG 63830(T)). An emended description of the genus Aureitalea is also proposed.