Non-enzymatic Superoxide Scavenger Activity Research Articles

Nigella sativa oil and thymoquinone reduce oxidative stress in the brain tissue of rats exposed to total head irradiation

Purpose: To evaluate the antioxidant and radio-protective effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and thymoquinone (TQ) on radiation-induced oxidative stress in brain tissue.Materials and methods: Fifty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups to test the radio-protective effectiveness of Nigella sativa oil and thymoquine administered by either orogastric tube or intraperitoneal injection. Appropriate control groups were also studied.Results: Brain antioxidant capacity, as measured by the levels of total superoxide scavenger activity (TSSA), non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA), superoxide dismutase, paraoxonase (PON) activities, total antioxidant status and total sulfhydryl (-SH) group, were lower in the irradiation (IR) only group while xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) levels were higher in the group compared with all other groups. Brain glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity significantly decreased in the IR only group when compared with the control groups. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was lower in the IR only, NSO plus IR, TQ plus IR groups when compared with the control group of TQ. Arylesterase (ARYL) activity was not statistically significant in the IR only group compared with all other groups.Conclusions: The results suggest that Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and its active component, TQ, clearly protect brain tissue from radiation-induced oxidative stress.

Radioprotective effect of thymoquinone on salivary gland of rats exposed to total cranial irradiation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the radioprotective effects of thymoquinone against radiation-induced damage in the salivary glands of rats exposed to total cranial gamma irradiation. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups to test the radioprotective effectiveness of thymoquinone by intraperitoneal injection. An appropriate control group was also studied. Biochemical parameters in liver tissue of rats were determined by spectrophotometer. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), total (enzymatic plus nonenzymatic) superoxide scavenger activity (TSSA), nonenzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly decreased, whereas xanthine oxidase, nitric oxide synthase activities, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite levels were significantly increased in the irradiation group when compared to the control and sham control groups. Results showed that thymoquinone reduces oxidative and nitrosative stress parameters and has antioxidant effects and a free radical scavenging activity.

The Radioprotective Effects of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester and Thymoquinone on Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Liver Tissue of Rats Exposed to Total Head Irradiation.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of addition of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and thymoquinone (TQ) on oxidative and nitrosative stress in the liver tissue of irradiated rats. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups to test the radioprotective effectiveness of TQ and CAPE administered by intraperitoneal injection. Appropriate control groups were also studied. Liver antioxidant capacity, as measured by levels of total superoxide scavenger activity (TSSA), non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity except superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, were statistically lower in the irradiation (IR) group compared to all other groups. Total superoxide scavenger activity and NSSA were statistically higher in the IR plus TQ and IR plus CAPE groups compared to all other groups. In contrast, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was significantly found to increase in the IR plus CAPE group compared to control groups. The xanthine oxidase (XO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities, nitric oxide (NO●) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the IR group were statistically higher than in the other groups. Moreover, XO activity in the IR plus TQ group was statistically lower than all other groups including the IR plus CAPE group. In addition, NO● level was found to increase in all groups when compared to the normal control group. Thymoquinone and CAPE decrease oxidative and nitrosative stress markers and have antioxidant effects, which also increase antioxidant capacity in the liver tissue of irradiated rats.

Oxidative and Antioxidative Status after Successful Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: Oxidants lead to cell death through apoptosis and necrosis. The effects of reactive oxygen radicals are balanced by the antioxidant action. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the oxidative and antioxidative status, both in healthy control subjects and in patients with acute myocardial infarction after successful Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA). Materials and methods: 25 patients who were re-vascularised in the first six hours of Acute ST elevated myocardial infarction and 25 healthy controls were included in the study. Erythrocyte Total Superoxide Scavenger Activity (TSSA), Non-enzymatic Superoxide Scavenger Activity (NSSA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Nitric Oxide (NO), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8 hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were measured before PTCA (zero-time) after the 6th hour and 24th hour from PTCA in patients and once in the controls. Results: There was a decrease at MDA concentrations (3.99±1.14, 4.05±1.35, 3.62±1.11nmol/g Hb, p<0.05), however, 8-OHdG concentrations significantly increased in patient at zero-time and 6 th

Zinc administration modulates radiation-induced oxidative injury in lens of rat

Background:The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant role of zinc (Zn) against radiation-induced cataract in the rat lens after total cranial irradiation with a single 5 Gray (Gy) dose of gamma irradiation.Materials and Methods:Twenty-one Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experiment. The control group did not receive Zn or irradiation but received 1-ml saline orally plus sham-irradiation. The irradiation (IR) group received 5 Gy gamma irradiation to the total cranium as a single dose plus 0.1 ml physiological saline intraperitoneally. The IR plus Zn group received irradiation to total cranium plus 10 mg/kg/day Zn intraperitoneally. Biochemical parameters measured in rat lenses were carried out using spectrophotometric techniques.Results:Lens total (enzymatic plus non-enzymatic) superoxide scavenger activity (TSSA), glutathione reductase (GRD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities significantly increased in the IR plus Zn groups when compared with the IR group. However, TSSA, GRD and GST activities were significantly lower in the IR group when compared with the control group. Lens non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA) in the IR plus Zn group was significantly increased compared to that of the IR group. Lens xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in the IR group significantly increased compared to that of both the control and IR plus Zn groups.Conclusion:Zn has clear antioxidant properties and prevented oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals generated by ionizing radiation in rat lenses.

The effects of oral Ginkgo biloba supplementation on radiation-induced oxidative injury in the lens of rat

Background:The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant role of Ginkgo biloba (GB) against radiation-induced cataract in the rat lens after total cranial irradiation with a single 5 Gray (Gy) dose of gamma irradiation.Materials and Methods:Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experiment. The rats were randomly divided into three equal groups. Group 1 did not receive GB or irradiation (control group) but received 1-ml saline orally plus sham-irradiation. Group 2 received total cranium 5 Gy of gamma irradiation as a single dose (IR group) plus 1-ml saline orally. Group 3 received total cranium irradiation plus 40 mg/kg/day GBE (IR plus GBE group). Biochemical parameters measured in murine lenses were carried out using spectrophotometric techniques.Results:Lens total (enzymatic plus non-enzymatic) superoxide scavenger activity (TSSA), non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA), glutathione reductase (GRD), and glutathione-S- transferase (GST) activities significantly increased in the IR plus GBE groups when compared with the IR group. However, TSSA, GRD and GST activities were significantly lower in the IR group when compared with the control group. Lens xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in the IR group significantly increased compared to that of both the control and IR plus GBE groups.Conclusion:GBE has clear antioxidant properties and is likely to be a valuable drug for protection against gamma-irradiation and/or be used as an antioxidant against oxidative stress.

Antioxidative status and lipid peroxidation in kidney tissue of rats fed with vitamin B6-deficient diet

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate lipid peroxidation (LP) and free radical scavenging enzyme activities in kidney tissue of vitamin B6-deficient rats. Material and Methods: The rats were divided into control and vitamin B6-deficient groups. After 4 weeks of feeding, animals in all groups were anesthetized by thiopental sodium (50 mg/kg). Thoraces were opened, 2 mL blood samples were taken from aortas, then the rats were killed by cervical dislocation, and kidney tissues were removed. Biochemical measurements in kidney tissue were carried out using a spectrophotometer. Results: Total superoxide scavenger activity (TSSA), nonenzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and antioxidant potential (AOP) values in the vitamin B6-deficient group were significantly lower than those of the control group, whereas glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GRD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). Discussion: The results show that vitamin B6 deficiency causes an attenuation in antioxidant defense system and an increase in oxidative stress in kidney tissue of rats.

Increased Oxidant Stress and Decreased Antioxidant Status in Erythrocytes of Rats Fed with Zinc-deficient Diet

The aim of this study was to evaluate the lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NO), and free radical scavenging enzyme activities in erythrocytes of zinc (Zn)-deficient rats and to investigate the relationship among these parameters in either group. Sixteen male rats with a weight of 40-50 g were used for the experiment. The rats were divided into control (n = 8) and Zn-deficient groups. At the end of the experiment, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine-HCl (Ketalar, 20 mg/kg(-1), i.p.), and the blood was collected by cardiac puncture after thoracotomy. Blood samples were collected in vacutainer tubes without and with K(3)-EDTA as anticoagulant. Erythrocyte catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GRD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, total (enzymatic plus nonenzymatic) superoxide scavenger activity (TSSA), nonenzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA), antioxidant potential (AOP), and serum zinc (Zn) values in the Zn-deficient group were significantly lower than those of the control group, whereas NO and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly higher than those of the control group. The results show that Zn deficiency causes a decrease in antioxidant defense system and an increase in oxidative stress in erythrocyte of rats.

Melatonin reduces oxidative stress in the rat lens due to radiation-induced oxidative injury

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant role of melatonin against radiation-induced cataract in the rat lens after total cranial irradiation with a single 5 Gray (Gy) dose of gamma irradiation.Materials and methods: Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experiment.The rats were randomly divided into four equal groups. The control group did not receive melatonin or irradiation but received both 0.1 ml physiological saline intraperitoneally and sham irradiation. The irradiation (IR) group received 5 Gy gamma irradiation to the total cranium as a single dose plus 0.1 ml physiological saline intraperitoneally. The melatonin plus IR group received irradiation to the total cranium plus 5 mg/kg/day melatonin intraperitoneally. The melatonin group received only 5 mg/kg/day melatonin plus sham-irradiation. Biochemical parameters measured in murine lenses were carried out using spectrophotometric techniques.Results: Lens antioxidant capacity, as measured by levels of total superoxide scavenger activity (TSSA), non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA) and glutathione reductase (GRD) activity, significantly increased in melatonin, control and melatonin plus IR groups when compared with the IR group. Lens glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity significantly increased in control and melatonin groups when compared with the IR group. Lens malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly increased in the IR group when compared with control, melatonin and melatonin plus IR groups. Lens TSSA and NSSA activities significantly decreased in control and melatonin plus IR groups when compared with the melatonin group. Lens GST activity significantly increased in the control group when compared with melatonin plus IR group. Lens GRD activity significantly increased in melatonin and melatonin plus IR groups when compared with control group.Conclusions: Melatonin reduces oxidative stress markers and augments anti-oxidant capacity in the rat lens.

Plasma Oxidants and Antioxidants in Acute Ischaemic Stroke

Plasma levels of the oxidants xanthine oxidase, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde and the antioxidants superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, together with total superoxide scavenger activity and non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity, were determined in 19 patients with acute ischaemic stroke and 20 controls. Compared with controls, superoxide dismutase, total superoxide scavenger activity, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities were significantly lower, and nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels significantly higher, in acute stroke patients. Xanthine oxidase showed a slight but non-significant increase in stroke patients compared with controls. There was no significant difference in non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity between the two groups. There was a positive correlation between glutathione reductase levels and Glasgow Coma Scale scores, and a negative correlation between malondialdehyde levels and non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity. These findings suggest that oxidative stress in patients with acute ischaemic stroke may be the result of an imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis.

Oxidant/antioxidant status in liver tissue of vitamin B 6 deficient rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant function in liver tissue of vitamin B6 deficient rats and investigate relationship among these parameters in either group. Twenty-four male rats with a weight of 48-59 g were used for the experiment. The rats were divided into control (n=12) and vitamin B6 deficient groups. After 4 weeks of feeding, the rats were killed by cervical dislocation and liver tissues were removed. Biochemical measurements in liver tissue were carried out using a spectrophotometer. Liver tissue antioxidant potential, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, total (enzymatic plus non-enzymatic) superoxide scavenger activity, non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity, glutathione levels were significantly lower in vitamin B6 deficient rats than in control group. However, liver tissue glutathione reductase activity, and MDA values were significantly higher in vitamin B6 deficient rats than in control group. These results explicitly indicate that vitamin B6 deficiency causes a decrease in antioxidant defense system and an increase in oxidant stress in liver tissue in rats.

The Effect of Ormocer Filling Material Implanted into Rabbit Connective Tissue on Erythrocytes Oxidative Stress

Recently, there have been considerable developments regarding esthetic restorative material. The aims of our study were to assess whether the increased oxidative stress in rabbits, with implanted ormocer filling materials, is reflected by erythrocytes lipid peroxidation and also to check the alterations in the oxidant and antioxidant enzyme activities in erythrocytes of rabbits. Erythrocytes total (enzymatic plus non-enzymatic) superoxide scavenger activity (TSSA), non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), xanthine oxidase (XO) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were measured in all groups. Erythrocyte CAT and SOD activities were significantly increased in both day 1 and day 7 when compared to the baseline values. Erythrocyte TSSA activities were significantly higher in group 2 than those of the baseline and day 7 values. Erythrocyte NSSA activities were significantly lower in the day 7 values than those of group 1. Erythrocyte NSSA activities were significantly higher in the day 1 values than those of the baseline values. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in all groups in terms of XO activities and MDA values. In conclusion, our results showed that ormocer filling material in rabbit implants, did not induce oxidative stress and it prevented lipid peroxidation by increasing antioxidant defense system.

CISPLATIN INDUCES ACUTE RENAL FAILURE BY IMPAIRING ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM IN GUINEA PIGS: EFFECTS OF ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE CISPLATIN NEPHROTOXICITY

This study aims to investigate the role of oxidants in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Cisplatin was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a single dose (5 mg/kg) and guinea pigs were killed either after 24 h or 7 days. The same experiment was performed using animals treated with vitamins C and E combination and a natural antioxidant extract (SARMEX®). The kidneys were then removed to be used in the analyses. Blood samples were also obtained from the animals to be used in routine biochemical assays. Twenty-four hours after treatment there was a significant decrease in the renal activities of total superoxide scavenger activity (TSSA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) accompanied by a rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. After 7 days, the fall in kidney enzymatic activities was far greater, while the increase in blood urea (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) was marked. Treatment with antioxidants causes significant increases in renal TSSA (7 day), non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA) (24 h and 7 day) and SOD (7 day) activities, does not change glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and decreases renal MDA (24 h and 7 day), blood BUN (7 day) and CRE (7 day) levels. Our results suggest that cisplatin treatment impairs both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems and causes peroxidation in the renal tissue, which leads to kidney failure. Antioxidant supplementation strengthens the renal antioxidant system, eliminates oxidation reactions, and prevents cisplatin-induced kidney failure.

Aspirin impairs antioxidant system and causes peroxidation in human erythrocytes and guinea pig myocardial tissue.

This study aims to investigate possible effects of aspirin treatment on cellular oxidant/antioxidant system. In the first part of the study, 15 guinea pigs were given aspirin at three different doses (2200, 440 and 10 mg/kg/day) for 30 days and five were fed on the same diet without aspirin. After a month, animals were killed and their hearts were removed for use in analyses. In the other part, after fasting blood samples were obtained from 11 volunteer subjects, they were given aspirin (approximately 10 mg/kg/day) for 30 days and second blood samples were obtained after 1 month. Five volunteer subjects also participated as placebo control. Oxidant/antioxidant parameters, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), nonenzymatic superoxide scavenger activity (NSSA), susceptibility to oxidation (SO) and antioxidant potential (AOP) values, were assayed in the samples. Antioxidant system was found to be impaired in the heart tissue from guinea pigs and in the erythrocytes from volunteer subjects. AOP and NSSA values were lower and MDA higher after aspirin treatment in both heart tissues and erythrocytes. In guinea pig heart tissue, SO was lower, but GSH-Px and CAT were unchanged after aspirin treatment. In human erythrocytes, SO was unchanged, but GSH-Px and CAT activities were increased after aspirin treatment. Changes in guinea pig heart tissues from animals treated with higher aspirin doses were more drastic relative to those of human erythrocytes, but no meaningful differences were observed between analysis parameters of control and lower-dose (10 mg/kg/day) aspirin-treated animals. Our results suggest that high-dose aspirin exerts significant toxicity to guinea pig myocardium and normal dose aspirin may cause peroxidation in the human erythrocytes due to its oxidant potential. We suppose that antioxidant supplementation may be beneficial for the people using aspirin for longer periods in order to prevent peroxidation damages.