Non-fatal Burns Research Articles

Examination of Pediatric Burn Incidence and the Impact of Social Determinants of Health in Florida.

Introduction Burn injuries are a major mechanism of trauma worldwide, caused by friction, cold, heat, radiation, chemical, or electric sources. Most often, burn injuries occur due to heat contact from hot liquids, solids, or fire, termed scald burns and flame burns, respectively. These types of injuries are complex and carry major injury and mortality risks, especially in pediatric populations. Burn trauma prevention has been a major focus in the US, with initiatives to increase public health outreach and safety measures. Unfortunately, children in socioeconomically disadvantaged situations may face these types of injuries at disproportionately higher rates, and we aim to highlight these disparities, if any, within our Florida community. Materials and methods This study was designed as a retrospective observational analysis using publicly available data from the Florida Health Community Health Assessment Resource Tool Set (CHARTS). Data was extracted for nonfatal burn injuries resulting in ED visits in the years 2018-2020. This data was limited to those ranging from 0 to 19 years old and converted to rates of burn injuries per 100,000. Sociodemographic details for each county were recorded from County Health Rankings & Roadmaps and compared with burn data in each respective county. Frequencies were generated for categorical data, and statistical analyses for burn rates and sociodemographic details were performed with a generalized linear model using a Poisson distribution and bivariate correlation for a p < 0.05. Results In Florida, the median annual burn rate per 100,000 was 136 (IQR: 96-179), with Jackson county holding the highest rate of 323 and Glades, Hardee, and Lafayette each holding a rate of 0. Of the 18 socioeconomic factors examined, a total of five were found to have no statistically significant effect on nonfatal burn injury ED visits: severe housing problems, percentage of Asians, teen births, percentage of children (<18 years) in poverty, and severe housing cost burden. The two most important factors to be found in nonfatal burn ED visits of pediatric patients were the percentage of those younger than 19 years old without health insurance and the average grade level performance of third-grader reading scores. When adjusting for the small sample size using Firth's bias-adjusted estimates and overdispersion, both reading scores and those without insurance play a significant role in pediatric burn injuries. For each increase in a single point in reading scores, the incidence rate ratio decreases by 97.1% (95% CI). For every percentage increase in children insured, there is a 28.8% decrease in pediatric burn injuries (95% CI). Conclusions This analysis highlights increased pediatric burn rates across multiple social determinants of health (SDOH) in all 67 Florida counties. The findings here demonstrate that there may continue to be a disproportionate distribution of burn rates among lower and higher sociodemographic areas. This study further highlights this trend within the Florida community, and continued research will be necessary to meet the needs of lower sociodemographic areas to improve burn rates in vulnerable populations, such as children, who are at increased risk of injury.

In vivo visualization of burn depth in skin tissue of rats using hemoglobin parameters estimated by diffuse reflectance spectral imaging.

Burn injuries represent a global public health problem that kills an estimated 180,000 people annually. Non-fatal burns result in prolonged hospitalization, disfigurement, and disability. The most common, convenient, and widely used method for assessing burn depth is physical or visual examination, but the accuracy of this method is reportedly poor (60% to 75%). Rapid, correct assessment of burn depth is very important for the optimal management and treatment of burn patients. New methods of burn depth assessment that are inexpensive, simple, rapid, non-contact, and non-invasive are therefore needed. The aim of this study was to propose an approach to visualize the spatial distribution of burn depth using hemoglobin parameters estimated from spectral diffuse reflectance imaging and to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach for differentiating burn depth in a rat model of scald burn injury. The new approach to creating a spatial map of burn depth was based on canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) of total hemoglobin concentration, tissue oxygen saturation, and methemoglobin saturation as estimated from spectral diffuse reflectance images. Burns of three different degrees of severity were created in rat dorsal skin by 10-s exposure to water maintained at 70°C, 78°C, and 98°C, respectively. Spectral images for dorsal regions were acquired under anesthesia immediately after burn injury and at 24h, 48h, and 72h after injury. Most areas of images in the group with skin exposed to 70°C water and 98°C water were classified as 70°C burn and 98°C burn, respectively. In contrast, no significant difference between areas classified as 78°C burn and 98°C burn from 24h to 72h was evident in the group with skin exposed to 78°C water, suggesting that burn depth was heterogeneous. The proposed approach combining diffuse reflectance spectral imaging and CDA appears promising for differentiating 70°C burns from 78°C burns and 98°C burns, and 98°C burns from 70°C burns and 78°C burns at 24 to 72h after burn injury in a rat model of scald burn injury.

Epidemiology and perceptions of non-fatal burns among select youth (15–24 years old) from Peshawar Pakistan; a sequential explanatory mixed methods study

PurposeBurns are among the top five cause of unintentional injuries among youth. We aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors of burns in select youth from Pakistan and also explored their perceptions about burns. MethodsA sequential explanatory mixed methods study was conducted which comprised of two phases. Phase 1 consisted of a cross-sectional quantitative survey (QUAN) in which 550 vocational school youth (15 to 24 years-olds) filled out the WHO community survey tool for injuries and violence and provided data on burns in previous 12 months (2021–22). Phase 2 consisted of qualitative (QUAL), in-depth interviews (IDIs) with participants selected from Phase 1 based on the occurrence of burns. STATA™ version 15.1 was used for Phase 1 data analysis and Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial regression was used for determining the Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) of burns. Thematic analysis was performed for in-depth interviews from Phase 2. ResultsOut of 547 participants, 356 (65%) were males while 191 (35%) were females. Burns were reported by 85 participants (15%). A total of 137 counts of burns were reported showing multiple burns by some participants. The IRR for burns among young females was 2.89 (1.78–4.69) compared to males in the previous 12 months (2021–22). Age, sex, father’s education, and combined family income were significant risk factors for burns in youth. Six IDIs were conducted with burn victims, two were males while six were females. Four cooking-related burns, and two occupational burns during vocational training were reported. Themes that emerged from IDIs were internal and external factors, personal carelessness and lack of knowledge and safety about burns. Two sub-themes that were significant for recovery from burns were family support and access to healthcare. ConclusionYoung females are at a higher risk of burn injuries in Pakistan. Various social, demographic, and behavioral risk factors are associated with burns. Pre-burn and post-burn interventions are needed for prevention from burns in youth.

Sustainable Approach of Functional Biomaterials-Tissue Engineering for Skin Burn Treatment: A Comprehensive Review.

Burns are a widespread global public health traumatic injury affecting many people worldwide. Non-fatal burn injuries are a leading cause of morbidity, resulting in prolonged hospitalization, disfigurement, and disability, often with resulting stigma and rejection. The treatment of burns is aimed at controlling pain, removing dead tissue, preventing infection, reducing scarring risk, and tissue regeneration. Traditional burn wound treatment methods include the use of synthetic materials such as petroleum-based ointments and plastic films. However, these materials can be associated with negative environmental impacts and may not be biocompatible with the human body. Tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach to treating burns, and sustainable biomaterials have been developed as an alternative treatment option. Green biomaterials such as collagen, cellulose, chitosan, and others are biocompatible, biodegradable, environment-friendly, and cost-effective, which reduces the environmental impact of their production and disposal. They are effective in promoting wound healing and reducing the risk of infection and have other benefits such as reducing inflammation and promoting angiogenesis. This comprehensive review focuses on the use of multifunctional green biomaterials that have the potential to revolutionize the way we treat skin burns, promoting faster and more efficient healing while minimizing scarring and tissue damage.

A scoping review of burn care in Southeast Asia.

Non-fatal burns are a major cause of morbidity, with incidents often occuring at home and at work. Almost all burn cases occur in the WHO region, precisely in African and Southeast Asian countries. Yet, the epidemiology of these injuries, especially in the WHO-defined Southeast Asian Region, has yet to be adequately defined. A scoping review of the literature was performed to identify epidemiology of thermal, chemical, and electrical burns in the WHO-defined Southeast Asian Region. The database search screened 1023 articles in total, of which 83 articles were assessed for eligibility at a full-text level, and 58 of these were excluded. Therefore, 25 full-text articles were included for data extraction and analysis. Data analysed included demographics, injury details, burn mechanism, total body surface area burned, and in-hospital mortality. Despite the steady increase on burns research, the Southeast Asian region is still limited in terms of burns data. This scoping review has shown that the largest set of articles on burns come from Southeast Asia, indicating the importance of reviewing data at a regional or local level, as global studies tend to be dominated by data from high-income countries.

The burden of disease of fatal and non-fatal burn injuries for the full spectrum of care in the Netherlands

BackgroundA comprehensive overview of the burden of disease of burns for the full spectrum of care is not available. Therefore, we estimated the burden of disease of burns for the full spectrum in the Netherlands in 2018, and explored whether the burden of disease changed over the past 5 years (2014-2018).MethodsData were collected at four levels: general practice, emergency department, hospital, and mortality data. For each level, years lived with disability (YLD), years of life lost (YLL), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) were estimated using a tailored methodology.ResultsBurns resulted in a total of 9278 DALYs in the Netherlands in 2018, comprising of 7385 YLDs (80%) and 1892 YLLs (20%). Burn patients who visited the general practice contributed most DALYs (64%), followed by deceased burn patients (20%), burn patients admitted to hospital (14%) and those treated at the emergency department (2%). The burden of disease was comparable in both sexes (4734 DALYs (51%) for females; 4544 DALYs (49%) for males), though the distribution of DALYs by level of care varied; females contributed more DALYs at the general practice level, and males at all other levels of care. Among children boys 0-4 years had the highest burden of disease (784 DALYs (9%)), and among adults, females 18-34 years old (1319 DALYs (14.2%)) had the highest burden of disease. Between 2014 and 2018 there was a marginal increase of 0.8% in the number of DALYs.ConclusionsBurns cause a substantial burden of disease, with burns requiring care at the general practice level contributing most DALYs. Information on burden of burns by the full level of care as well as by subgroup is important for the development of tailored burn prevention strategies, and the updated figures are recommended to be used for priority setting and resource allocation.

Necessity to employ a multifaceted approach to minimize the incidence of burns and associated sequels in low- and middle-income nations

The problem of burns has been recognized as one of the major global public health concerns primarily due to the millions of people succumbing to the burn-related complications each year. In addition, nonfatal burns are a predominant cause of morbidity, disability, impaired quality of life, and prolonged hospitalization, which are commonly associated with secondary infections. Acknowledging the fact that the developed nations have made remarkable progress in reducing the death rates through the strengthening of prevention strategies and improvement in medical care to the victims, it is very much possible to minimize the incidence of burns and the associated complications. To conclude, there is an immense need to have a multifaceted approach to minimize the incidence of burns and upgrade the quality of care offered to the victims, especially in low- and middle-income nations. Furthermore, sustained efforts are required to reduce the rates of disability and burn attributed death rates.

WE6.6 Does Nexobrid improve healing outcomes in treatment in adults with partial thickness burn compared to standard of care? A meta-analysis

Abstract Aims Burns are usually associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to dysfunction and disfigurement. Non-fatal burns usually contribute to morbidity via burn wound infection, systemic sepsis, multiple organ failure, pneumonia etc. leading to prolonged hospitalization. The objective of this study is to present a systematic review of the role of enzymatic debridement in healing outcomes compared to standard of care (debridement and skin grafting) in adult patients with burns. Methods A systematic review of randomized controlled and case-control studies reporting and comparing healing outcomes of Nexobrid with the standard of care, published on Embase, Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane databases in the period from 1946 until August 2021 was performed. Relevant studies were extracted and analysed with the help of Review Manager. Results The database search identified thirteen articles that met inclusion criteria. A combined number of 441 patients were included. Nexobrid application average time was one day. The combined mean of total body treated mean surface was 6.5%. Studies investigating Nexobrid mention the combine average success of debridement of 82.8%. The forest plots favour the current evidence of Nexobrid shortens time from injury to intervention, reducing the need for surgery, hence shortening the length of hospital stay. Conclusions This systematic review provides the current results of Nexobrid usage for enzymatic debridement of partial thickness to deep dermal burns. Further randomized controlled trials or feasibility studies are warranted to open new horizons for this modality of burns treatment.

A National Analysis of Discharge Disposition in Older Adults with Burns-Estimating the Likelihood of Independence at Discharge.

Whereas older age predicts higher burn mortality, the impact of age on discharge disposition is less well defined in older adults with burns. This investigation assesses the relationship between older age and discharge disposition after burns in a nationally representative sample. We queried the 2007 to 2015 National Trauma Data Bank for non-fatal burn hospitalizations in older adults. Pre-defined age categories were 55 to 64 years (working-age comparison group), 65 to 74 years (young-old), 75 to 84 years (middle-old), and 85+ years (old-old). Covariables included inhalation injury, comorbidities, burn total body surface area, injury mechanism, and race/ethnicity. Discharge to non-independent living (nursing home, rehabilitation, and other facilities) was the primary outcome. Logistic regression assessed the association between older age and discharge to non-independent living. There were 25,840 non-fatal burn hospitalizations in older adults during the study period. Working-age encounters comprised 53% of admissions, young-old accounted for 28%, middle-old comprised 15% and old-old comprised 4%. Discharge to non-independent living increased with burn TBSA and older age in survivors. Starting in young-old, the majority (65 %) of patients with burns ≥20% TBSA were discharged to non-independent living. Adjusted odd ratios for discharge to non-independent living were 2.0 for young-old, 3.3 for middle-old, and 5.6 for old-old patients, when compared with working-age patients (all P &lt; .001). Older age strongly predicts non-independent discharge after acute burn hospitalization. Matrix analysis of discharge disposition indicates a stepwise rise in discharge to non-independent living with higher age and TBSA, providing a realistic discharge framework for treatment decisions and expectations about achieving independent living after burn hospitalization.

Epidemiology of non-fatal burn injuries in children: evidence from Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey 2016

BackgroundBurn is a major cause of childhood injury-related morbidity and mortality. Global estimates suggest that 90% of all cases occur in low-income and middle-income countries and over half of the...

Airway Management in Pediatric Patients With Burn Contractures of the Face and Neck.

Burn injury is a common cause of trauma. Non-fatal burn injuries are a leading cause of morbidity, and significant numbers of the victims are children. Scar contracture after burn injury can cause severe functional limitation, pain, and aesthetic and psychological problems and patients may present for contracture release and reconstructive surgery. The aim of this systematic review was to identify research relevant to airway management of children with burn contracture of the face and neck with special emphasis on awake airway management and airway anesthesia, and synthesize results that can aid practice. Literature search was performed on Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar with selected keywords. The search was restricted to human subjects of ≤18 year age, there was no language or time restriction, and the final search was concluded in July 2021. The review included 41 articles involving airway management of 56 patients in 61 anesthesia episodes. Patients aged between 8 months to 18 years. Mask ventilation and direct laryngoscopy, video laryngoscopy, optical stylet, supraglottic airway, flexible scope intubation and tracheostomy, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were the devices and methods used for securing the airway and oxygenation while the patients were awake or after anesthesia induction. Detailed planning and patient preparation are the fundamentals of airway management of pediatric patients with burn contracture of the face and neck; awake airway management with airway anesthesia can be safely used in selected patients. This review provides information for good clinical practice and might serve to improve the care of such children.

The Costs of Burn Victim Hospital Care around the World: A Systematic Review.

Background:Burn injuries are very common and fire-related burns account for over 300,000 deaths per year globally. The costs of the treatment of these patients change around the world. The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic literature review to identify the costs related to hospital stays of burn victims in countries with different Human Development Index (HDIs).Methods:PubMed, CINAHL and BVIS databases were searched using the following terms: “burn,” treatment” and “costs”. The review included articles that presented cost studies or economic assessments of burn victims in which the costs were reported, and published between 2012 and 2019. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Consensus on Health Economic Criteria. This review presents register in Prospero (CRD42019137580).Results:The review included 19 economic studies conducted in 13 countries, most with a very high HDIs. Most studies estimated direct acute burn care costs through bottom-up costing and institutional data. Total hospital care costs ranged from US$ 10.58 to US$ 125,597.86 per patient, the cost of 1% of total body surface area burned ranged from US$ 2.65 to US$ 11,245.04, and the cost of hospital care per day, from US$ 24.23 to US$ 4,125.50.Conclusion:The costs are high and show wide discrepancies among countries. Medical costs and other losses caused by fatal and non-fatal burn injuries differ considerably among demographic groups, care protocols, and country HDIs.

Children Younger Than 18 Years Treated for Nonfatal Burns in US Emergency Departments.

This study investigated children <18 years old treated for burns in United States (US) emergency departments from 1990 to 2014 using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. There were 2 548 971 children treated for burns during the study period, averaging 101 959 annually. The number and rate of burns decreased by 30.0% and 38.9%, respectively, (both P < .001) during the study. Most patients (58.4%) were boys, 64.0% were <6 years old, and 7.4% were admitted to the hospital. Thermal burns accounted for 60.2% of injuries. The hand/fingers were most commonly injured (37.1%), followed by head/neck (19.6%). The most common specified mechanism of injury was grabbing/touching (18.4%), followed by spilling/splashing (16.4%). Although the number of children treated for burns has decreased, it remains an important source of pediatric injury, demonstrating the need to increase prevention efforts, especially among young children. This is the first study to use a nationally representative sample to investigate burn mechanisms.

Sociodemographic determinants for risk exposure of child injuries at home with focus on burns

&#x0D; Burns are a significant public health problem that occurs at home and especially affect children. Non-fatal burn victims suffer from prolonged hospitalization, disfigurement and disability, with consequences of stigma and rejection. The survey on child injuries at home with focus on burns showed that sociodemographic determinants play an important role for child safety at home. The majority of home injuries were attributable to human and environmental factors. The main ways for prevention, including education, safe environment creation, legislation and enforcement can prevent child injuries (including burns or scalds) and promote safety at home, saving the lives of vulnerable age groups, especially children.&#x0D;

Benefits, Risks, and Myths of TASER® Handheld Electrical Weapons

Handheld conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) have been used 3.9 million times in the field in 107 countries. Prospective studies (including over 40 k uses of force) find a 65% reduction in subject injuries versus batons, manual control, and “pepper” spray. There is a 2/3 reduction in fatal shootings when CEW usage is not overly restricted. USA-derived data suggest that the temporal subject fatality rate with resistant arrest is ≈ 1:1000 without a CEW and ≈ 1:3000 with the CEW. UK data suggest 85% compliance with simply the threat of a CEW. There have been 18 deaths from falls (16 brain injuries and 2 cervical fractures) and 8 deaths from fume ignition. These 26 deaths provide a fatality risk of 6.7 per million [95% CI 4.5–9.8]. There are 20 cases of unilateral blindness from a probe eye penetration. There were also 4 cases of non-fatal major burns and 1 of permanent brain damage from a fall. These 25 injuries provide a risk of 6.4 per million [(95% CI 4.3–9.5]. The risk of electrocution is very low since present CEWs satisfy the IEC 60335 electric fence limit of 2.5 W and the ANSI-CPLSO-17 limits of 125 μC per pulse with a normalized aggregate current of 2.2 mA. Arrest-related death anecdotes alleging an electrocution all fail several diagnostic tests for an electrocution. While reducing subject injury and death by about 2/3, CEW usage has an overall major complication rate of 13.1 per million field uses [95% CI 9.9–17.2], primarily from falls, fires, and eye injuries.

Epidemiology and outcomes of burn injuries at a tertiary burn care center in Bangladesh

Globally, burns are among some of the most devastating injuries and account for more than 265,000 deaths worldwide. In Bangladesh alone, nearly 3000 people die annually from burn-related injuries. This study was conducted at the National Institute of Burn and Plastic Surgery in Dhaka, Bangladesh in June of 2016. Data included conducting surveys of hospitalized burn patients (N=66) and a chart review of deceased burn patients (N=88). In addition to reporting on the demographic profile of patients, information was also obtained on clinical measures during hospitalization. For non-fatal burns, high risk groups included young adult males (early 30s) of lower socioeconomic status. Among children, the most vulnerable group was found to be children less than eight years old. The most common non-fatal types of burn injuries were flame (35%), electrical (31%) and scald (24%). Discharged patients had an average hospital stay of around 30days with half of all patients requiring surgical intervention, thus indicating the severity of those cases and the need for resource-intensive care. Among the discharged patient population, factors significantly associated with a longer duration of hospital stay included severity of injury, not having received prior treatment before admission and whether or not patients required surgery during hospitalization.Among the mortality cases, the high-risk groups also included young adult males and children of around eight years of age. The average total body surface area (TBSA) sustained in these cases was 46.4%, with 65% of deaths attributable to complications from flame burns.These findings highlight the frequency and severity of burn injuries, identify vulnerable population groups and list common causes of burns in this large developing country of 160 million people. Furthermore, these findings may be applicable to the epidemiology and outcome of burns in similar low and middle income countries.

Awareness on Prevention and First Aid Management of Burn Injury among Adolescents

Abstract&#x0D; Background: Burn means more than the burning sensation associated with injury. Burns are characterized by severe skin damage that causes the affected skin cells to die. Burns are causes for mortality and morbidity worldwide among all age groups. An estimated 180 000 deaths every year are caused by burns – the vast majority occur in low- and middle-income countries.1 Non-fatal burn injuries are a leading cause of morbidity. Burns occur mainly in the home and workplace. Burns are preventable. Burns are one of the most common household injuries, especially among children. Most people can recover from burns without serious health consequences, depending on the cause and degree of injury. More serious burns require immediate emergency medical care to prevent complications and death. The objective of the study was to find out the awareness on prevention and first aid management of burn injury among adolescents.&#x0D; Materials and methods: A descriptive exploratory study was conducted, using self administered questionnaire. Data was collected from 101 students of class VIII and IX of Shree Prithvi Narayan Secondary School at Tarkeshwor ward no. 5, Kathmandu. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and mean was used to analyze the data. Level of awareness was categorized as: &lt;50%=Inadequate awareness, 50% - 75%= Moderate awareness and &gt;75%= Adequate level of awareness.&#x0D; Results: In this study, respondents were between 12-16 years of age with mean age 14.20 years. Among them 54.5% were female and 45.5% were male. Regarding level of burn injury prevention awareness 15.8% of the respondents had inadequate, 40.6% had moderate and 43.6% had adequate awareness. Likewise, 4.9% of the respondents had inadequate awareness, 71.3% had moderate awareness and 23.8% had adequate awareness on first aid management of burn injury.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study concluded that respondents had adequate awareness on prevention of burn injury but moderate awareness on first aid management of burn injury. Therefore, awareness raising programme are to be conducted on school and need to keep in school curriculum with adequate content for effective knowledge on burn prevention and first aid management.&#x0D; Key words: adolescents, awareness, burn injury, first aid management, prevention

Fatal and non-fatal burn injuries with electrical weapons and explosive fumes

IntroductionWhile generally reducing morbidity and mortality, electrical weapons have risks associated with their usage, including eye injuries and falls. With the presence of explosive fumes or fuels there also exists the possibility of burn injury. MethodsWe searched for cases of fatal and non-fatal major burns with TASER® electrical weapon usage where there was a possibility that the weapon ignited the explosion. ResultsWe confirmed 6 cases of fatal burn injury and 4 cases of major non-fatal burns out of 3.17 million field uses. The mean age was 35.5 ± 9.7 years which is consistent with the typical arrest-related death. Moderate, minor, and noninjurious fires — typically due to a cigarette lighters in a pocket, petrol, recreational inhalants, or body spray were also noted. ConclusionsThe use of electrical weapons presents a small but real risk of death from fatal burn injury. It also presents a small risk of major non-fatal burn injury. The ignition of petrol fumes dominates these cases of major fatal and nonfatal burns.

Incidence and cost of non-fatal burns in Iran: a nationwide population-based study

ABSTRACTTo determine the incidence and cost of non-fatal burns in Iran; this cross-sectional household survey of a nationally representative sample of 15–64 years old was conducted. Through face-to-face interviews and telephone calls, the data on the demographics, history and cost of burns were collected. The annual incidence rate of burns was estimated 129.85 per 1000 population. Burns occurred higher in younger age, female gender and urban residency. The most common burn description was as follows: unpaid work (activity during burn), home (place of burn), heat and hot substances (mechanism of burn) and upper limb (site of burn). The average total cost of burn includes victims seeking medical care was US$124 per case. The main findings of this study suggest that burns are a major public health concern in Iran. To stop this important health issue, a national program for burn prevention and education must be developed.

Association of sociodemographic and household characteristics with non-fatal burns among children under the age of 10 years in Sudan: an exploratory secondary analysis of the Sudan Household Health Survey 2010

BackgroundGlobally, children have the highest mortality rates from fire-related burns. Sudan is no exception, but there had been no prior investigations of potentially preventable risk factors. We undertook this analysis...