Non-ferrous Slags Research Articles

Technospheric Mining of Critical and Strategic Metals from Non-Ferrous Slags

Technospheric Mining of Critical and Strategic Metals from Non-Ferrous Slags

Alkaline activated cements obtained from ferrous and non-ferrous slags. Electric arc furnace slag, ladle furnace slag, copper slag and silico-manganese slag

Ferrous slag: electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) and ladle furnace slag (LFS); and non-ferrous slag: copper slag (CS) and silicon-manganese slag (SiMnS) have been used as precursors for alkali activated cements (AACs). The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the silica modulus (Ms = SiO2/K2O) (0.5–1.8) of the potassium silicate/potassium hydroxide solution on the microstructure and technological properties of AACs using individual slags. The results obtained indicate that under the activation conditions used, CS and EAFS are more reactive slags, giving rise to AACs with optimum flexural and compressive strengths of 7.5 and 51.5 MPa and 5.7 and 30.5 MPa for a Ms = 1.4, respectively. While the SiMnS and LFS are less reactive resulting in AACs with flexural and compressive strengths of 3.2 and 11.6 MPa at Ms = 1.4 for SiMnS and 1.1 MPa and 4.6 MPa at Ms = 0.9 for LFS. In all AACs, the development of the alkaline activation reaction is confirmed due to the presence of gel, of different nature and quantity depending on the precursor used. The lower mechanical properties of the AACs using SiMnS and LFS as precursor may also be due to the presence of microcracks. Therefore, this study confirms that ferrous and non-ferrous slags can be used as precursors of AACs, with the type of precursor and the modulus of the activating solution influencing mechanical properties. AACs using CS and EAFS can be used in structural applications, while those using SiMnS and LFS can be used in non-structural applications in civil engineering.

Assessment of the viability of pozzolanic activity of copper slag for use as supplementary cementitious material in ordinary Portland cement

The production of ferrous as well as non-ferrous metals generates slag as a byproduct material. Ferrous slags are extensively used in the construction sector as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) and aggregates. In this regard, the investigation of potential applications in similar areas for slags derived from the production of non-ferrous metals can help to address issues associated with their disposal, dumping, environmental concerns, etc. The primary aim of this research is to assess the pozzolanic activity of copper slag (CS), a type of non-ferrous slag. This investigation is conducted to replace a portion of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) incorporating CS as an SCM for sustainable construction. To assess the reactivity of the CS, comparisons were drawn with a known pozzolanic material fly ash (FA), and an inert material quartz powder (QP). The processing of raw CS (granular material) was carried out using a laboratory scale ball mill to achieve varying fineness to evaluate the effect of specific surface area (SSA) on reactivity. Initially, the investigations were conducted on paste samples of OPC-CS and suspensions of CS-calcium hydroxide (CH) and were later extended to mortar studies. Mechanical characteristics such as compressive strength and open porosity of mortar specimens were determined to correlate with the paste studies results. The findings suggest that CS does exhibit pozzolanic characteristics although its reactivity is comparatively lower than that of FA. An increase in the fineness of the CS resulted in enhanced pozzolanic activity. Analysis of the hydrated suspension samples showed the formation of Fe-siliceous hydrogarnet phase indicating “Fe” from CS was involved in the reaction with CH. Although OPC-CS mortar samples exhibited similar open porosity compared to OPC-QP mortar samples, the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) porosity in mortar samples of OPC-CS was observed to be reduced indicating the densification of the region due to the pozzolanic reaction of CS. The permissible replacement of OPC with CS as a substitute for FA can be adjusted according to the material's fineness and the desired compressive strength.

Evaluation of copper slag and stainless steel slag as replacements for blast furnace slag in binary and ternary alkali-activated cements

Commonly used alkali activation precursors such as blast furnace slag and fly ash will soon become less available due to resource competition, and may cease to be produced in certain regions. This limitation in future supply is a main driving force for the investigation of alternative precursor sources, such as non-blast furnace slags and non-ferrous slags, to produce alkali-activated binders. The current study investigates the incorporation of copper slag (CS) and stainless steel slag resulting from electric arc furnace operations (EAFSS) as partial replacements for ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in producing alkali-activated materials (AAMs), at paste level. Five binary alkali-activated mixtures with different replacement levels of GGBFS with CS, and three ternary mixtures with both CS and EAFSS as partial and total replacements for GGBFS, are activated by a sodium silicate solution. Replacing GGBFS with CS and EAFSS retards the reaction kinetics, resulting in improved fresh-state properties of the investigated AAMs, better retention of workability and longer setting times. The reaction of alkali-activated 100% CS shows minimal initial exothermic activity until 3.5 h, when a single intense peak appears, representing delayed dissolution and subsequent polycondensation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data indicate that the main crystalline phases of CS and EAFSS are stable in these alkaline systems; it is the glassy components that react. The use of CS and EAFSS in blended AAMs causes a minor increase in porosity of ~ 1–3% with respect to GGBFS only, and a small reduction in compressive and flexural strengths, although these reach 80 MPa and 8 MPa, respectively, after 28 days, even at a replacement level over 65 wt. %. Conversely, the 100% CS mixture exhibits a one-day compressive strength of 23 MPa, with a negligible increase thereafter. This result agrees with both FTIR and SEM analysis which highlight only minor changes in binder development after two days. It is believed that the unusual behaviour of CS in the investigated mixtures is related to the low availability of calcium in this precursor material.

Influence of thermal activation on the properties of non-ferrous slag blended cement mortar

In this paper, the influence of different thermal activation methods, namely the hot water curing method and steam curing method on the properties of cement mortar blended with low-volume non-ferrous slag (NFS) (15% cement replacement) is investigated. Therefore, mortar specimens are intrinsically prepared and cured at a controlled temperature of 60 °C in the different curing methods for a short period of 6 hours. Results showed that the steam curing method can significantly improve the compressive strength, reduce the water absorption level and densify the morphology of NFS blended cement mortar. The findings may contribute to accelerating the strength gain of NFS in cement-based material and reduce the amount of cement used.

Durability Performance of Hybrid Binder Concretes Containing Non-Ferrous Slag and Recycled Aggregates

Novel hybrid binder concrete mixes with alkali-activated non-ferrous slag (NFS), either alone or in combination with blast furnace slag (BFS), as partial replacement of Portland cement, and containing 50% recycled aggregates, were successfully manufactured. The compressive strength, carbonation resistance, chloride resistance, frost scaling, sorptivity coefficient, and water penetration resistance were thoroughly assessed. The presence of recycled aggregates had an adverse effect on early-age strength, but after 91 days there was no difference between concrete with and without recycled aggregates. The chloride-binding capacity was enhanced in the BFS/NFS system with recycled aggregates (reduction in chloride ingress coefficients of ~28–35% compared to recycled concrete with NFS only). This is most likely caused by the binding of Cl ions in calcium alumina silicate hydrates (C-A-S-H) and ettringite phases. However, when compared to the system with virgin aggregates, BFS/NFS concrete with recycled aggregates showed increased carbonation rate (+30%) and frost scaling (+15%). Durability properties, such as sorptivity and water penetration resistance, were positively affected by the curing time for the BFS/NFS system (~35–45% further improvement from 28 to 90 days with respect to the NFS system). Specimens that were wet cured for 91 days showed improved results compared to the 28-day cured samples due to the slow pozzolanic reaction of the NFS.

Development and Design of the First Industrial Magnetohydrodynamic Slag-Cleaning Reactor From Execution and Analysis of Pilot Plant Tests Through Coupled CFD Simulations

The future challenge for copper smelters is to increase metal yield by reducing copper losses and valorizing the slag as a marketable by-product. This can be achieved through further slag cleaning in a conventional submerged arc furnace (SAF) where remaining metallic oxides are reduced, and metal droplets have more settling time. Nevertheless, a significant amount of copper matte and metallic copper is still present as slight inclusions that cannot settle through the slag layer under simple gravity after SAF treatment. This work presents the development of a new industrial type of slag-cleaning concept, based on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) principle, that can be coupled downstream of conventional slag-cleaning technology (e.g., electric reduction furnace). The cleaning efficiency and operating conditions were evaluated in several pilot test campaigns using a SAF supplemented by an externally applied magnetic field (electromagnet), which interacts with electrodes generating Lorentz forces, which are responsible for an MHD stirring effect. In order to simulate experimental conditions and thus understand reaction kinetics and settle mechanisms during pilot tests, this work includes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. In order to represent these electromagnetic conditions, the focus of this work is to develop a new coupled CFD model. Numerical simulations showed the interactions between MHD flow field, slag properties, and metal recovery in an industrial slag-cleaning reactor and demonstrated the MHD cleaning effect on non-ferrous slags.

Hydrogen as Carbon-Free Reducing Agent in Non-ferrous Slag Fuming

In this work, pyrometallurgical treatment of non-ferrous iron residue was studied. This approach aimed to recover the valuable metals and convert the residue into reusable benign slag using hydrogen as a non-fossil reducing agent. The pyrometallurgical treatment for this type of residue involves pretreatment prior to two stages, oxidation and reduction. Hydrogen was employed as a reducing agent in slag cleaning. The reduction tests were performed at temperatures of 1200 °C, 1250 °C, and 1300 °C using H2 and N2 gases to form the reducing gas atmosphere. The results show that H2 is an effective reductant because reduction proceeded rapidly, forming speiss droplets within the slag already after 10 minutes. The laboratory-scale experiments suggest that slags or other residues obtained from metallurgical processes can be further cleaned in a fuming process using hydrogen and its mixtures to obtain environmentally friendly cleaner slag with respect of volatile metals. The results also show that one can tune the reduction and control the formation of metallic iron during the process. Thermodynamic modeling was also performed to simulate the fuming stage, i.e., reduction of the slag. Metal alloy formation as well as elemental distributions between metal and slag were studied, and results from thermodynamic modeling agree well with experimental results.

High-temperature performance of slag-based Fe-rich alkali-activated materials

Fe-rich alkali-activated materials have been studied for their suitability for high-temperature application up to 1000 °C. The evolution of compressive strength, mineral composition and microstructure was monitored using FT-IR, XRD, TGA and SEM-WDS for the pastes and mortars obtained by alkali activation of fayalite and wüstite non-ferrous slags. For both binders, the changes in compressive strength revealed moderate fluctuations below 400 °C due to water evaporation, a sharp drop in strength to 25 MPa at 600 °C due to collapse of the original gel structure, and reinforcement of the strength above 600 °C due to sintering densification and formation of gehlenite-åkermanite or diopside-albite ceramic. An extensive reaction of the quartz aggregate with a sodium-rich binder resulted in the formation of an iron silicate phase that contributed to a further increase in the strength up to 70 MPa by increasing both temperature and time of heating.

Accelerated carbonation of ferrous and non-ferrous slags to produce clinker-free carbonate-bonded blocks: Synergetic reduction in environmental leaching

• Clinker-free blocks by accelerated carbonation of ferrous and/or non-ferrous slags. • Decreased Cr-leaching in SSS used individually, disproportional decrease with NFMS. • Pb-slag vs P(CO 2 ): decreased Pb-leaching, Co/Zn/Mn leaching increase then decrease. • Synergetic reduction in leaching from mixes of ferrous/non-ferrous slags. • In addition to encapsulation, a chemical synergy between sulfide/Cr is discussed. Clinker-free, carbonate-bonded monoliths are prepared by accelerated carbonation for immobilization of hazardous elements present in: a stainless-steel slag, two copper slags, and one lead slag. In addition to the studies on individual slags, mixes of copper slags and lead slags with 33 % and 66 % replacements of stainless-steel slag are also studied. Combinations of two temperatures (30 and 60 °C) and three CO 2 -pressures (1, 5, and 10 barg) are studied. Among the non-ferrous slags carbonated individually, lead slag carbonated at 10 barg exhibited carbonate-cementation. The carbonate-bonded monoliths containing stainless-steel slag exhibited high compressive strengths, individually or as in its mixes with other slags. In stainless-steel slag, while its individual carbonation also showed a decrease in Cr-leaching, the Cr-leaching from its mixes with non-ferrous slags are disproportionately lower: possible chemical synergy of stainless-steel slag with sulfidic non-ferrous slags is discussed. For lead slag individually, carbonation significantly decreases Pb-leaching; while Co, Zn, and Mn leaching first increase and then decrease with an increase in CO 2 -pressure. In mixes of lead slag with stainless-steel slag, Pb, Co, Zn, and Mn leaching are significantly decreased. Temperature does not have a significant influence on the product properties. Copper slag remained relatively insensitive towards carbonation. Comparisons are made with the Flemish legislative limits.

Advances in the use of recycled non-ferrous slag as a resource for non-ferrous metal mine site remediation

The growing global demand for non-ferrous metals has led to serious environmental issues involving uncovered mine site slag dumps that threaten the surrounding soils, surface waters, groundwater, and the atmosphere. Remediation of these slags using substitute cement materials for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and precursors for alkali-activated materials (AAMs) can convert hazardous solid wastes into valuable construction materials, as well as to attain the desired solidification and stabilization (S/S) of heavy metal(loid)s (HM). This review discusses the current research on the effect of non-ferrous slags on the reaction mechanisms of the OPC and AAM. The S/S of HM from the non-ferrous slags in AAM and OPC is also reviewed. HM can be stabilized in these materials based on the complex salt effect and isomorphic effects. The major challenges faced in AAMs and OPC for HM stabilization include the long-term durability of the matrix (e.g., sulfate attack, stability of volume). The existing knowledge gaps and future trends for the sustainable application of non-ferrous slags are also discussed.

Insights into CO2-mineralization using non-ferrous metallurgy slags: CO2(g)-induced dissolution behavior of copper and lead slags

The possibility of utilizing non-ferrous slags for CO2-mineralization is explored in this study by investigating their dissolution behaviors in CO2-environments, since dissolution is usually considered as a major rate-limiting step during CO2-mineralization. Dissolution of two copper slags and a lead slag are studied at the liquid to solid ratio (w/w) of 1000 at combinations of two temperatures (30 and 60 °C) and two CO2-pressures (1 and 10 barg) with time (30, 60, 120, and 240 min). Among the systems in which the slags are dissolved in CO2-environments, the lead slag exhibits Fe-dissolution of up to 10%, and the copper slags up to 5–6% within four hours. The solution-pH were between 4 and 5 in almost all the observations. The dissolution rates of the slags are found to be in the range of 10−7-10−9 mol/m2/s which are comparable with the dissolution of natural fayalite in (in)organic acids. Following the dissolution during the initial 30–60 min, the systems at a higher temperature (at constant CO2-pressure) and higher CO2-pressure (at constant temperature) exhibit higher (or comparable) [Ca], [Fe], [Si], and solution-pH. Moreover, even though the systems at higher temperature and CO2-pressure exhibit higher solution-pH following the initial 30–60 min of dissolution, they continue to exhibit higher dissolution rates throughout the study. Since the residues like non-ferrous copper and lead slags are readily available compared to the analogous natural minerals (like olivines) that usually need to be pre-processed before carbonation, they are proposed as promising sources for CO2-mineralization.

Sequential Bioleaching of Pyritic Tailings and Ferric Leaching of Nonferrous Slags as a Method for Metal Recovery from Mining and Metallurgical Wastes

In this work, we proposed a method for biohydrometallurgical processing of mining (old pyritic flotation tailings) and metallurgical (slag) wastes to recover gold and other nonferrous metals. Since this processing allows the removal of toxic metals or at least decreases their content in the solids, this approach may reduce the negative environmental impacts of such waste. The proposed process was based on pyritic tailings’ bioleaching to recover metals and produce leach liquor containing a strong oxidizing agent (ferric sulfate) to dissolve nonferrous metal from slag. This approach also allows us to increase concentrations of nonferrous metals in the pregnant leach solution after pyritic waste bioleaching to allow efficient extraction. The old pyritic tailings were previously leached with 0.25% sulfuric acid for 10 min to remove soluble metal sulfates. As a result, 36% of copper and 35% of zinc were extracted. After 12 days of bioleaching with a microbial consortium containing Leptospirillum spp., Sulfobacillus spp., Ferroplasma spp., and Acidithiobacillus spp. at 35 °C, the total recovery of metals from pyritic tailings reached 68% for copper and 77% for zinc; and subsequent cyanidation allowed 92% recovery of gold. Ferric leaching of two types of slag at 70 °C with the leachate obtained during bioleaching of the tailings and containing 15 g/L of Fe3+ allowed 88.9 and 43.4% recovery of copper and zinc, respectively, from copper slag within 150 min. Meanwhile, 91.5% of copper, 84.1% of nickel, and 70.2% of cobalt were extracted from copper–nickel slag within 120 min under the same conditions.

Reaction kinetics and structural analysis of alkali activated Fe–Si–Ca rich materials

Abstract This paper describes the outcomes of a study conducted to investigate the influence of solid-to-liquid (S/L), K2O/SiO2 molar ratio and type of activation solution on reaction kinetic, structural development and final mechanical properties of Fe–Si–Ca rich inorganic polymers (IP). IPs were synthesized with alkali hydroxide and alkali hydroxide/silicate type activators to investigate the kinetic and structural impact of soluble silicates on the activating solution. Multiple characterization techniques, including isothermal conduction calorimetry (ICC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were used to give insights on the impact of each of the considered synthesis parameters. Solid-to-liquid and K2O/SiO2 ratios were found to be the compositional parameters governing the reaction kinetics, whereas the introduction of silicate species in the activating solution contributed to further densification and strength development. By combining the effect of the studied parameters, IP binders incorporating a high content of a Fe–Si–Ca rich residues (≥92.7 wt% of solid content) were synthesized at room temperature to achieve a compressive strength exceeding 119 MPa. This work contributes with new insights into the reincorporation and upscaling of a vast group as yet unexplored Fe–Si–Ca-rich waste streams into the materials cycle, such as non-ferrous slags and vitrified residues generated during the incineration of municipal solid waste or during the gasification refused-derived fuel. The study demonstrates the feasibility of producing high strength IPs with only minor usage of virgin raw materials and the possibility of using the developed products as an alternative to conventional cementitious binders. Promoting synergetic interactions between proxy industries is crucial to the sustainability of our current production processes and will play a critical role in achieving current environmental targets.

Design and Operation of Dry Slag Granulation Pilot Plant

CSIRO has been working on a dry granulation process, integrated with heat recovery, since 2002. It involves a rotary disc that atomizes molten slag to produce liquid droplets, which are rapidly quenched to become solid granules. The hot granules are fed to a counter-current moving packed bed heat exchanger, where they are further cooled and finally discharged at close to ambient temperature. Air is used in both units to recover the heat. Development has proceeded through proof-of-concept tests, a prototype and now a pilot plant, capable of processing 100 kg/min of slag. Extensive CFD modeling was used to predict disc and granulator performance as a function of design and operating parameters. Experimental results on the dry slag granulator pilot plant have demonstrated that the process can effectively produce glassy slag granules from molten iron blast furnace slag, and recover significant heat, and that the CFD model can be used to predict process performance. Work continues to scale-up the process and extend the operation to other metallurgical materials, such as non-ferrous slags and mattes.

Differential access to metal wealth from colony to capital to collapse at Phoenician and Punic Carthage: non-ferrous alloys and mineral resources from the Bir Massouda site

This article presents the first stratified archaeometric data of the earliest metallurgical assemblage of Maghrebi North Africa from the perspective of the non-ferrous alloys and minerals. From its foundations as a colony to its formation as an imperial power and subsequent decline and collapse, the Carthaginian state maintained a tradition of metallurgical production. Previous research has highlighted workshops of iron and steel manufacture at Bir Massouda and how this facilitated empire formation. The non-ferrous metals and alloys from Bir Massouda also provide information on the shifting fortunes of the Phoenician-Punic commercial endeavor in its geopolitical Mediterranean context. Following its foundation, Carthaginian non-ferrous alloys included the pure copper, tin bronze, and recycled arsenic-tin bronze alloys typical to Iron Age Mediterranean archeological deposits. At its imperial peak, Carthage maintained a relatively high diversity of alloy and mineral types, including pure copper, tin bronze, arsenical copper, leaded tin bronze, leaded arsenical copper, and lead. Two pieces of non-ferrous slag are evidence for bronze recycling. A special cobalt-iron-copper mineral was being processed likely as a colorant for glass or other decorative pigment, and glassy copper-based debris was found adhered to a ceramic or kiln component. During its early clashes with Rome and eventual decline and collapse, the Late Punic metal procurement system was stilted, likely due to restricted access to territorial mines previously held by Carthage in the Iberian Peninsula and Sardinia, with a reversion back to an assemblage of pure copper, arsenical copper, arsenic-tin bronze, and lead.

Reclamation of Industrial Tailings by Means of Metallurgical Slag

In a microplot field trial, the use of crushed slag to break down the capillary borders in recultivation of toxic tailings (at enrichment facilities and solid waste dumps) with minimum application of fertile soil was studied. In this approach, metallurgical wastes may be used in low-cost energy-saving technologies. Four basic types of slag produced at AO EVRAZ ZSMK in steel smelting were studied: white nonferrous slag; blast-furnace (open-hearth) slag; electrosmelting slag; and converter slag. Such slag forms an inert layer under a minimal layer of fertile soil on trial plots, where perennials (a legume–grass mixture) were planted. For each slag, we used a control plot (without fertilizer); a plot with a potassium-humate preparation; a plot with complete mineral fertilizer; and a plot with a mixture of these approaches. At the end of the growing season, the above-ground phytomass is 17–128 g/m2. The best results were obtained with converter slag and blast-furnace slag, characterized by the lowest phytoxicity. Addition of mineral fertilizer alone or in combination with potassium humate increases the phytomass by a factor of 2–4. Added alone, potassium humate had no influence on plant production but, in combination with mineral fertilizer, it increased the phytomass by a factor of 1.6–1.8. To stimulate germination and phytomass production, the addition of both mineral fertilizers and humic preparations is recommended. The converter and blast-furnace slag may be used as an inert material in reclamation, with minimum application of fertile soil. White slag and electrosmelting slag are not recommended, on account of their high phytotoxicity; in those trials, the perennials employed did not thrive.

The Submerged Arc Furnace (SAF): State-of-the-Art Metal Recovery from Nonferrous Slags

The submerged electric arc furnace (SAF) has proven a versatile unit in numerous metallurgical applications for more than a century. Countless innovations have made this furnace type become the most commonly used furnace for increased metal recoveries and slag-cleaning operations. In many applications, SAFs are also employed as primary melting units (e.g., Ni Laterites, Si production, FeMn, FeCr, etc.). Furnace power supply as well as capacities has been continuously increased over the years so that modern SAFs can reach more than 100 MVA as well as more than 100 tph in throughput. The present paper aims to provide a thorough overview of the principles and buildup of modern SAFs and to present various examples from recent industrial installations as well as current topics in pyrometallurgical research. Examples of the buildup and special equipment (such as cooled wall panels, Soderberg electrodes, etc.) of modern SAFs are demonstrated. The paper also presents metallurgical, thermochemical, and physical fundamentals of slag cleaning as well as particle settling. Furthermore, industrial examples from two African sites are discussed, which highlight the advantages of the SAF for metal recoveries. Special emphasis is given to an innovative slag-cleaning concept through magnetic agitation. Research topics presented range from the inertization of red mud, to Co recovery through the retreatment of dumped slag and the valorization of Pb- and Zn-containing slags.

Mix-design Parameters and Real-life Considerations in the Pursuit of Lower Environmental Impact Inorganic Polymers

The environmental impact of inorganic polymer mortars from non-ferrous slag was assessed and compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortar based on a load bearing capacity of 10 MN of bricks of 0.1 m high. Two strategies to minimize the environmental impact of inorganic polymers were pursued. Activating solutions with a lower alkali content (H2O/Na2O = 16, 24, 32, 40, 48; constant SiO2/Na2O = 1.6) were investigated while keeping the water/slag mass ratio of the inorganic polymer mortar mix constant. Another synthesis route considered the complete replacement of the activating solution by maize ashes. These were blended with the slag in different ash/slag mass ratios (0.2, 0.4, 0.6) before adding water, producing a so-called “one-part” inorganic polymer. A sensitivity analysis showed that the effect of compressive strength and transport distance is extensive. Because of this considerable transport distance dependence, several cities in Flanders were selected to perform a detailed LCA study. The optimal scores of the environmental impact were observed for Mol, the location of the sand supplier, and accounted for 23% with respect to OPC for the samples with the activating solution with a ratio of H2O/Na2O = 24 and 17% for an ash/slag ratio of 0.2.

A Study on the Leaching Characteristics for the Sound Management of Nonferrous Slag

A Study on the Leaching Characteristics for the Sound Management of Nonferrous Slag